The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 61 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The hippocampus: a manifesto for change
Open accessAbstract
We currently lack a unified and mechanistic account of how the hippocampus supports a range of disparate cognitive functions that includes episodic memory, imagining the future, and spatial navigation. Here, we argue that in order to leverage this long-standing issue, traditional notions regarding the architecture of memory should be eschewed. Instead, we invoke the idea that scenes are central to hippocampal information processing. This view is motivated by mounting evidence that the hippocampus is constantly constructing spatially coherent scenes, automatically anticipating and synthesizing representations of the world beyond the immediate sensorium. By characterizing the precise relationship between scenes and the hippocampus, we believe a theoretically enriched understanding of its fundamental role and its breakdown in pathology can emerge.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Maguire argues that the hippocampus is not primarily an episodic memory device but instead automatically constructs spatially coherent scenes, a view termed scene construction theory (SCT). This framework is proposed to unify episodic memory, future imagining, spatial navigation, and related functions, with boundary extension and fMRI evidence cited as key support.
Key findings
- SCT posits that scenes are the “primary currency” of the hippocampus: it constructs atemporal, spatially coherent scenes that provide the backdrop for episodic memories, imagined future experiences, spatial navigation, and perhaps mind wandering and dreaming.
- In Mullally, Intraub, and Maguire (2012), seven patients with selective bilateral hippocampal damage and amnesia showed more veridical memory and significantly fewer boundary-extension errors than controls across three independent measures; in the haptic task, patients’ reconstructed scene areas did not differ significantly from studied scenes, whereas controls’ reconstructed scenes were significantly larger.
- In a scene probe task, these patients could recount expected beyond-view details conceptually but produced significantly fewer spatial details than controls and typically reported being unable to visualize the extended scene in their mind’s eye.
- Chadwick, Mullally, and Maguire (in press) found that boundary extension in healthy controls was associated with hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex engagement, with the hippocampus exerting top-down influence on PHC and early visual cortex; patient P01, densely amnesic but with preserved scene construction, engaged remnant right hippocampus during scene construction.
Methods
- Theoretical manifesto/review, not an empirical study; the authors synthesize neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings to propose SCT and compare it with alternative accounts such as relational memory, constructive episodic simulation, and cognitive map/boundary vector cell models.
- Evidence discussed includes prior studies of patients with bilateral hippocampal lesions/amnesia, including seven patients in Mullally et al. (2012) and patient P01, plus fMRI studies in healthy participants and P01.
- Main analysis is conceptual: the paper argues that scene construction, rather than memory or time, is the common hippocampal process underlying disparate functions.
Limitations
- The authors state their proposal is “not bulletproof” and requires a good deal more investigation; the piece is not intended as a forensic comparison of hippocampal theories or an exhaustive literature review.
- The authors state further work is needed to elucidate boundary extension in patients with lesions outside the hippocampus, to uncover exactly how the hippocampus facilitates scene construction, to examine its relationship with pattern separation and pattern completion, and to definitively establish that an inability to construct scenes explains the full constellation of deficits from hippocampal pathology.
- The text makes evident that no new primary data are reported and that some proposals are speculative, such as the suggestion that verbal memory tasks may benefit from scene-based imagery strategies; SCT could be falsified by a patient with impaired scene construction and preserved episodic memory, which has not yet been identified.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
43 Not checked yet · 31 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
In the paper
“Seven patients with selective bilateral hippocampal damage and amnesia correctly identified that the study and test pictures were identical with greater frequency than controls, demonstrating more veridical memory (see Figure 4b).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012
boostedcorrelationaln = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SCT posits that the hippocampus facilitates the construction of atemporal scenes allowing the event details of episodic memories and imagined future experiences to be martialed, bound and played out in a coherent spatial context.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Episodic Memory and Imagination
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first (the BE effect) requires intact scene construction because it involves the active extrapolation of the scene beyond its physical boundaries resulting in an internally generated “extended scene” representation, which persists when the scene is no longer visible.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In both instances, the amnesic patients’ BE was greatly attenuated.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SCT proposes that despite the differences between them, these functions each require a crucial ingredient that is supplied by the hippocampus, and that is the ability to internally construct spatially coherent scenes.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Episodic Memory and Imagination
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, it does not account for why patients with hippocampal amnesia cannot construct spatially coherent atemporal fictitious scenes (see Figure 1), a task that is not future oriented or personally relevant (Hassabis, Kumaran, Vann, & Maguire, 2007; Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Episodic Memory and Imagination
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hassabis, Kumaran, Vann, & Maguire, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Indeed, a recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study revealed that frontal and parietal cortices, but not the hippocampus, supported mental time travel (Nyberg et al., 2010).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Episodic Memory and Imagination
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nyberg et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Overall, it seems that although the conscious awareness of time could be a core component of episodic memory, and the hippocampus might make use of temporal information when pertinent to the task at hand (MacDonald, Lepage, Eden, & Eichenbaum, 2011), the evidence suggests that for the hippocampus, it may not be primarily about time (Hassabis & Maguire, 2007).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Episodic Memory and Imagination
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hassabis & Maguire, 2007
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Overall, therefore, these hippocampal-damaged patients had significantly reduced BE relative to healthy-matched controls across three independent measures.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Importantly, the patients displayed greater confidence in their correct “the same” judgments than in their incorrect (BE-driven) closer-up responses (see Figure 4c).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The finding that patients with bilateral hippocampal lesions have profound deficits on both tasks (Andelman, Hoofien, Goldberg, Aizenstein, & Neufeld, 2010; Hassabis, Kumaran, Vann, & Maguire, 2007; Klein, Loftus, & Kihlstrom, 2002; Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012; Race, Keane, & Verfaellie, 2011; Rosenbaum, Gilboa, Levine, Winocur, & Moscovitch, 2009; Tulving, 1985) therefore offered a novel”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Episodic Memory and Imagination
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andelman et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Hassabis, Kumaran, Vann, & Maguire, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Couching these patients’ deficits in terms of mental time travel and self-projection therefore seems insufficient.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Episodic Memory and Imagination
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it has become increasingly apparent over the past two decades that the human hippocampus is also vital for a variety of cognitive functions that are not purely mnemonic, including spatial navigation (Spiers & Maguire, 2006), but also imagining fictitious (Hassabis, Kumaran, & Maguire, 2007; Hassabis, Kumaran, Vann, & Maguire, 2007) and future experiences (Addis, Wong, & Schacter, 2007; Hassabis, K”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Spiers & Maguire, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Hassabis, Kumaran, & Maguire, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Addis, Wong, & Schacter, 2007
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One process that episodic memory and imagining future events seem to share is a subjective sense of the self over time (“autonoesis”; Tulving, 2002), which is closely coupled with the capacity for mental time travel (the ability to project oneself forwards or backwards in time).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Episodic Memory and Imagination
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tulving, 2002
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“But is it possible, as asserted by SCT, that the hippocampus is engaged with scenes over and above binding items together or to a context? Evidence has emerged recently that suggests this may be the case (Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Relational Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is a robust and consistent effect found in adults (Intraub & Richardson, 1989; Seamon, Schlegel, Hiester, Landau, & Blumenthal, 2002), children (Seamon et al., 2002), and even babies (Quinn & Intraub, 2007).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Intraub & Richardson, 1989
- Not checked yetcites Seamon et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Quinn & Intraub, 2007
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Of note, it only occurs in relation to scenes and not single isolated objects (Gottesman & Intraub, 2002).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gottesman & Intraub, 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In such tasks, successful performance depends on intact scene construction because participants must be able to locate each viewpoint (and therefore reject the odd one out) within an overarching unified scene whose unseen aspects must be internally generated.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Current Exposition of the SCT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, it proposes that episodic memories are encoded and recollected within a scene template, a template that is automatically and implicitly provided by the hippocampus.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“In a similar vein, SCT also predicts hippocampal involvement in any task that requires scene construction, including those assessing working memory (Ranganath & Blumenfeld, 2005).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Current Exposition of the SCT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ranganath & Blumenfeld, 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The removal of memory as the key hippocampal process enables SCT to reconcile unexpected hippocampal findings (such as the BE data and perceptual deficits) within a unified model that also accommodates the traditional mnemonic deficits observed in hippocampal amnesia.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Current Exposition of the SCT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nor does it appear to be specifically concerned only with the conscious (declarative) expression of long-term memory (Squire, 1992; but see Hannula & Greene, 2012).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Current Exposition of the SCT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Squire, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Hannula & Greene, 2012
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These emerging findings add weight to the view that the hippocampus is critical when there is a need to internally construct a coherent spatial scene within which to play out scenarios.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using connectivity analyses, they determined that the hippocampus drove the BE effect, exerting top-down influence on PHC and as far back down the processing stream as early visual cortex.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chadwick, Mullally, and Maguire, in press
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These new findings (Chadwick et al., in press; Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012) show that the hippocampus is not only involved in constructing internal representations of scenes when explicitly requested, or even when you recall a past experience, plan a route, or imagine the future; in fact, the hippocampus is constructing scenes all the time.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Current Exposition of the SCT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chadwick et al., in press
- Not checked yetcites Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, SCT, unlike most other hippocampal theories, would actually predict the non-mnemonic, “perceptual” deficits observed by Lee and colleagues.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Current Exposition of the SCT
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The BVC model proposes that hippocampal place cell firing (thresholded via inputs from BVC s that code the location of the rat relative to environmental boundaries) functions to enable an animal to form a representation of where it thinks it is in the environment.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and the Cognitive Map Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bird et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This emphasizes that episodic memory should not be regarded as comprising scene construction alone.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, given the BE findings, SCT views physical environmental boundaries differently, arguing instead that a place cell’s response to the presence of boundaries could be due to the increased demand for it to compute what might be on the other side of the boundary (as this is now hidden from view).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and the Cognitive Map Theory
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Patient P01 was first reported by Hassabis, Kumaran, Vann, and Maguire (2007) as the only one of five densely amnesic patients with bilateral hippocampal damage to have preserved scene construction ability, contrasting with the grave difficulties experienced by the four other amnesic patients.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hassabis, Kumaran, Vann, and Maguire, 2007
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These cortical regions subsequently displayed activity profiles that tracked the trial-by-trial subjective perception of scenes, rather than the physical reality, thereby reflecting the behavioral expression of the BE error.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chadwick, Mullally, and Maguire, in press
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, new evidence is beginning to emerge suggesting that hippocampal-damaged patients can engage in counterfactual thinking (Mullally & Maguire, 2013).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mullally & Maguire, 2013
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This patient’s dense amnesia coupled with his intact scene construction therefore presented a challenge for SCT given that scene construction is conceptualized as a foundation step within the episodic memory hierarchy (see Figure 2).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, counterfactual simulations that required the construction of an internal spatial representation were avoided by the patients.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mullally & Maguire, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, episodic memory impairments (and similarly deficits in imagining the future and spatial navigation) can result from disruption to the underlying scene construction process.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although the patients could accurately recount what they expected would be beyond the given view with ample detail, giving appropriate conceptual and contextual responses, their descriptions of the extended scene had significantly fewer spatial details (such as “on the right,” “in the distance”) than controls.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Further investigation of P01 using fMRI revealed that when constructing scenes, he engaged the remnant of his right hippocampus (Mullally, Hassabis, & Maguire, 2012)”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mullally, Hassabis, & Maguire, 2012
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mnemonic accounts (Eichenbaum & Cohen, 2001; Ranganath, 2010; Schacter et al., 2012) of scene construction are therefore difficult to reconcile with the BE and scene probe data, as they would contend (a) that the patients performed differently to controls because they failed to encode or recollect the studied material, an explanation clearly incompatible with the BE findings; (b) the patients were”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eichenbaum & Cohen, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Ranganath, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Schacter et al., 2012
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It appears that P01’s intact scene construction was not sufficient to rescue his episodic memory.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This deficit in the visualization of extended scenes reinforces the hippocampus’ role in the construction of spatially coherent scenes that are not physically in view.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, when asked whether they were actually able to visualize this extended scene in their mind’s eye, the patients typically replied no.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“showing that in some hippocampal-damaged amnesic patients, scene construction may be supported by residual hippocampal function.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is automatically, implicitly, and online anticipating and constructing a representation of the world beyond any given view.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Current Exposition of the SCT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the hippocampus, although obviously involved in processing what you see, excels particularly at representing what you cannot see by constructing unseen scenes.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Current Exposition of the SCT
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The hippocampus has long been linked to spatial navigation, with place cells in the hippocampus exhibiting location-specific firing (O’Keefe & Dostrovsky, 1971).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and the Cognitive Map Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites O’Keefe & Dostrovsky, 1971
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the hippocampus seems to directly influence our perceptual experience of the world through the implicit extrapolation of every scene we experience, a role not anticipated or explained by purely mnemonic (or temporal or simulation-based) accounts of hippocampal function.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A finding that is challenging for SCT, and indeed for other hippocampal theories (Bird, Bisby, & Burgess, 2012; Moscovitch, Nadel, Winocure, Gilboa, & Rosenbaum, 2006; O’Keefe & Nadel, 1978; Ranganath, 2010; Schacter & Addis, 2009), is why patients with hippocampal amnesia are usually impaired on verbally mediated memory tasks such as recalling short stories and word-pair associates.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Verbal Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bird, Bisby, & Burgess, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Moscovitch, Nadel, Winocure, Gilboa, & Rosenbaum, 2006
- Not checked yetcites O’Keefe & Nadel, 1978
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In this way, environmental boundaries are considered to be central to spatial cognition, aiding the encoding, retrieval, and imagination of spatial contexts.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and the Cognitive Map Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bird et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, being unencumbered by the BE effect meant that these amnesic patients displayed superior memory to that of non-amnesic controls.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, however, retaining a basic ability to construct scenes is not sufficient to prevent these severe memory problems.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, the decrease in spatial specificity observed as a consequence of boundary removal may arise because these computations are no longer needed (see also Hayman, Donnett, & Jeffery, 2008, who reported a failure of place cells to be controlled by an acoustic, as opposed to a visually occluding, boundary).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and the Cognitive Map Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayman, Donnett, & Jeffery, 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The nub, then, of our proposal is that scenes are the primary currency of the hippocampus.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“SCT’s perspective on the hippocampus not only offers a potentially unifying model for understanding the disparate roles of the hippocampus, but could facilitate a new hippocampal dialogue because, unlike episodic memory, scenes are amenable to testing in a range of species (Killian, Jutras, & Buffalo, 2012).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Killian, Jutras, & Buffalo, 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
In the paper
“Although the margins for error here were large, the patients’ placement of the borders was so accurate that the area of their reconstructed scenes did not differ significantly from the area of the studied scenes. This was not the case for controls, whose reconstructed scenes were significantly larger than the studied scenes.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Andrews-Hanna, Reidler, Sepulcre, Poulin, and Buckner (2010) showed that imagining scenes actually accounted best for activity in the hippocampus and medial temporal lobes, whereas other regions were concerned with the self and time.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Episodic Memory and Imagination
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews-Hanna, Reidler, Sepulcre, Poulin, and Buckner, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They also made significantly fewer BE-driven errors (“closer-up” responses), whereas the number of random errors (“farther away” responses) did not differ between the groups.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mullally, Intraub, & Maguire, 2012
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We know this because episodic memory subsumes multiple cognitive processes, some of which are not hippocampal dependent (Nyberg, Kim, Habib, Levine, & Tulving, 2010).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nyberg, Kim, Habib, Levine, & Tulving, 2010
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, scene construction is held to underpin not only episodic memory and imagining the future but also cognitive functions such as spatial navigation (see Figure 2), and perhaps even mind wandering and dreaming.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Episodic Memory and Imagination
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The findings that hippocampal activity appears to be correlated with the number of boundaries imagined during fMRI (Bird, Capponi, King, Doeller, & Burgess, 2010) and place cell activity becomes less spatially specific when boundaries are removed (Barry et al., 2006) appear to bolster this argument.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and the Cognitive Map Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bird, Capponi, King, Doeller, & Burgess, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Barry et al., 2006
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This led to the cognitive map theory, which posits that a fundamental function of the hippocampus is the construction and maintenance of allocentric spatial maps of the environment (O’Keefe & Nadel, 1978).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and the Cognitive Map Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites O’Keefe & Nadel, 1978
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The implication of this view is that the primary role of the hippocampus is not mnemonic.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Current Exposition of the SCT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite the rise and fall of imagery-based memory theories across the decades (Paivio, 1969), there is much evidence to suggest that visual imagery not only boosts paired-associate recall in healthy participants but also enabled patients with left temporal lobectomies to partially compensate for their verbal memory deficits (Jones, 1974).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Verbal Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Paivio, 1969
- Not checked yetcites Jones, 1974
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chadwick, Mullally, and Maguire (in press) found that in healthy controls, the extrapolation of scenes (the BE effect) occurred rapidly around the time a scene was first viewed and was associated with engagement of the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex (PHC; see Figure 6).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and Boundary Extension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chadwick, Mullally, and Maguire, in press
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, scene construction is viewed as an essential component of episodic memory without which episodic memories could not be truly and vividly expressed.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, we suggest the hippocampus drives this automatic, anticipatory scene construction process, the product of which is fed back down the processing stream, enabling other areas to express the subjective experience of a seamless and continuous reality.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Current Exposition of the SCT
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As far as we are aware, this makes SCT unique, as no other theory of hippocampal function has scenes at its core.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Current Exposition of the SCT
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In this way, the hippocampus’ role in scene processing differs from the contributions of other so-called scene-selective brain regions like PHC, which is believed to represent the local visual scene (Epstein, 2008, 2011) or three-dimensional space (Mullally & Maguire, 2011; Zeidman, Mullally, Schwarzkopf, & Maguire, 2012), and retrosplenial cortex, which may play a specific role in representing”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Current Exposition of the SCT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Epstein, 2008, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Mullally & Maguire, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Auger, Mullally, & Maguire, 2012
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This finding accords with SCT in linking the hippocampus with scene construction but is at odds with the view of Squire et al. (2010), who argued that “for P01 future imagining was not hippocampal-dependent” (p. 19047; see also Maguire & Hassabis, 2011).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Squire et al. (2010)
- Not checked yetcites Maguire & Hassabis, 2011
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To summarize, although SCT does not preclude the existence of other mechanisms within the hippocampus, such as those that permit the binding of mnemonic details within a specific context (Ranganath, 2010), it maintains that for the hippocampus, scenes are special.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Current Exposition of the SCT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ranganath, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regardless, however, SCT does not permit the possibility that impaired scene construction could coexist with preserved episodic memory (the opposite pattern to that observed in P01) because within the SCT framework, scene construction and episodic memory are not considered to be independent processes.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They may in fact be restricted to what is in front of their eyes, deprived of a level of subjective continuity, unable to visualize what is outside of their immediate view, what is behind them, or what is just around the corner.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Current Exposition of the SCT
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although SCT argues that the hippocampus is primarily concerned with constructing scenes, and this underpins episodic memory by providing the spatial backdrop within which an episodic memory is played out, SCT explicitly recognizes that episodic memory requires additional processes on top of this scene construction process (Hassabis & Maguire, 2007, 2009).”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > The Hippocampus and Episodic Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hassabis & Maguire, 2007, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, the BVC model views boundaries as inward bounding (containing the space within specific boundaries), whereas SCT views boundaries (either physical boundaries such as walls or the edges of our current view) as outward looking, the point from which the hippocampus must extrapolate in order to make predictions about, and so imagine, the upcoming spatial environment.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Scene Construction and the Cognitive Map Theory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For many of us, scenes are the language of thought, and we argue that the hippocampus actively and automatically predicts and constructs the scenes we need to fuel our cognition.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The construction of scenes and BE involve anticipating what is likely to be beyond the view.”
§ The Hippocampus: A Manifesto for Change > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is currently no unified and mechanistic account of how the hippocampus supports episodic memory, imagining the future, and spatial navigation.
“We currently lack a unified and mechanistic account of how the hippocampus supports a range of disparate cognitive functions that includes episodic memory, imagining the future, and spatial navigation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Scenes have not featured prominently in accounts of hippocampal function.
“Up until now, scenes have not featured prominently in accounts of hippocampal function.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The memory literature is awash with experiments investigating hippocampal processes that have used scene stimuli but that pay little or no attention to the effect of the scenes themselves.
“The memory literature is awash with experiments investigating hippocampal processes (such as associative memory) that have used scene stimuli but that pay little or no attention to the effect of the scenes themselves.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In fact, previous accounts suggested that prediction and mental imagery may involve overlapping brain mechanisms [6, 43, 44], and mental imagery might have evolved from predictive brain mechanisms.”
From Decoding sound and imagery content in early visual cortex (2014) · cites this paper as [43]
Citations
Cites
The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?
Friston, K. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2787 · Cited by 8,120 · cited 2×
“This also resonates with emerging ideas concerning prior knowledge and schema (Tse et al., 2007), templates (Dragoi & Tonegawa, 2011), and predictive coding (Friston, 2010).”
(1978) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 8,010
LOSS OF RECENT MEMORY AFTER BILATERAL HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS
Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11 · Cited by 7,322 · cited 1×
“It is 56 years since formal cognitive studies of the human hippocampus began in earnest (Scoville & Milner, 1957), and yet we remain bereft of a widely agreed-upon answer to what it does.”
BackgroundThe hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat
O'Keefe, J., & Dostrovsky, J. (1971) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(71)90358-1 · Cited by 6,151 · cited 1×
“The hippocampus has long been linked to spatial navigation, with place cells in the hippocampus exhibiting location-specific firing (O’Keefe & Dostrovsky, 1971).”
BackgroundMemory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans.
Squire, L. R. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.2.195 · Cited by 5,376 · cited 1×
“Nor does it appear to be specifically concerned only with the conscious (declarative) expression of long-term memory (Squire, 1992; but see Hannula & Greene, 2012).”
BackgroundThe hippocampus as a cognitive map
Passingham, R. E. (1979) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(79)90015-0 · Cited by 5,128
Episodic memory: from mind to brain
Tulving, E. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114 · Cited by 4,950 · cited 2×
“One process that episodic memory and imagining future events seem to share is a subjective sense of the self over time (“autonoesis”; Tulving, 2002), which is closely coupled with the capacity for mental time travel (the ability to project oneself forwards or backwards in time).”
BackgroundTulving, E. (1985) · Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/h0080017 · Cited by 4,638
Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain’s default network
Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Reidler, J. S., Sepulcre, J., Poulin, R., & Buckner, R. L. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.005 · Cited by 2,767
Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.004 · Cited by 2,691
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Episodic memory and beyond: the hippocampus and neocortex in transformation
Moscovitch, M., Cabeza, R., Winocur, G., & Nadel, L. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143733 · Cited by 1,062
“…in healthy controls in fMRI studies, was similar to that obtained on recall of autobiographical episodes (BenYakov & Dudai 2011, Furman et al. 2012, Maguire & Mullally 2013) [Supplemental Figure 3 (follow the Supplemental Material link in the online version of this article or at http://…”
InfluentialCan We Reconcile the Declarative Memory and Spatial Navigation Views on Hippocampal Function?
Eichenbaum, H., & Cohen, N. J. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.032 · Cited by 654
Anterior hippocampus: the anatomy of perception, imagination and episodic memory
Zeidman, P., & Maguire, E. A. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2015.24 · Cited by 542
Self-citationA map for social navigation in the human brain
Tavares, R. M., Mendelsohn, A., Grossman, Y., Williams, C. H., Shapiro, M., Trope, Y., & Schiller, D. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.011 · Cited by 505
“More recent work suggests that the hippocampus constructs spatially coherent scenes that are representative egocentrically (Maguire and Mullally, 2013).”
The role of the hippocampus in flexible cognition and social behavior
Rubin, R. D., Watson, P. D., Duff, M. C., & Cohen, N. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00742 · Cited by 489
“…with points of emphasis of other contemporary investigators, including ideas about the role of the hippocampus in scene (re)construction (e.g., Maguire and Mullally, 2013), and in the generation of simulated future events (Buckner and Carroll, 2007), as well as the functional relationship…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Maguire, E. A., & Mullally, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Maguire, Eleanor A.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1180-1189
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- PMC
- PMC3906798
- OpenAlex
- W2103374823
- Semantic Scholar
- d2c54fbe4881e323a62d8b1d9924facd4f6a889a
- Cited by
- 393
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 12.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Keywords
- hippocampus, episodic memory, scene memory, spatial navigation, future imaginings, memory architecture, hippocampal dysfunction, scene construction
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Hippocampus, Humans, Imagination, Memory, Space Perception, Spatial Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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