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Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority: Motivating compliance, cooperation, and engagement.
Open accessAbstract
The traditional goal of legal authorities has been to obtain widespread public compliance with the law. Empirical research findings have shown that legitimacy—typically operationalized as the perceived obligation to obey and trust and confidence in the relevant institutions—plays an important role in achieving such compliance. But over time the goals of legal authorities have broadened in 2 ways. First, they increasingly include the desire to motivate willing cooperation, with legal authorities and members of the public working together to produce social order. Second, conceptions of the goals of the legal system have broadened to include the importance of promoting public engagement in communities in efforts to build social, political and economic vitality. Drawing on these broader goals—and building upon recent conceptual advances in the meaning of legitimacy—we report findings from a major new national survey of U.S. citizens. We examine the role that legitimacy plays in achieving each of these goals of law and in defining the policies and practices of the police and courts which influence legitimacy. Importantly, we also consider whether a focus on achieving this broader set of goals leads to a need to reexamine the traditional theoretical conception of legitimacy. Our findings support the utility of a multidimensional conception of legitimacy that differentiates between consent to authority and normative justifiability of power. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
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“Legitimacy—the belief that an individual, group, or institution has the authority to dictate an individual’s behavior and demand their cooperation—is vital to the effective function of police as a social institution (2, 3).”
From A field experiment on community policing and police legitimacy (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
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“…2002), in enforcement contexts (Dickson, Gordon, and Huber 2022) and in routine, daily behaviours (Sunshine and Tyler 2003; Tyler and Fagan 2008; Tyler and Jackson 2014), as well as a willingness to cooperate with law enforcement authorities (Mazerolle et al. 2012; Wolfe et al. 2016), and…”
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“Social psychological and institutional research on legitimacy demonstrates that value congruence is a key dimension by which individuals evaluate the legitimacy of social entities (e.g., Dowling and Pfeffer 1975; Hamm et al. 2017; Skitka et al. 2009; Suchman 1995; Tyler and Jackson 2014).”
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“Blacks express less confidence in police than whites (Tyler, 2004; Tyler & Jackson, 2014).”
BackgroundKruis, N. E., Donohue, R. H., Perry, P., & Rowland, N. J. (2021) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paab077 · Cited by 3
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Self-citationBounded Authority: Expanding ‘Appropriate’ Police Behavior Beyond Procedural JusticePreprint
Trinkner, R. J., Jackson, J., & Tyler, T. R. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2846659 · Cited by 3
Self-citationAcutt, A. (2018) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2018.476 · Cited by 3
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“Democracies in part rely on public evaluation of institutions as legitimate and responsive (Delhey et al., 2011; Gershtenson et al., 2006; Tyler and Jackson, 2014), with trust seen as crucial to stimulate participation (Almond and Verba, 1963; Ikeda, 2013).”
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“The interview protocols were informed by previous research on the perceived legitimacy of policies and institutions (e.g. Tyler & Jackson, 2014; Van der Toorn et al., 2011), as well as by more focused research on the perceived legitimacy and fairness of anti-doping policies (e.g. Barkoukis et al.,…”
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“This perspective is in line with PJT conceptualisations of police as representative of larger social categories (such as the community or nation state; Bradford et al., 2014), and as representatives of the moral values shared within these groups (Murphy & Cherney, 2018; Tyler & Jackson, 2014).”
Wedeking, J., & Zilis, M. A. (2025) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10659129251378723 · Cited by 3
“Tyler and Jackson (2014) further indicate that, in addition to aspects that are directly under control of legal authorities (e.g., respect for interested parties), citizens also observe cues about authorities in order to reach fairness judgments.”
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“Pateman (1980) argues, in this respect, that consent theory often suppresses its own most radical implications – namely, that ‘consent’ is frequently invoked to stabilize illegitimate power relations under the guise of voluntarism (Tyler and Jackson, 2014).”
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“Mobilising the apparatus of government to hear claimants’ diverse points of view—and to hear them carefully with the giving of reasons—may at least encourage individuals to accept the legitimacy of a decision, even if their claims are unsuccessful (Tyler and Jackson 2014; Waldron 2011).”
BackgroundBradford, B., Creutzfeldt, N., & Steffek, F. (2022) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1017/lsi.2022.55 · Cited by 2
“Note that these measures were only moderately correlated (r = 0.37), and, in line with other studies, we proceeded on the basis that legitimacy is multidimensional (that is, we treat duty to comply and lawfulness as separate and distinct aspects of the underlying construct) (Tyler and Jackson 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLegitimacy and Its Consequences: With a Special Gaze at Race/Ethnicity
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Gurinskaya, A., Nalla, M. K., & Paek, S. Y. (2023) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/07340168231190471 · Cited by 3
“The normative perspective links compliance with the citizens ’ attitudes toward police and law enforcement agencies in general (Sunshine & Tyler, 2003; Tyler & Jackson, 2014).”
BackgroundAspirational Laws in Action: A Field Experiment
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“…behaviors to settle grievances under the assumption that the law and legal institutions cannot ensure their protection (Oliveira, 2025). encounters with policing serve as ‘teachable moments’ (Tyler et al., 2014), either strengthening trust in legal institutions or deepening disillusionment.”
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“According to the theory, people tend to trust their legal authorities when they perceive that they will be treated fairly and justly according to the law (Tyler, 2007; Tyler & Jackson, 2014).”
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Self-citationAnsems, L. F. M. (2021) · doi:10.33540/499 · Cited by 3
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“Notice that this concept is similar to the Procedural Justice perspective, which suggests that “People obey the law because they believe that legal authorities have the right to dictate appropriate behavior” (Tyler & Jackson, 2014, p. 78).”
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BackgroundInfluentialCross, A. R., & Fine, A. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-024-09621-0 · Cited by 2
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‘Only the Minimum Degree’: The Minimum Force Tradition
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Faturohman, G. M., & Noor, M. (2021) · Journal of Education Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) · doi:10.34007/jehss.v4i2.715 · Cited by 1
Simone, D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108186070.005 · Cited by 1
Holden, M. A., Metcalf, B., Lawford, B. J., Hinman, R. S., Boyd, M., Button, K., Collins, N. J., Cottrell, E., Henrotin, Y. E., Larsen, J. B., et al. (2022) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2022.02.541 · Cited by 1
Multiple perspectives on imprisonment in Europe
Minke, L. K. (2016) · Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab · doi:10.7146/ntfk.v103i3.97879 · Cited by 1
Granié, M.-A., Eyssartier, C., Bel-Latour, L., Evennou, M., & Carnis, L. (2022) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2022.09.005 · Cited by 1
A.C.A … All Coppers Are … an analysis of police legitimacy in Spain
Morales, D. V., Aizpurúa, E., & León, C. M. (2023) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2023.2180509 · Cited by 1
“Similar to previous research (Cao et al. 1998, Cao and Zhao 2005, Jackson et al. 2011, Silver and Pickett, 2015, Tyler and Jackson 2014), we found that conservatism predicts police legitimacy.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTerry, G. S. (2023) · European Politics and Society · doi:10.1080/23745118.2023.2263175 · Cited by 1
“…legal-rational model of legitimacy has inspired additional state-centric subtypes, including normative legitimacy (Levitov, 2016), popular legitimacy (Mair, 1995; Tyler & Jackson, 2014), and procedural legitimacy (Font & Blanco, 2007), based upon the idea of procedural democracy (Habermas, 2001).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Tyler, T. R., & Jackson, J.
- Venue
- Psychology, Public Policy, and Law
- Published
- 2014-02
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 78-95
- ISSN
- 1076-8971 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1528
- OpenAlex
- W3124082667
- Cited by
- 716
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 10
- FWCI
- 157.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychology Public Policy and Law (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Yale Law School
- New York University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Law › Judicial and Constitutional Studies
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Public Policy and Administration Research
- Keywords
- public legitimacy, legal authority, legal compliance, public cooperation, citizen participation, police practice, judicial practice, social order, institutional trust
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