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Perceptions of emotion from facial expressions are not culturally universal: Evidence from a remote culture
Open accessAbstract
It is widely believed that certain emotions are universally recognized in facial expressions. Recent evidence indicates that Western perceptions (e.g., scowls as anger) depend on cues to U.S. emotion concepts embedded in experiments. Because such cues are standard features in methods used in cross-cultural experiments, we hypothesized that evidence of universality depends on this conceptual context. In our study, participants from the United States and the Himba ethnic group from the Keunene region of northwestern Namibia sorted images of posed facial expressions into piles by emotion type. Without cues to emotion concepts, Himba participants did not show the presumed "universal" pattern, whereas U.S. participants produced a pattern with presumed universal features. With cues to emotion concepts, participants in both cultures produced sorts that were closer to the presumed "universal" pattern, although substantial cultural variation persisted. Our findings indicate that perceptions of emotion are not universal, but depend on cultural and conceptual contexts.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gendron, M., Roberson, D., van der Vyver, J. M., & Barrett, L. F.
- Affiliations
- Northeastern University (US)
- University of Essex (GB)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 251-262
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- PMC
- PMC4752367
- OpenAlex
- W1975731691
- Cited by
- 463
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 37.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DP1OD003312)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Keywords
- facial expressions, emotion perception, cultural universality, cross-cultural comparison, Himba, emotion concepts, emotion classification
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Culture, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Namibia, Perception, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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