Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for PTSD in Children and Adolescents: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of individual trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and young people.Method Following a 4-week symptom-monitoring baseline period, 24 children and young people (8-18 years old) who met full DSM-IV PTSD diagnostic criteria after experiencing single-incident traumatic events (motor vehicle accidents, interpersonal violence, or witnessing violence) were randomly allocated to a 10-week course of individual CBT or to placement on a waitlist (WL) for 10 weeks.Results Compared to the WL group, participants who received CBT showed significantly greater improvement in symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety, with significantly better functioning. After CBT, 92% of participants no longer met criteria for PTSD; after WL, 42% of participants no longer met criteria. CBT gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up. Effects of CBT were partially mediated by changes in maladaptive cognitions, as predicted by cognitive models of PTSD.Conclusions Individual trauma-focused CBT is an effective treatment for PTSD in children and young people.
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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) including trauma exposure techniques has proven effective for child victims of sexual abuse and other forms of violence.
“In particular, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) including trauma exposure techniques has proven to be effective for child victims of sexual abuse [8-10] and other forms of violence [11,12].”
From Treating children traumatized by war and tsunami: a comparison between exposure therapy and meditation-relaxation in north-east Sri Lanka (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
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Practitioner Review: Posttraumatic stress disorder and its treatment in children and adolescents
Smith, P. A., Dalgleish, T., & Meiser‐Stedman, R. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12983 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“These include Trauma-Focused CBT (TF-CBT, e.g. Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino, & Steer, 2004), Prolonged Exposure (PE, e.g. Foa et al., 2013), and Cognitive Therapy for PTSD (CT for PTSD, e.g. Smith et al., 2007; Dalgleish et al., 2015; Meiser-Stedman, Smith, McKinnon et al., 2017).”
Self-citationA meta-analysis of the influence of comorbidity on treatment outcome in the anxiety disorders
Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.008 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Lenz, A. S., & Hollenbaugh, K. M. (2015) · Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1177/2150137815573790 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
de Roos, C., van der Oord, S., Zijlstra, B., Lucassen, S., Perrin, S., Emmelkamp, P., & de Jongh, A. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12768 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“…and CBWT are in line with the intent-to-treat remission rates of one other single-incident PTSD study using trauma-focused cognitive therapy (92%, Smith et al., 2007), but were higher than those reported by other single-incident PTSD studies (i.e. CBT 65%, cognitive therapy 56%, Nixon, Sterk, &…”
ResultSelf-citationKowalik, J., Weller, J., Venter, J., & Drachman, D. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.02.002 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“…Deblinger, Steer, & Lippman, 1999; Feather & Ronan, 2006; Giannopoulou, Dikaiakou, & Yule, 2006; Jaberghaderi, Greenwald, Rubin, Zand, and Dalatabadi, 2004; Kazak et al., 2004; King et al., 2000; Kolko, 1996; March, Amaya-Jackson, Murray, & Schulte, 1998; Smith et al., 2007; Stein et al., 2003).”
Understanding and Treating Unwanted Trauma Memories in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Ehlers, A. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/0044-3409/a000021 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“The treatment program (Cognitive Therapy for PTSD) has been shown to be highly effective and acceptable to patients with PTSD after a range of traumas in randomized controlled trials and effectiveness studies (Duffy, Gillespie, & Clark, 2007; Ehlers et al., 2003, 2005; Gillespie, Duffy, Hackmann, & Clark, 2002; Smith…”
Intensive Cognitive Therapy for PTSD: A Feasibility Study
Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., Grey, N., Liness, S., Wild, J., Manley, J., Waddington, L., & McManus, F. V. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000214 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationMediators and moderators of a psychosocial intervention for children affected by political violence.
Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Jordans, M. J. D., Gross, A. L., Susanty, D., Macy, R. D., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021348 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“The only study in which mediators and moderators of treatments for children exposed to traumatic events were assessed found that changing maladaptive cognitions mediated treatment effects on PTSD symptoms (Smith et al., 2007).”
BackgroundComparing the Effectiveness of EMDR and TF-CBT for Children and Adolescents: a Meta-Analysis
Lewey, J. H., Smith, C. L., Burcham, B., Saunders, N. L., Elfallal, D., & O’Toole, S. K. (2018) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-018-0212-1 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Milojevich, H. M., Norwalk, K. E., & Sheridan, M. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000294 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Newman, E., Pfefferbaum, B. J., Kirlić, N., Tett, R. P., Nelson, S. D., & Liles, B. D. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0462-z · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Trauma Theory Without Feminism? Evaluating Contemporary Understandings of Traumatized Women
Tseris, E. J. (2013) · Affilia · doi:10.1177/0886109913485707 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Standard cognitive behavioral therapy strategies, such as interventions for ‘‘maladaptive’’ thoughts and relaxation/mindfulness/self-soothing strategies, can be useful for the treatment of single-episode, noninterpersonal traumas (Smith et al., 2007).”
BackgroundKramer, D. N., & Landolt, M. A. (2011) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.7858 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Meiser‐Stedman, R., Smith, P. A., McKinnon, A., Dixon, C., Trickey, D., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Boyle, A. A., Watson, P., Goodyer, I. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12673 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“First, to examine the replicability of the mediation effect shown for CT-PTSD previously (Smith et al., 2007), the ability of change in putative mediator variables across treatment to mediate the relationship between allocation and change in CPSS scores across treatment was investigated.”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationPost-traumatic stress disorder: The development of effective psychological treatments
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2008) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480802315608 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“(62) recently developed an adaptation of the treatment program that is suitable for children and adolescents.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMatulis, S., Resick, P. A., Rosner, R., & Steil, R. (2013) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0156-9 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Studies on PTSD in general have reported even higher pre–post-effect sizes, but these studies only included children and adolescents who had experienced a single traumatic event (Smith et al. 2007).”
Nixon, R. D. V., Sterk, J., & Pearce, A. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9566-7 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Applicability of a cognitive model of worry to children and adolescents
Fialko, L., Bolton, D., & Perrin, S. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.003 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Child PTSD Symptom Scale: Psychometric properties in female adolescent sexual assault survivors.
Gillihan, S. J., Aderka, I. M., Conklin, P. H., Capaldi, S., & Foa, E. B. (2012) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0029553 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Mental Health Interventions for Children Exposed to Disasters and Terrorism
Pfefferbaum, B. J., Newman, E., & Nelson, S. D. (2014) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2013.0061 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The nature of trauma memories in acute stress disorder in children and adolescents
Salmond, C. H., Meiser‐Stedman, R., Glucksman, E., Thompson, P., Dalgleish, T., & Smith, P. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02340.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“The data are consistent with cognitive models of trauma responses (Ehlers & Clark, 2000; Foa & Rothbaum, 1998) and emphasise the importance of targeting such memories in the treatment of stress disorders in youth (Smith et al., 2007).”
ResultSelf-citationPityaratstian, N., Piyasil, V., Ketumarn, P., Sitdhiraksa, N., Ularntinon, S., & Pariwatcharakul, P. (2014) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813001197 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“The sample size was determined by power calculations based on the effect size of 2.20 in one RCT study (Smith et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPsychological and Pharmacologic Treatment of Youth with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Keeshin, B. R., & Strawn, J. R. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2013.12.002 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“A 10-week CBT trial for children with single-incident traumatic exposure and PTSD maintained for a 4-week lead-in period showed significant improvement compared with a waitlist comparison group, with only 10% in the active arm meeting criteria for PTSD at the end of treatment compared with 60% in the waitlist group.(7…”
MethodPfefferbaum, B. J., Weems, C. F., Scott, B. G., Nitiéma, P., Noffsinger, M. A., Pfefferbaum, R. L., Varma, V., & Chakraburtty, A. (2013) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-013-9211-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Using the CPTCI in an intervention study of children who had experienced single-incident trauma, Smith et al. (2007) found a strong correlation between changes in PTSD symptoms and changes in appraisals, a significant effect of the intervention on both PTSD symptoms and misappraisals, and a…”
Scheeringa, M. S., & Weems, C. F. (2014) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2013.0106 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“…have demonstrated theeffectiveness of exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents who sustained sexual abuse (Cohen and Mannarino 1998; King et al. 2000; Cohen et al. 2004; Smith et al. 2007; GilboaSchechtman et al. 2010).”
BackgroundTreatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents
Smith, P. A., Perrin, S. G., Dalgleish, T., Meiser‐Stedman, R., Clark, D. M., & Yule, W. (2012) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32835b2c01 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationChildren and war: the work of the Children and War Foundation
Yule, W., Dyregrov, A., Raundalen, M., & Smith, P. A. (2013) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.18424 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“…CBT being endorsed to help adults who have developed PTSD (Ehlers, Clark, Hackmann, McManus, & Fennell, 2005), it has also been adapted to form the basis of interventions with children who have been exposed to peacetime single event traumas (Smith, Perrin, Yule, & Clark, 2010; Smith et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationMental imagery, emotion and psychopathology across child and adolescent development
Burnett Heyes, S., Lau, J. Y. F., & Holmes, E. A. (2013) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2013.02.004 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Picture Anxiety Test (PAT): A new pictorial assessment of anxiety symptoms in young children
Dubi, K., & Schneider, S. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.020 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Schnyder, U., & Cloître, M. (2015) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Ellis, A. A., Nixon, R. D. V., & Williamson, P. (2009) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466508x401894 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“The association between unhelpful appraisals and trauma response supports a cognitive restructuring approach to intervention, consistent with CBT being an empirically supported intervention for childhood PTSD (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2005; Smith et al., 2007).”
ResultOver-time changes in PTSD and depression among children surviving the 1999 Istanbul earthquake
Ekşi, A., & Braun, K. L. (2009) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-009-0745-9 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“CBT. Various studies concur that CBT is very promising in the treatment of PTSD [7, 10, 11, 15, 26 ].”
BackgroundCognitive Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescents: A Development Case Series
Leigh, E., & Clark, D. M. (2016) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465815000715 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationImplementing Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS) with Latino Youth
Allison, A. C., & Ferreira, R. J. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-016-0486-9 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Emerging interventions for PTSD: Future directions for clinical care and research
Bomyea, J. A., & Lang, A. J. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.05.028 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“A review of extant treatment outcome literature in PTSD reveals that studies directly examining mechanisms of treatment response are relatively rare (although see for example Smith et al., 2007).”
Hoagwood, K., Jensen, P., Acri, M., Olin, S., Lewandowski, R., & Herman, R. J. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.004 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Ooi, C. S., Rooney, R. M., Roberts, C. M., Kane, R. T., Wright, B. R., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01641 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Kassam‐Adams, N., Marsac, M. L., Kohser, K. L., Kenardy, J. A., March, S., & Winston, F. K. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3811 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“For each of these goals, we drew from the empirical literature on intervention for posttraumatic stress and anxiety in children [15-17] to delineate more specific actionable intervention targets and then”
Practice Parameter on Disaster Preparedness
Pfefferbaum, B. J., & Shaw, J. A. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.08.014 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Conducting a Meta-Analysis of Counseling Outcome Research
Erford, B. T., Savin‐Murphy, J., & Butler, C. (2010) · Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1177/2150137809356682 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“In Study 3 (Smith et al., 2007), three dependent variables were combined to form the overall study effect size: Child PTSD Symptoms Scale (CPSS) score, Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale (C-RIES), and Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA).”
MethodInfluentialIngerski, L. M., Shaw, K., Gray, W. N., & Janicke, D. M. (2010) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181f17c52 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“The overall model predicting parent-proxy reported traumatic stress symptoms was also not significant (F[5,34] 2.”
BackgroundSauter, F. M., Heyne, D. A., Blöte, A. W., van Widenfelt, B. M., & Westenberg, P. M. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000020 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Indeed, there is increasing evidence for the short- and long-term efficacy of CBT for a range of difficulties in childhood and adolescence (e.g. Schmidt et al., 2007; Smith et al., 2007).”
BackgroundKunze, A. E., Arntz, A. R., Nexhmedin Morina, B., Kindt, M., & Lancee, J. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.06.005 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Dysfunctional beliefs play an important role in sleep disorders (e.g., Lancee et al., 2015) and a range of other psychological disorders (e.g., Boden et al., 2012; Clark, 1986; Smith et al., 2007).”
BackgroundGoreis, A., Felnhofer, A., Kafka, J. X., Probst, T., & Kothgassner, O. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Simmons, C., Meiser-Stedman, R., Baily, H., & Beazley, P. I. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1947570 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder in children using cognitive behavioural writing therapy
der Oord, S. V., Lucassen, S., van Emmerik, A., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2009) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.670 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“, 2000), while others make more use of cognitive techniques instead (Smith et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCognitive Behavioral Therapy for Symptoms of Trauma and Traumatic Grief in Refugee Youth
Murray, L. K., Cohen, J. A., Ellis, B. H., & Mannarino, A. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2008.02.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Intrusive memories and depression following recent non-traumatic negative life events in adolescents
Meiser‐Stedman, R., Dalgleish, T., Yule, W., & Smith, P. A. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.020 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Cognitive behavioral techniques aimed at facilitating the processing of trauma memories have been successfully implemented with children and adolescents experiencing PTSD (Chemtob et al., 2002; Smith et al., 2007; Stein et al., 2003), and may also be applied to the intrusive memories experienced by depressed youth fol…”
BackgroundSelf-citationKangaslampi, S., & Peltonen, K. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00478-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mordeno, I. G., Carpio, J. G. E., Nalipay, M. J. N., & Saavedra, R. L. J. (2017) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-016-9429-z · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“notion that the evolution and persistence of PTSD symptoms are significantly affected by having negative trauma-related cognitions [35, 38, 43, 44].”
BackgroundCognitive Therapy for PTSD: Updating Memories and Meanings of Trauma
Ehlers, A., & Wild, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07109-1_9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Rodgers, A., & Dunsmuir, S. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12030 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Beaumont, E., Durkin, M., McAndrew, S., & Martin, C. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1017/s1754470x16000209 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Regardless of the above, other studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of TF-CBT and its acceptability to those who experience PTSD (Ehlers et al. 2005; Smith et al. 2007).”
ResultFocus on Childhood and Adolescent Mental Health
DelBello, M. P. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n0101 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Childhood Predictors of Adult Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization
Curtis, A., Harries, T., Pizzirani, B., Hyder, S., Baldwin, R., Mayshak, R., Walker, A., Toumbourou, J. W., & Miller, P. G. (2022) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-022-00451-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…positive impacts on antisocial and disruptive behavior (Forgatch et al., 2009; Menting et al., 2013; Reynolds et al., 2007), or trauma informed cognitive behavioral therapy for those children who have witnessed or experienced abuse (Cohen et al., 2011; Scheeringa et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2007).”
BackgroundDiehle, J., de Roos, C., Boer, F., & Lindauer, R. (2013) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19896 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…severity and treatment outcome, the original English version of the CAPS-CA has proven useful in a variety of studies including randomized controlled trials and neurobiological and prediction studies (e.g., Carrion, Weems, Richert, Hoffman, & Reiss, 2010; Daviss et al., 2000; Smith et al., 2007).”
MethodAn Affective Cognitive Neuroscience-Based Approach to PTSD Psychotherapy: The TARGET Model
Ford, J. D. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.29.1.68 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…can account for—reductions in PTSD and associated internalizing disorder (e.g., anxiety, depression) symptoms (Adenauer et al., 2011; Diehle, Schmitt, Daams, Boer, & Lindauer, 2014; Gallagher & Resick, 2012; Kindt, Buck, Arntz, & Soeter, 2007; Smith et al., 2007; Sobel, Resick, & Rabalais, 2009).”
MethodHolt, T., Jensen, T. K., & Wentzel‐Larsen, T. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-8-11 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Jensen, T. K., Holt, T., Ormhaug, S. M., Fjermestad, K. W., & Wentzel‐Larsen, T. (2018) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000258 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…CBT interventions lead to larger reductions in trauma-related cognitions than non-trauma focused control conditions (Diehle et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2007), we hypothesize that the superior performance of TF-CBT to TAU will be mediated (i.e., explained by) differences in cognitive…”
BackgroundPost traumatic stress disorder
Yule, W., & Smith, P. A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch59 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Update on the Clinical Utility of the Children's Post‐Traumatic Cognitions Inventory
McKinnon, A., Smith, P. A., Bryant, R. A., Salmon, K., Yule, W., Dalgleish, T., Dixon, C., Nixon, R. D. V., & Meiser‐Stedman, R. (2016) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22096 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“One clinical trial suggested these cognitions are important treatment targets during cognitive therapy for PTSD in children and young people (Smith et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- SMITH, P., YULE, W., PERRIN, S., TRANAH, T., DALGLEISH, T., & CLARK, D. M.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- SMITH, PATRICK
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-08
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1051-1061
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2080647715
- Semantic Scholar
- e169a8a5f99b88f15ee0bfe497d010a97797c476
- Cited by
- 355
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 19.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (069777)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, children and adolescents, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy, individual psychotherapy, maladaptive cognitions, depression, anxiety, motor vehicle accidents, interpersonal violence, witnessing violence, treatment efficacy, symptom maintenance
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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