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Parent–teacher agreement on ADHD symptoms across development.
Open accessAbstract
Parent-teacher agreement on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom ratings ranges from low to moderate. Most studies evaluating parent-teacher agreement have not assessed measurement invariance across raters. Hence, it is unclear whether discordance across raters is due to differing ADHD constructs across raters or other factors (e.g., subjective differences across raters). Additionally, the effect of development on parent-teacher agreement is relatively unknown. To address these limitations, the present study used parent and teacher ADHD ratings from a large (N = 6,659) developmentally diverse (ages 4-17) sample. Using exploratory structural equation modeling on half the sample, and then confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the other half of the sample, confirmed a 2-factor structure with significant cross-loadings for the 18 ADHD symptoms. CFA invariance analyses demonstrated that the 2-factor symptom structure was similar across raters and age groups. After confirming measurement invariance, the correlation between latent factors within and across raters was examined for each age group as well as across age groups. Parents reported greater severity of ADHD symptoms than did teachers, and both parents and teachers reported higher levels of hyperactivity/impulsivity in younger children than in older children and consistent levels of inattention across development. Finally, correlations between parent-teacher ratings of like factors were weak for inattention and moderate-strong for hyperactivity/impulsivity, and the magnitude of parent-teacher agreement did not vary across development. In conclusion, while parent and teacher ratings of ADHD behaviors are only weakly to moderately correlated, each reporter provides unique and valid clinical information as it relates to ADHD symptom presentation.
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“They also could result from both the biases of raters and the differences in settings in which the raters interact with children (Narad et al., 2015).”
From Sensitivity and Specificity of an Executive Function Screener at Identifying Children with ADHD and Reading Disability (2021) · cites this paper as Narad et al., 2015
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Chang, J. P.-C., Su, K.-P., Mondelli, V., & Pariante, C. M. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.160 · Cited by 248
Vaidya, C. J., You, X., Mostofsky, S., Pereira, F., Berl, M. M., & Kenworthy, L. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13114 · Cited by 126
Bikic, A., Reichow, B., McCauley, S. A., Ibrahim, K., & Sukhodolsky, D. G. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.12.004 · Cited by 108
Eslami, T., Almuqhim, F., Raiker, J. S., & Saeed, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroinformatics · doi:10.3389/fninf.2020.575999 · Cited by 135
“Other obstacles for diagnosis include disagreement between parent-and teacher-rated perceptions (Narad et al., 2015), substantial time-commitment required for interviews (Pelham et al., 2005), and malingering/faking symptoms of ADHD, and ASD especially in adulthood (Musso and Gouvier, 2014).”
BackgroundBikic, A., Leckman, J., Christensen, T., Bilenberg, N., & Dalsgaard, S. (2018) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1151-y · Cited by 97
Tamm, L., Loren, R. E. A., Peugh, J., & Ciesielski, H. A. (2020) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219420961338 · Cited by 95
“It is well known that when multiple informants (e.g., parent, teacher) complete ADHD rating scales, there are often discrepant findings (De Los Reyes et al., 2019; Narad et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCanals, J., Morales-Hidalgo, P., Jané, M., & Doménech, E. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716638511 · Cited by 71
“ADHD-HI symptoms appear to be more consistently reported by the different informants than ADHD-I symptoms (Narad et al., 2015).”
BackgroundAre sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms associated with executive functioning in preschoolers?
Tamm, L., Brenner, S. B., Bamberger, M. E., & Becker, S. P. (2018) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2016.1225707 · Cited by 61
“…on behavioral ratings (range: .09–.43; e.g., Antrop, Roeyers, Oosterlaan, & Van Oost, 2002; Mitsis, McKay, Schulz, Newcorn, & Halperin, 2000; Narad et al., 2015), particularly in preschoolers (Murray et al., 2007; Verhulst & Akkerhuis, 1989), but does highlight the importance of including…”
Self-citationClinical and Experimental Factors Influencing the Efficacy of Neurofeedback in ADHD: A Meta-Analysis
Bussalb, A., Congedo, M., Barthélemy, Q., Ojeda, D., Acquaviva, E., Delorme, R., & Mayaud, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00035 · Cited by 60
“The expected differences of ratings between teachers and parents have been extensively studied (110, 113, 114), observing that teachers are more likely to underrate a child’s symptom severity, especially for younger children.”
BackgroundSmoking during pregnancy and ADHD risk: A genetically informed, multiple‐rater approach
Knopik, V. S., Marceau, K., Bidwell, L. C., Palmer, R. H. C., Smith, T. F., Todorov, A. A., Evans, A. S., & Heath, A. C. (2016) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32421 · Cited by 79
“Differences among parent and teacher ratings are common and were expected in the current study given that they tap different aspects of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity across unique settings [Goulardins et al., 2015; Narad et al., 2015].”
ADHD prevalence estimates in Italian children and adolescents: a methodological issue
Reale, L., & Bonati, M. (2018) · Italian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-018-0545-2 · Cited by 55
Parent-based diagnosis of ADHD is as accurate as a teacher-based diagnosis of ADHD
Bied, A., Biederman, J., & Faraone, S. (2017) · Postgraduate medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2017.1288064 · Cited by 54
Morales‐Hidalgo, P., Hernández‐Martínez, C., Vera, M., Voltas, N., & Canals, J. (2016) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2016.07.003 · Cited by 55
“…Conners indexes were significantly higher among boys with a high effect size ranging from 0.22 to 0.58) and n parents’ forms (Català-López et al., 2012; Conners, 008, 2009, Ezpeleta et al., 2014; Narad et al., 2015; ’Neill, Schneiderman, Rajendran, Marks, & Halperin, 2014; ichstrøm et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialMurray, A., Speyer, L., Hall, H. A., Valdebenito, S., & Hughes, C. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsab062 · Cited by 47
Meyer, K. N., Santillana, R. M., Miller, B., Clapp, W. C., Way, M., Bridgman-Goines, K., & Sheridan, M. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241352 · Cited by 51
“In addition, some studies find that teachers report fewer inattention symptoms than parents overall and parent-teacher interrater reliability is worse for inattention symptoms than for hyperactivity symptoms [92].”
BackgroundMurray, A. L., Booth, T., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2018) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1723 · Cited by 46
“Previous research has generally found that parents report higher levels of ADHD symptoms (e.g., Antrop et al., 2002; Hart et al., 1995; Kennerley et al., 2016; Murray et al., 2007; Narad et al., 2015; Yeguez & Sibley, 2016), although there have also been some cases where teachers have reported higher levels (e.”
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“Parents generally report a greater severity of ADHD symptoms than do teachers [8].”
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“As expected from previous research, clinician, parent, and teacher SNAP scores were all significantly correlated (rs ranging from .29 to .73) with the most modest correlation found between parent and teacher SNAPs, r = .29, p = .005 (see Narad et al., 2015).”
Eaton, C. B., Roarty, K., Doval, N., Shetty, S., Goodall, K., & Rhodes, S. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231177466 · Cited by 36
“This is important because research into the prevalence of ADHD-symptoms has consistently found that parent reports tend to lead to higher estimates than teacher reports (Narad et al., 2015; Wolraich et al., 2004), suggesting a strong parent report bias.”
BackgroundResultMasfety, V. K., Woodward, M. J., Keyes, K., Bitfoi, A., Carta, M., Koç, C., Lesinskienė, S., Mihova, Z., Otten, R., & Husky, M. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01950-5 · Cited by 33
Parent versus teacher ratings on the BRIEF-preschool version in children with and without ADHD
Schneider, H., Ryan, M., & Mahone, E. M. (2020) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2019.1617262 · Cited by 29
“…Hopkins, 2015; Lavigne, Gouze, Hopkins, & Bryant, 2016; Mares, McLuckie, Schwartz, & Saini, 2007; Moens, Weeland, Van der Giessen, Chhangur, & Overbeek, 2018; Murray et al., 2007; Narad et al., 2015; van der Ende, Verhulst, & Tiemeier, 2012; Wochos, Semerjian, & Walsh, 2014; Wolraich et al., 2004).”
Do Parent and Teacher Ratings of ADHD Reflect the Same Constructs? A Measurement Invariance Analysis
Jungersen, C. M., & Lonigan, C. J. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09874-3 · Cited by 64
Cheng, C.-Y., Tseng, W., Chang, C., Chang, C.-H., & Gau, S. S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00673 · Cited by 35
“Despite the low agreement between parent and teacher reports on ADHD symptoms in western studies (35, 36) and our work (37, 38), it is crucial to integrate reports from different informants.”
Backgroundvan der Plas, E., Noakes, T. L. S., Butcher, D., Weksberg, R., Galin-Corini, L., Wanstall, E. A., Te, P., Hopf, L., Guger, S. L., Hitzler, J., et al. (2020) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-020-01230-7 · Cited by 26
Hosseinnia, M., Mazaheri, M., & Heidari, Z. (2020) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_696_19 · Cited by 25
“A deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered as one of the most common and chronic psychiatric disorders.[1,2] This disorder commonly begins in childhood, and mostly persists into adulthood.”
BackgroundUlberstad, F., Boström, H., Chavanon, M.-L., Knollmann, M., Wiley, J., Christiansen, H., & Thorell, L. (2020) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1822 · Cited by 25
“This approach is highly reliant on subjective measures, and previous studies have found only modest interrater agreement for ADHD symptom levels in adolescents and adults (e.g., Adler et al., 2008; Narad et al., 2015; Zucker, Morris, Ingram, Morris, & Bakeman, 2002).”
ResultJendreizik, L. T., von Wirth, E., & Döpfner, M. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547221132793 · Cited by 33
“Greater consideration of teacher judgment could complement the picture (Narad et al., 2015) and can be recommended for future studies.”
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“However, each reporter provides unique and valid clinical information related to ADHD symptoms presentation that should not be ignored (Narad et al. 2015).”
BackgroundHámori, G., File, B., Fiáth, R., Pászthy, B., Réthelyi, J., Ulbert, I., & Bunford, N. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115139 · Cited by 27
Diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents with autism and ADHD
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The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Iran: An updated systematic review
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“A number of studies have found that parents and teachers’ ratings of ADHD symptoms are only weakly to moderately correlated (52, 53).”
BackgroundGarcia‐Rosales, A., Vitoratou, S., Faraone, S. V., Rudaizky, D., Banaschewski, T., Asherson, P. J., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Buitelaar, J. K., Oades, R. D., Rothenberger, A., et al. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01509-4 · Cited by 24
Informant Discrepancies in the Assessment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Kennerley, S., Jaquiery, B., Hatch, B., Healey, M., Wheeler, B. J., & Healey, D. M. (2016) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282916670797 · Cited by 21
“Based on the previous literature (Malhi et al., 2008; Mitsis et al., 2000; Narad et al., 2015; Sollie et al., 2012) reporting a median correlation of .”
Who predict ADHD with better diagnostic accuracy?: Parents or teachers?
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Murray, A., Ribeaud, D., Eisner, M., Murray, G., & Mckenzie, K. (2018) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0842-4 · Cited by 21
Wexler, D., Salgado, R., Gornik, A. E., Peterson, R. K., & Pritchard, A. E. (2021) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2021.1944671 · Cited by 25
Predictors of Informant Discrepancies Between Mother and Middle School Teacher ADHD Ratings
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“, symptoms of H/I) have a higher degree of agreement when compared with subjective or subtle behaviors (e.g., Inattention symptoms; Achenbach et al., 1987; De Los Reyes & Kazdin, 2005; Narad et al., 2015).”
Evaluating ADHD Assessment for Dogs: A Replication Study
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“, home and school), obtaining data from multiple informants, usually parents and teachers [21,47,48].”
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“Moreover, with respect to rating agreements between primary caregivers and teachers, rating externalizing problems tends to produce higher levels of agreement than rating internalizing problems [61, 62].”
BackgroundEvaluating the Factor Validity of the Children’s Organizational Skills Scale in Youth with ADHD
Molitor, S. J., Langberg, J. M., Evans, S. W., Dvorsky, M. R., Bourchtein, E., Eddy, L. D., Smith, Z. R., & Oddo, L. E. (2016) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-016-9205-0 · Cited by 16
“Indeed, parent/ teacher agreement on ratings of ADHD symptoms and impairment is often low in secondary school settings (Evans et al., 2005;Narad et al., 2015), and each student hasmultiple teachers who may disagree about student functioning (Fabiano, Chafouleas, Weist, Sumi, & Humphrey, 2014).”
Weigard, A. S., McCurry, K. L., Shapiro, Z. R., Martz, M. E., Angstadt, M., Heitzeg, M. M., Dinov, I. D., & Sripada, C. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02502-6 · Cited by 19
“We index ADHD symptoms at the baseline, 1-year, and 2-year follow-up time points using a multirater approach, considered the gold standard for minimizing rater biases and measuring impairments across contexts [30, 31].”
MethodInfluentialBergold, S., Christiansen, H., & Steinmayr, R. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22840 · Cited by 15
“However, attention has been paid only recently to the issue of measurement invariance when examining interrater agreement and discrepancy (e.g., Narad et al., 2015; Rogge et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMaternal obesity and attention-related symptoms in the preterm offspring
van der Burg, J. W., Jensen, E. T., van de Bor, M., Joseph, R. M., O’Shea, T. M., Kuban, K., Allred, E. N., Scott, M., Hunter, S. J., Hooper, S. R., et al. (2017) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.08.002 · Cited by 17
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“, 2011), and is consistent with earlier studies (Narad et al., 2015).”
ResultEvidence-based assessment of ADHD diagnosis in children and adolescents
Zhou, X., Reynolds, C., Zhu, J., Kamphaus, R., & Zhang, O. (2018) · Applied neuropsychology. Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2017.1284661 · Cited by 14
“This is consistent with what previous studies have concluded that parents had more time observing behavior manifested in after school settings (Narad et al., 2015; Papageorgiou, Kalyva, Dafoulis, & Vostanis, 2008).”
BackgroundResultDevelopment of a human-analogue, 3-symptom domain Dog ADHD and Functionality Rating Scale (DAFRS)
Csibra, B., Bunford, N., & Gácsi, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-51924-9 · Cited by 14
“Considering functionality-related behavioural problems, and the externalizing nature of ADHD symptoms 93 , subjectivity exists in how these symptoms are perceived and evaluated by the parent of the child in humans 52 , but this may be also true for dog owners.”
BackgroundImpulsivity as key bridge symptoms in cross‐sectional and longitudinal networks of ADHD and ODD
Bansal, P. S., Goh, P. K., Southward, M. W., Sizemore, Y. J., & Martel, M. M. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13863 · Cited by 19
Virtual Reality and ADHD: Clinical Assessment and Treatment in the Metaverse
Schweitzer, J. B., & Rizzo, A. (2022) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2022.30.3.1 · Cited by 20
Exploring ADHD Symptoms and Associated Impairment Across Development
Niina, A., Eyre, O., Wootton, R., Stergiakouli, E., Thapar, A., & Riglin, L. (2021) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547211025612 · Cited by 13
“Similarly, teacher reports are often used in childhood which may also show different results (Narad et al., 2015).”
Leviton, A., Hunter, S. J., Scott, M., Hooper, S. R., Joseph, R. M., O’Shea, T. M., Allred, E. N., & Kuban, K. (2017) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.13869 · Cited by 13
“‘While parent and teacher ratings of ADHD behaviours are only weakly to moderately correlated, each reporter provides unique and valid clinical information as it relates to ADHD symptom presentation’ (23).”
BackgroundJendreizik, L. T., Hautmann, C., von Wirth, E., Dose, C., Thöne, A.-K., Treier, A.-K., Banaschewski, T., Becker, K., Brandeis, D., Geissler, J., et al. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00529-z · Cited by 12
“Future studies should additionally obtain a teacher’s rating to provide as complete a picture as possible [38].”
BackgroundBabinski, D. E., & McQuade, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718797445 · Cited by 12
Devine, R. T., Kovatchev, V., Grumley Traynor, I., Smith, P., & Lee, M. (2023) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001186 · Cited by 12
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Li, H.-H., Wang, T.-T., Dong, H.-Y., Liu, Y.-Q., & Jia, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1070848 · Cited by 11
Arnett, A. B., McGrath, L., Flaherty, B. P., Pennington, B., & Willcutt, E. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547221075842 · Cited by 11
“In line with prior research that reports a lack of rater agreement between parents and teachers on ADHD symptom scales (Narad et al., 2015), results of analyses involving categorical elevated ADHD characterizations differed somewhat, depending on whether both mother and teacher ratings, versus…”
ResultLavigne, J., Gouze, K. R., Hopkins, J., & Bryant, F. (2015) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0616-1 · Cited by 10
“[6] recommended that research is needed to identify patient-related factors that contribute to parent–teacher agreement or disagreement.”
BackgroundMethodLevy, O., Hackmon, S. L., Zvilichovsky, Y., Korisky, A., Bidet-Caulet, A., Schweitzer, J. B., & Golumbic, E. Z. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.590012 · Cited by 9
“…lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity to reliably capture the type and severity of real-life attention challenges that people face outside the lab or the clinic (Rabiner et al., 2010; Narad et al., 2015; Hall et al., 2016; Murray et al., 2018; Mulraney et al., 2022; Hobbiss and Lavie, 2024).”
Dane, S., & Welcome, M. (2018) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.10.003 · Cited by 9
Lúcio, P. S., Salum, G. A., Swardfager, W., Mari, J. D. J., Pan, P. M., Bressan, R. A., Gadelha, A., Rohde, L. A., & Cogo‐Moreira, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01891 · Cited by 9
“…most of those studies explored the underlying construct of ADHD across various subgroups defined by demographics, for example, based on gender, age, or different raters (Gomez, 2013, 2016; Makransky and Bilenberg, 2014; Narad et al., 2015; Zeeuw et al., 2015; Caci et al., 2016; Morin et al., 2016).”
BackgroundOrylska, A., Brzezicka, A., Racicka-Pawlukiewicz, E., Albiński, R., & Sędek, G. (2016) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1515/ppb-2016-0009 · Cited by 9
“, gender (BriggsGowan, Carter, & Schwab-Stone, 1996; Touliatos & Lindholm, 1981; Verhulst & Akkerhuis, 1989), age (Narad et al., 2015; Verhulst & Akkerhuis, 1989), mental health (Chilcoat & Breslau, 1997; Egeland, Kalkoske, Gottesman & Erickson, 1990; Epkins, 1996; Kolko & Kazdin, 1993; Narad et al.”
InfluentialSaffer, B. Y., Mikami, A. Y., Qi, H., Owens, J. S., & Normand, S. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09892-1 · Cited by 8
“…extent to which parents and teachers agree on children’s ADHD symptoms, including in nationally representative samples (e.g., Murray et al., 2018; Narad et al., 2015), and among children referred for ADHD assessment (e.g., Mitsis et al., 2000) or diagnosed with ADHD (e.g., Antrop, et al., 2002).”
BackgroundRantanen, K., Vierikko, E., & Nieminen, P. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12468 · Cited by 15
Shipkova, M., Butera, C., Flores, G. D., Kilroy, E., Jayashankar, A., Harrison, L. A., Cermak, S. A., & Aziz-Zadeh, L. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3110 · Cited by 7
“Numerous studies focus on parent – teacher convergence in ADHD ratings of child behavior in both neurotypical and neurodiverse samples (e.g., DuPaul, 1991; Llanes et al., 2020; Morales-Hidalgo et al., 2017; Narad et al., 2015; Wolraich et al., 2004).”
BackgroundGarcia-Rosales, A., Cortese, S., & Vitoratou, S. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293677 · Cited by 7
“However, the agreement between parent and teacher ratings of ADHD symptoms is generally low to moderate [7].”
BackgroundSpeyer, L. G., Obsuth, I., Ribeaud, D., Eisner, M., Luciano, M., Bonnie Auyeung, B., & Murray, A. L. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00905-5 · Cited by 6
“…children’s psychosocial development (e.g. Cheng et al., 2018; Murray et al., 2018) with cross-informant correlation having been shown to average 0.25 for internalising problems, 0.30 for externalising problems (De Los Reyes, 2013) and range from 0.09 to 0.52 for ADHD symptoms (Narad et al., 2015).”
InfluentialKarr, J. E., Kibby, M. Y., Jagger-Rickels, A. C., & Garcia-Barrera, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718763878 · Cited by 6
“They also could result from both the biases of BASC-2-EF raters and the differences in settings in which the raters interact with children (Narad et al., 2015).”
Puberty and ADHD: A scoping review and framework for future research
Friedel, E., Vijayakumar, N., Staniland, L., & Silk, T. J. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102567 · Cited by 6
Schoemaker, M. M., Lust, J., Steenbergen, B., Houwen, S., Diepstraten, J. E. M., Wilson, P., & Poelma, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1418295 · Cited by 6
Korfmacher, A.-K., Hirsch, O., Chavanon, M., Albrecht, B., & Christiansen, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.969351 · Cited by 10
“This discrepancy is quite typical (106), though Hyperactivity/Impulsivity is easier to observe and more challenging in structured situations than are Inattention symptoms (107).”
BackgroundFioravante, I., Lozano-Lozano, J. A., & Martella, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.946273 · Cited by 6
“However, according to different studies, parent-teacher agreement on ADHD symptoms has typically been low to moderate (Narad et al., 2015).”
Do Teachers Confirm Parent’s Ratings of ADHD DSM-IV Criteria? A Study of a Mexican Population
Chamorro, Y., Bolaños, L., Trejo, S., Barrios, O., Ramírez‐Dueñas, M. D. L., Alvarez-Tostado, P., Cervantes, A., & Matute, E. (2021) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s308051 · Cited by 9
“Previous studies have suggested that hyperactivity symptoms are more prominent (noticeable) and, therefore, more easily detected by adults.(9,14) Positive predictive values (PPV) (ie, the probability of a symptom being reported as “present” by the teacher given a previous positive report by a mother) has been reported…”
BackgroundInfluentialEkblad, M. O., Rolan, E. P., Marceau, K., Palmer, R. H. C., Todorov, A. A., Heath, A. C., & Knopik, V. S. (2019) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz214 · Cited by 10
Zhang, S., Yu, S., Cui, X., Liang, L., & Li, X. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251405008 · Cited by 5
“These findings suggest that interviews and questionnaires should consider subjective factors, such as educational stress (Danielson et al., 2018; Kieling & Rohde, 2012; Narad et al., 2015; Tahıllıoğlu et al., 2021).”
Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ): Predição do TDAH e TEA em Crianças
Chiodi, S. L., Fabre, B. D., Hashimoto, E. D. S., & Lúcio, P. S. (2023) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712023280201 · Cited by 5
Saura-Garre, P., Vicente-Escudero, J. L., Checa, S., Sáez, M. C., Fernández, V., Alcántara-López, M., Martínez, A. C., & Soler, C. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.989610 · Cited by 9
“, 2017), along with presenting differential characteristics which show the importance of using both informants for more reliable diagnosis (Narad et al., 2015), but it is known that externalizing disorders (such as ADHD) are more visible in the family and school context involving higher rates of clinical diagnoses, bu…”
BackgroundThe Developmental Course of Teacher-Rated ADHD Symptom Levels in an Early Childhood Community Sample
Martin, C. P., Shoulberg, E. K., & Hoza, B. (2021) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054721997561 · Cited by 5
Nafi, O., Shahin, A., Tarawneh, A., & Samhan, Z. (2020) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/emhj.20.032 · Cited by 6
“Some studies have shown that parent and teacher ratings of ADHD behaviours are only weakly to moderately correlated (20).”
BackgroundGaastra, G. F., Groen, Y., Tucha, L., & Tucha, O. (2019) · Child and Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-019-09515-7 · Cited by 4
Weigard, A. S., Suzuki, T., Skalaban, L. J., Conley, M. I., Cohen, A. O., Garavan, H., Heitzeg, M. M., Casey, B. J., Sripada, C., & Heathcote, A. (2024) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.70019 · Cited by 5
“As parent and teacher reports of attention problems provide complementary information (Cordova et al., 2022; Narad et al., 2015; Weigard et al., 2024), children’s attention problems were indexed with both the parent-report data from the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 2001; Achenbach & Ruffle,…”
Chan, H., Rowe, R., & Carroll, D. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299980 · Cited by 4
“Age effects are found in both parent and teacher ratings of hyperactivity/impulsivity, in which higher ratings are observed in younger children by both informants [19, 20].”
BackgroundResultCho, Y., Son, H.-M., Chung, T.-M., & Kim, J. (2024) · Psychology in the schools (Print) · doi:10.1002/pits.23179 · Cited by 4
Page, D. P., & Cunningham, T. (2024) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/08295735241228069 · Cited by 3
“The educational context is unique in its ability to elicit student behaviors indicative of psychopathologies, given the unique demands that classrooms place on students (Narad et al., 2015).”
BackgroundVassilopoulos, A., Delucia, C., & Torres, C. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23200 · Cited by 4
Haan, E., Sallis, H., Zuccolo, L., Labrecque, J., Ystrøm, E., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Andreassen, O., Havdahl, A., & Munafò, M. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.25.21254087 · Cited by 4
“of child’s behaviour as ADHD symptoms may be more visible at school which is a more structured environment (30).”
BackgroundResultNeuropsychological group rehabilitation on neurobehavioral comorbidities in children with epilepsy
Rantanen, K., Vierikko, E., Eriksson, K. J., & Nieminen, P. (2019) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.06.030 · Cited by 5
Crocker, S. L., Roemer, A., Strohmaier, S., Wang, G., & Medvedev, O. N. (2025) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-025-00452-2 · Cited by 2
ADHD Reporting in Developmental Age: The Role of the Informants
Esposito, D., Gigliotti, F., Colotti, B., Brina, C. D., Pisani, F., & Romani, M. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12070914 · Cited by 3
“Despite widespread recommendations for a multi-informant approach, few studies have assessed the comparative clinical validity of different informant types within real-world referral settings [5–7].”
DeCamp, C., Hoffman, M. E., Allan, D. M., Morris, B. M., & Lonigan, C. J. (2025) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01286-7 · Cited by 4
Hou, Y., Yu, L., Liu, D., Wilson, E., Wu, X., Moreira, J. P., Mujica, B. F., Mukhopadhyay, E. S., Novotney, A., & Payne, J. M. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2024.09.011 · Cited by 24
Placebo-related improvement with methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD
Vertessen, K., Oosterlaan, J., Bet, P. M., Bottelier, M. A., Stoffelsen, R., Swanson, J. M., Wisse, A., Twisk, J. W. R., & Luman, M. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02550-3 · Cited by 3
DeCamp, C., & Lonigan, C. J. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01144-y · Cited by 3
“Although some studies indicate that discrepancies are higher with younger children (e.g., Holm - berg & Bolte, 2014), results of the De Los Reyes et al. ( 2015 ) meta-analysis and other studies (Narad et al., 2015 ) indicated discrepancies are consistent through adolescence.”
Degroote, E., Brault, M.-C., & Houtte, M. V. (2022) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2022.2029962 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, teachers play a crucial part in the diagnostic process of ADHD in students: They are often asked by medical practitioners to fill out ADHD behavioral ratings regarding a student (American Psychiatric Association 2013; Narad et al. 2015).”
Kajka, N., & Kulik, A. (2021) · Current Problems of Psychiatry · doi:10.2478/cpp-2021-0020 · Cited by 8
Moraes, P., Damásio, B., de Lima, G. C. M., Sudo, F., & de Mattos, P. E. L. (2020) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/0101-60830000000228 · Cited by 3
Tsai, C.-L., & Ku, H.-Y. (2020) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2020.1729098 · Cited by 3
“ESEM is a statistical technique that combines the advantages of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), which has been used as an effective approach for exploring factor structure and testing measurement invariance (e.g., Chiorri et al. 2016; Scherer, Nilsen, and Jansen 2016; Narad et…”
MethodMicalizzi, L., Brick, L. A. D., Marraccini, M. E., Benca‐Bachman, C. E., Palmer, R. H. C., & Knopik, V. S. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419001573 · Cited by 4
“There is evidence that aggregate ratings by parents and teachers are more accurate than parent report of child behavior alone (Narad et al., 2015).”
BackgroundCogo‐Moreira, H., Lúcio, P. S., Swardfager, W., Gadelha, A., Mari, J. D. J., Miguel, E. C., Rohde, L. A., & Salum, G. A. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717707047 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Narad, M. E., Garner, A. A., Peugh, J. L., Tamm, L., Antonini, T. N., Kingery, K. M., Simon, J. O., & Epstein, J. N.
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 239-248
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- PMC
- PMC4495952
- OpenAlex
- W1981963179
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 5.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Bureau of Health Professions
- Health Resources and Services Administration
- Development of Health and Human Services (T32HT1002)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, parent-teacher agreement, measurement invariance, hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, rater differences, symptom structure
- MeSH terms
- School Teachers, Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Parents
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