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Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority: Motivating compliance, cooperation, and engagement.
Open accessAbstract
The traditional goal of legal authorities has been to obtain widespread public compliance with the law. Empirical research findings have shown that legitimacy—typically operationalized as the perceived obligation to obey and trust and confidence in the relevant institutions—plays an important role in achieving such compliance. But over time the goals of legal authorities have broadened in 2 ways. First, they increasingly include the desire to motivate willing cooperation, with legal authorities and members of the public working together to produce social order. Second, conceptions of the goals of the legal system have broadened to include the importance of promoting public engagement in communities in efforts to build social, political and economic vitality. Drawing on these broader goals—and building upon recent conceptual advances in the meaning of legitimacy—we report findings from a major new national survey of U.S. citizens. We examine the role that legitimacy plays in achieving each of these goals of law and in defining the policies and practices of the police and courts which influence legitimacy. Importantly, we also consider whether a focus on achieving this broader set of goals leads to a need to reexamine the traditional theoretical conception of legitimacy. Our findings support the utility of a multidimensional conception of legitimacy that differentiates between consent to authority and normative justifiability of power. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
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“Legitimacy—the belief that an individual, group, or institution has the authority to dictate an individual’s behavior and demand their cooperation—is vital to the effective function of police as a social institution (2, 3).”
From A field experiment on community policing and police legitimacy (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
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“Work on the role of procedural justice has also highlighted the role that perceptions of fairness play when citizens decide to trust politics and accept political outcomes as legitimate (Tyler and Jackson, 2014).”
BackgroundWhy people comply with COVID-19 social distancing restrictions: Self-interest or duty?
Murphy, K., Williamson, H., Sargeant, E., & McCarthy, M. (2020) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/0004865820954484 · Cited by 188
“Studies find that duty to authorities predicts compliance, even when controlling for perceptions of sanction risk (e.g., Murphy et al., 2016; Tyler & Jackson, 2014).”
BackgroundCorruption and Police Legitimacy in Lahore, Pakistan
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“Recent studies have reaffirmed the important role that believing there is a normative consensus between the police and the community concerning the goals of policing plays in public support for the police (i.e. the importance of “normative alignment”; see Tyler & Jackson, 2014).”
InfluentialSelf-citationProcedural justice and legal compliance: A revisionist perspective
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“Additionally agencies should consider broad ways of measuring outcomes such as cooperation in ways that are not just reliant on crime reporting (see Bradford, 2014; Tyler & Jackson, 2014).”
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“The US data come from an internet-based survey fielded to a random selection of individuals drawn from a GFK Knowledge Networks research panel of U.S. adults (Tyler and Jackson 2014; Tyler et al. 2015).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation“Truly free consent”? Clarifying the nature of police legitimacy using causal mediation analysis
Pósch, K., Jackson, J., Bradford, B., & MacQueen, S. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-020-09426-x · Cited by 119
Self-citationWhat does the public want police to do during pandemics? A national experiment
Nix, J., Ivanov, S., & Pickett, J. T. (2021) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12535 · Cited by 99
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“…regarding what constitutes legitimate practice: to feel normatively aligned with the police is to believe that officers wield their authority in ways that accord with societal expectations about appropriate group conduct (Jackson et al. 2013; Tyler and Jackson 2014; Bradford and Jackson 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMotivating Compliance Behavior Among Offenders
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Testing a Social Schematic Model of Police Procedural Justice
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“Jackson and Bradford relabeled what they previously called ‘popular legitimacy’ (Jackson 2018; Tyler and Jackson 2014) as ‘empirical legitimacy.’”
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BackgroundAssessing and Responding to the Recent Homicide Rise in the United StatesPreprint
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“Some researchers argue that legitimacy is an outcome of procedural justice, and comprises a felt obligation to obey the law, normative alignment, and trust (Jackson and Gau 2016:8; Tyler and Jackson 2014).”
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“…the police to act in fair ways, they tend to believe to a greater extent that they share values and norms with the police and that the police should be obeyed (Jackson et al., 2012; Mazerolle et al., 2013; Murphy & Cherney, 2012; Sunshine & Tyler, 2003; Tyler, 2006a, 2006b; Tyler & Jackson, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationExamining the Impact of the Freddie Gray Unrest on Perceptions of the Police
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“It has also been suggested that there are theoretical reasons why social capital should enforce obedience of the police (Hawdon, 2008) and police legitimacy (Tyler & Jackson, 2014).”
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Self-citationSocial identity and support for defunding the police in the aftermath of George Floyd’s murder
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“…of procedural justice, distributive justice, and bounded authority (alongside perceptions of effectiveness and lawfulness) each explain unique variance in perceived police legitimacy (see Huq et al., 2017; Murphy, 2021; Trinkner et al., 2018; Tyler & Jackson, 2014; Williamson et al., 2022).”
BackgroundSelf-citationProsecutorial Procedural Justice and Public Legitimacy in Hong Kong
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“Procedural justice perceptions are, in turn, associated with views about legitimacy (Sunshine & Tyler, 2003; Tyler & Jackson, 2013).”
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Self-citationPredicting citizens’ support for surveillance cameras. Does police legitimacy matter?
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“A later measure of a normative alignment that reflects the consistency of police actions with citizens’ beliefs about right and wrong was suggested to be an additional component of legitimacy (Jackson et al., 2012; Tyler & Jackson, 2014; Bradford et al., 2015).”
BackgroundExperimenting with procedural justice policing
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“An abundance of research indicates that when state legal authorities are judged to act in procedurally just ways, they encourage voluntary compliance and willing cooperation with authorities and rules (Tyler 2001, 2006, 2009, 2011; Tyler and Fagan 2008; Tyler and Jackson 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPublic Trust, Institutional Legitimacy, and the Use of Algorithms in Criminal Justice
Purves, D., & Davis, J. (2022) · Public Affairs Quarterly · doi:10.5406/21520542.36.2.03 · Cited by 45
“…evidence from Tyler’s extensive work on descriptive legitimacy supports the conclusion that to the extent that an institution is not trusted—and thus, illegitimate in the descriptive sense—there is a similar decline in individuals’ compliance and help-seeking behavior (Tyler and Jackson 2014).”
BackgroundFear of retaliation and citizen willingness to cooperate with police
Papp, J., Smith, B. W., Wareham, J., & Wu, Y. (2017) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2017.1307368 · Cited by 38
Three Pillars of Police Legitimacy: Procedural Justice, Use of Force, and Occupational Culture
Terrill, W., Paoline, E. A., & Gau, J. M. (2016) · Sociology of crime, law and deviance · doi:10.1108/s1521-613620160000021004 · Cited by 37
Jackson, J., Pósch, K., Oliveira, T. R., Bradford, B., Mendes, S. M., Natal, A. L., & Zanetic, A. (2022) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12589 · Cited by 41
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Tyler, T. R., & Jackson, J.
- Venue
- Psychology, Public Policy, and Law
- Published
- 2014-02
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 78-95
- ISSN
- 1076-8971 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1528
- OpenAlex
- W3124082667
- Cited by
- 716
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 10
- FWCI
- 157.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychology Public Policy and Law (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Yale Law School
- New York University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Law › Judicial and Constitutional Studies
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Public Policy and Administration Research
- Keywords
- public legitimacy, legal authority, legal compliance, public cooperation, citizen participation, police practice, judicial practice, social order, institutional trust
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