The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing
Abstract
This study explores two issues about police legitimacy. The first issue is the relative importance of police legitimacy in shaping public support of the police and policing activities, compared to the importance of instrumental judgments about (1) the risk that people will be caught and sanctioned for wrongdoing, (2) the performance of the police in fighting crime, and/or (3) the fairness of the distribution of police services. Three aspects of public support for the police are examined: public compliance with the law, public cooperation with the police, and public willingness to support policies that empower the police. The second issue is which judgments about police activity determine people's views about the legitimacy of the police. This study compares the influence of people's judgments about the procedural justice of the manner in which the police exercise their authority to the influence of three instrumental judgments: risk, performance, and distributive fairness. Findings of two surveys of New Yorkers show that, first, legitimacy has a strong influence on the public's reactions to the police, and second, the key antecedent of legitimacy is the fairness of the procedures used by the police. This model applies to both white and minority group residents.
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When decision-making power is exercised in a way that is well-explained and procedurally fair, it is more likely that the decision is acceptable and the decision-making authority is trusted.
“When decision-making power is exercised in a way that is wellexplained and procedurally fair, it is more likely that the decision is acceptable and the decision-making authority is trusted (Sunshine and Tyler 2003; Tyler and Huo 2002).”
From Explaining Why the Computer Says No: Algorithmic Transparency Affects the Perceived Trustworthiness of Automated Decision‐Making (2023) · cites this paper as Sunshine and Tyler 2003
Citizens' perceptions of procedural justice influence their beliefs about police legitimacy.
“Procedural justice fosters a belief in the legitimacy of police (Sunshine & Tyler, 2003)”
From Procedural Justice and Order Maintenance Policing: A Study of Inner‐City Young Men’s Perceptions of Police Legitimacy (2010) · cites this paper as Sunshine & Tyler, 2003
Tattered faith in officers' ability to carry out their duties fairly and equitably can spark a decline in public support for police organizations.
“Prior research has documented that tattered faith in officers' ability to carry out their duties fairly and equitably can spark a decline in public support for police organizations (Sunshine & Tyler, 2003;Tyler & Wakslak, 2004)”
From Procedural Justice and Order Maintenance Policing: A Study of Inner‐City Young Men’s Perceptions of Police Legitimacy (2010) · cites this paper as Sunshine & Tyler, 2003
The process model of PJ proposed by scholars assumes that when the police behave in more procedurally just ways people will respond by assessing police authority as more legitimate.
“The process model of PJ proposed by scholars assumes that when the police behave in more procedurally just ways people will respond by assessing police authority as more legitimate (9, 10, 30).”
From Reforming the police through procedural justice training: A multicity randomized trial at crime hot spots (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Public views of criminal justice actors reciprocally shape and are shaped by institutional behavior.
“This approach builds on research showing that public views of criminal justice actors reciprocally shape and are shaped by institutional behavior (20–24).”
From Does civilian oversight impact police legitimacy? (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
Research generally finds that procedural justice is a better predictor of police legitimacy than police performance.
“given that research generally finds that procedural justice is a better predictor of police legitimacy than police performance (e.g., Sunshine & Tyler, 2003;Tyler & Fagan, 2008)”
From Legitimacy in Policing: A Systematic Review (2013) · cites this paper as Sunshine & Tyler, 2003
Global views of procedural justice are a key antecedent of legitimacy.
“Sunshine and Tyler (2003) explore the influence of more general evaluations of the procedural justice of the police upon people's judgments about the legitimacy of the police, finding that global views of procedural justice are a key antecedent of legitimacy.”
From Legitimacy in Policing: A Systematic Review (2013) · cites this paper as Sunshine & Tyler, 2003
Perceptions of distributive justice can influence perceptions of legitimacy.
“Researchers in the US (see Sunshine & Tyler, 2003;Tyler & Huo, 2002), in the UK (see Bowling & Philips, 2002;Bradford & Jackson, 2008) and in Australia (see Bird, 1992;Pickering, McCulloch, & Wright-Neville, 2008;Sivasubramaniam & Goodman-Delahunty, 2008) find that perceptions of distributive justice can and do influence perceptions of legitimacy”
From Legitimacy in Policing: A Systematic Review (2013) · cites this paper as Sunshine & Tyler, 2003
Treating people or groups on a discriminatory basis undermines police legitimacy.
“and that treating people or groups on a discriminatory basis undermines police legitimacy.”
From Legitimacy in Policing: A Systematic Review (2013) · cites this paper as Sunshine & Tyler, 2003
When citizens trust the police to exercise their powers fairly and to distribute justice equitably, they are more supportive of officers having a wide range of discretion.
“When citizens trust the police to exercise their powers fairly and to distribute justice equitably, they are more supportive of officers having a wide range of discretion (Sunshine & Tyler, 2003).”
From Procedural Justice and Order Maintenance Policing: A Study of Inner‐City Young Men’s Perceptions of Police Legitimacy (2010) · cites this paper as Sunshine & Tyler, 2003
Procedural justice fosters a belief in the legitimacy of police and inspires greater compliance with the law.
“Procedural justice fosters a belief in the legitimacy of police (Sunshine & Tyler, 2003) and inspires greater compliance with the law (Lind & Tyler, 1988;McCluskey, Mastrofski, & Parks, 1999).”
From Procedural Justice and Order Maintenance Policing: A Study of Inner‐City Young Men’s Perceptions of Police Legitimacy (2010) · cites this paper as Sunshine & Tyler, 2003
These types of police behaviors directly contravene the concept of procedural justice.
“These types of police behaviors directly contravene the concept of procedural justice.”
From Procedural Justice and Order Maintenance Policing: A Study of Inner‐City Young Men’s Perceptions of Police Legitimacy (2010) · cites this paper as Sunshine & Tyler, 2003
Members of racial and ethnic minority groups might be less likely than their White counterparts to cooperate with police or even be less likely to call the police when in need of assistance.
“This has implications for understanding why members of racial and ethnic minority groups might be less likely than their White counterparts to cooperate with police or even be less likely to call the police when in need of assistance”
From A call to dismantle systemic racism in criminal legal systems. (2022) · cites this paper as Sunshine & Tyler, 2003
People are willing to grant a lot of latitude to authorities they consider legitimate, thereby empowering the authority.
“People are willing to grant a lot of latitude to authorities they consider legitimate, thereby empowering the authority (Sunshine and Tyler 2003).”
From Mirage of Police Reform: Procedural Justice and Police Legitimacy (2017) · cites this paper as Sunshine and Tyler 2003
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- Authors
- Sunshine, J., & Tyler, T. R.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- ORCID
- Tyler, Tom R.
- Venue
- Law & Society Review
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 513-547
- ISSN
- 0023-9216 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-5893
- OpenAlex
- W1991829326
- Cited by
- 2,973
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 167 · 2025: 185 · 2024: 216 · 2023: 199 · 2022: 260 · 2021: 214 · 2020: 252 · 2019: 230 · 2018: 179 · 2017: 152 · 2016: 158 · 2015: 166 · 2014: 137 · 2013: 109 · 2012: 78
- FWCI
- 79.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Law & Society Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Public Policy and Administration Research
- Keywords
- procedural justice, police legitimacy, public support for policing, cooperation with police, risk perception, police performance, distributive fairness, racial differences in perception, New York City
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