Are sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms associated with executive functioning in preschoolers?
Open accessAbstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms are associated with neurocognitive task performance and ratings of real-world executive functioning (EF) in preschoolers at risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The associations between parent- and teacher-rated SCT symptoms and neuropsychological task performance and ratings of EF in 61 4-year-old preschool children (51 boys, 10 girls) with self-regulation difficulties were examined, with regression analyses controlling for the effects of ADHD inattention symptoms. In the study sample, higher teacher-rated SCT symptoms are significantly associated with poorer performance on tasks of visual-perceptual abilities, auditory and visual attention, sustained and selective attention, inhibitory control, pre-numerical/numerical concepts, and slower processing speed, but SCT symptoms are not significantly associated with working memory, attention shifting or cognitive flexibility when controlling for ADHD inattention. Higher parent-rated SCT symptoms are significantly associated with visual-perceptual abilities. ADHD inattention symptoms are more strongly associated than SCT with daily life EF ratings; neither parent- nor teacher-rated SCT symptoms are significantly associated with daily life ratings of inhibition, working memory, or planning/organization after controlling for ADHD inattention. This study suggests that SCT symptoms contribute to EF deficits at least on neurocognitive tasks assessing visual-perceptual/spatial abilities, attention to detail and processing speed, as observed in this sample of young children at risk for ADHD, and may be an important intervention target.
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Studies in early childhood generally showed weak associations between CDS and slowed processing speed, while studies of older children and adults had mixed findings.
“Other evidence to support a link between CDS and a slowed processing speed comes from studies in early childhood [30, 31, 33] that generally showed weak associations, whereas studies of older children and adults have had mixed findings [10, 13, 14, 29, 32-40].”
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“In fact, previous studies with preschoolers have reported lower associations between ADHD symptoms and EF (Sonuga-Barke, Dalen, Daley, & Remington, 2002; Thorell, 2007; Thorell & Wahlstedt, 2006; Willcutt et al., 2007) than those in school-aged children (Willcutt et al., 2012).”
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“Thus, consistent with the majority of studies—Bauermeister et al. (2012), Wåhlstedt and Bohlin (2010) and Willcutt et al. (2014), with the one exception being spatial working memory in Skirbekk et al. (2011), which is not directly or specifically assessed in the current study—no unique association…”
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“…behavioral ratings (range: .09–.43; e.g., Antrop, Roeyers, Oosterlaan, & Van Oost, 2002; Mitsis, McKay, Schulz, Newcorn, & Halperin, 2000; Narad et al., 2015), particularly in preschoolers (Murray et al., 2007; Verhulst & Akkerhuis, 1989), but does highlight the importance of including both raters.”
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“…on behavioral ratings (range: .09–.43; e.g., Antrop, Roeyers, Oosterlaan, & Van Oost, 2002; Mitsis, McKay, Schulz, Newcorn, & Halperin, 2000; Narad et al., 2015), particularly in preschoolers (Murray et al., 2007; Verhulst & Akkerhuis, 1989), but does highlight the importance of including…”
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“…of studies—Bauermeister et al. (2012), Wåhlstedt and Bohlin (2010) and Willcutt et al. (2014), with the one exception being spatial working memory in Skirbekk et al. (2011), which is not directly or specifically assessed in the current study—no unique association between SCT and working memory in…”
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“…have included preschool-aged children (aged 3 to 4 years), and none of these studies examine correlates of SCT specifically in this age range (Jacobson et al., 2012; Lahey et al., 2004; Leopold et al., 2016; McBurnett, Pfiffner, & Frick, 2001; Penny, Waschbusch, Klein, Corkum, & Eskes, 2009).”
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“, 2015), particularly in preschoolers (Murray et al., 2007; Verhulst & Akkerhuis, 1989), but does highlight the importance of includ-”
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“In contrast, two other studies (Wåhlstedt & Bohlin, 2010; Willcutt et al., 2014) with somewhat larger samples provide stronger support for an association between SCT and neurocognitive task performance (209 children aged 7 to 9 years and 721 children aged 8 to 16 years, respectively).”
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“Test–retest reliabilities for the paper version are moderate, ranging from .52 to .66 for individual tasks (excluding the Pick the Picture and Bubbles task, since these are not available in the paper version), and a high retest reliability of .95 for the full EF battery (Willoughby & Blair, 2011).”
MethodFactor structure of a sluggish cognitive tempo scale in clinically-referred children
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“Only a handful of extant SCT studies have included preschool-aged children (aged 3 to 4 years), and none of these studies examine correlates of SCT specifically in this age range (Jacobson et al., 2012; Lahey et al., 2004; Leopold et al., 2016; McBurnett, Pfiffner, & Frick, 2001; Penny, Waschbusch, Klein, Corkum, & Es…”
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“Indeed, it is the metacognitive aspect of EF that is most consistently associated with SCT in studies conducted on older children (Barkley, 2013; Becker & Langberg, 2014; Jimenez et al., 2015).”
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“…ADHD as these children demonstrate difficulties with EF including self-regulation, attention, working memory, cognitive flexibility, behavioral inhibition, and ability to sustain attention (American Psychological Association, 2013; Byrne et al., 1998; Hughes et al., 2000; Mariani & Barkley, 1997).”
BackgroundJarrett, M. A., Rapport, H. F., Rondon, A. T., & Becker, S. P. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714560821 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationWillcutt, E. G., Betjemann, R. S., Wadsworth, S. J., Samuelsson, S., Corley, R. P., DeFries, J. C., Byrne, B., Pennington, B. F., & Olson, R. K. (2006) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-006-9020-3 · Cited by 79 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In fact, previous studies with preschoolers have reported lower associations between ADHD symptoms and EF (Sonuga-Barke, Dalen, Daley, & Remington, 2002; Thorell, 2007; Thorell & Wahlstedt, 2006; Willcutt et al., 2007) than those in school-aged children (Willcutt et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAre sluggish cognitive tempo and daytime sleepiness distinct constructs?
Langberg, J. M., Becker, S. P., Dvorsky, M. R., & Luebbe, A. M. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0036276 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
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“Sleep deficits are associated with longer reaction times on simple reaction-time tasks, perhaps reflecting deficits in vigilance (Sagaspe et al., 2012; Versace, Cavallero, De Min Tona, Mozzato, & Stegagno, 2006), as well as poorer inhibitory motor control (Sagaspe et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialWood, W. L. M., Lewandowski, L. J., Lovett, B. J., & Antshel, K. M. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714560822 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Risk for Injury in Preschoolers: Relationship to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Byrne, J. M., Bawden, H. N., Beattie, T. L., & DeWolfe, N. A. (2003) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/chin.9.2.142.14501 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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Self-citationADHD Predominantly Inattentive Subtype With High Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: A New Clinical Entity?
Capdevila-Brophy, C., Artigas-Pallarés, J., Navarro-Pastor, J. B., García-Nonell, K., Rigau-Ratera, E., & Obiols, J. E. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712445483 · Cited by 62 · cited 9× · see citing works
“Two studies examined whether or not SCT impacts the neurocognitive functioning of children diagnosed with ADHD (Capdevila-Brophy et al., 2014; Hinshaw, Carte, Sami, Treuting, & Zupan, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBurns, G. L., Becker, S. P., Servera, M., Bernad, M. D. M., & García‐Banda, G. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000325 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationExecutive functioning in children and adolescents with symptoms of sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD
Araujo Jiménez, E. A., Jané Ballabriga, M. C., Bonillo Martin, A., Arrufat, F. J., & Serra Giacobo, R. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713495442 · Cited by 55 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Indeed, it is the metacognitive aspect of EF that is most consistently associated with SCT in studies conducted on older children (Barkley, 2013; Becker & Langberg, 2014; Jimenez et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMetacognitive executive function training for young children with ADHD: a proof-of-concept study
Tamm, L., & Nakonezny, P. A. (2015) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0162-x · Cited by 51 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…that target EF deficits in young children in the hope of shifting adverse developmental trajectories (Diamond, Barnett, Thomas, & Munro, 2007; Tamm & Nakonezny, 2015), this study examines whether or not SCT is associated with EF as measured by both neurocognitive task performance and parent…”
BackgroundSelf-citationLadd, G. W., & Price, J. M. (1987) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1987.tb01450.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effects of sleep reduction on spatial attention
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The relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo and impairment in children with and without ADHD
Watabe, Y., Owens, J. S., Evans, S. W., & Brandt, N. E. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9767-3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Improved reaction time method, information processing speed, and intelligence
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“Of note, simple reaction-time tasks are thought to emphasize perceptual-motor ability as opposed to cognitive response time (Bates & Stough, 1998), adding further support to this hypothesis.”
BackgroundSleep Difficulties are Associated with Parent Report of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo
Koriakin, T. A., Mahone, E. M., & Jacobson, L. A. (2015) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000224 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Schafer, V., & Semrud‐Clikeman, M. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054707311662 · Cited by 19 · cited 2× · see citing works
“It has also been shown that difficulties with tasks involving visual-perception, planning, and motor output are associated with difficulties with social perception (Schafer & Semrud-Clikeman, 2008).”
BackgroundAssessment with the Differential Ability Scales
Gordon, B., & Elliott, C. D. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012058570-0/50005-7 · Cited by 14 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The DAS-II has excellent psychometric properties, including high reliability and good evidence of concurrent and construct validity (Gordon & Elliot, 2001).”
Method
Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Becker, S. P., Willcutt, E. G., Leopold, D. R., Fredrick, J. W., Smith, Z. R., Jacobson, L. A., Burns, G. L., Mayes, S. D., Waschbusch, D. A., Froehlich, T. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationSluggish cognitive tempo in adults: psychometric validation of the Adult Concentration Inventory
Becker, S. P., Burns, G. L., Garner, A. A., Jarrett, M. A., Luebbe, A. M., Epstein, J. N., & Willcutt, E. G. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000476 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationShephard, E., Zuccolo, P. F., Idrees, I., Godoy, P. B. G., Salomone, E., Ferrante, C., Sorgato, P., Catão, L. F. C. C., Goodwin, A., Bolton, P., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.016 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Becker, S. P., Burns, G. L., Leopold, D. R., Olson, R. K., & Willcutt, E. G. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12946 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“In some studies, both SCT and ADHD-IN are associated with slower processing speed (Tamm et al., 2018; Willcutt et al., 2014), whereas others have found that SCT is unassociated with processing speed above and beyond ADHD-IN symptoms (Bauermeister et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationExecutive function measures for children: A scoping review of ecological validity.
Wallisch, A., Little, L. M., Dean, E., & Dunn, W. (2018) · OTJR: Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/1539449217727118 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
What cognitive processes are “sluggish” in sluggish cognitive tempo?
Kofler, M. J., Irwin, L. N., Sarver, D. E., Fosco, W. D., Miller, C. E., Spiegel, J. A., & Becker, S. P. (2019) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000446 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…response formats have been mixed, with a similar number of studies finding (Hinshaw et al., 2002; Lundervold et al., 2011; Solanto et al., 2007; Tamm et al., 2018; Willcutt et al., 2014) and not finding (Bauermeister et al., 2012; Hinshaw et al., 2002; Skirbekk et al., 2011; Willard et al.,…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationBaytunca, M. B., Inci, S. B., Ipci, M., Kardas, B., Bolat, G. U., & Ercan, E. S. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.038 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dvorsky, M. R., Becker, S. P., Tamm, L., & Willoughby, M. T. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119872247 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationBecker, S. P., Burns, G. L., Schmitt, A. P., Epstein, J. N., & Tamm, L. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117715732 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, S., Burns, G. L., & Becker, S. P. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716680077 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…(Becker, Leopold, et al., 2016), currently there is only one study that examined the internal validity of SCT with preschool children specifically (Leopold et al., 2016) and only one study that examined the neuropsychological external correlates of SCT with preschool children (Tamm et al., 2016).”
InfluentialSelf-citationSmith, Z. R., & Langberg, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13149 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…achievement scores (Bauermeister et al., 2012; Markovich-Pilon et al., 2017), deficits in math and writing performance (Bauermeister et al., 2012; Tamm et al., 2016), poor study skills (Flannery, Luebbe, & Becker, 2017), grades (Smith & Langberg, 2017), problems with organization (Langberg et…”
BackgroundBarkley, R. A., Willcutt, E., & Jacobson, L. A. (2022) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2022.30.2.1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Neurocognition in children with cognitive disengagement syndrome: accurate but slow
Tamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Orban, S. A., Kofler, M. J., Peugh, J. L., & Becker, S. P. (2024) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2023.2185215 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Finally, were not able to examine the role of baseline under-arousal which may contribute to slower psychomotor speed and lower levels of alertness impacting neurocognitive task performance (Robison & Brewer, 2020; Tamm et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBecker, S. P., Marsh, N. P., Holdaway, A. S., & Tamm, L. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01446-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Similarly, using several tasks designed for preschool-aged children (including individually-administered and computerized executive function tasks), teacherreported SCT symptoms, though not parent-reported SCT symptoms, were associated with slower processing speed in a sample of 61 4-year-old children at-risk for ADHD…”
MethodSelf-citationYoung, J. R., Yanagihara, A., Dew, R., & Kollins, S. (2021) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-021-00806-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mayes, S. D., Becker, S. P., Calhoun, S. L., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00969-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationMayes, S. D., Kallus, R., Bangert, L. R., Fosco, W. D., Calhoun, S. L., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2021) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2021.1970735 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Becker, S. P. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717692882 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Thankfully, there has been some recent progress in examining the structure and correlates of SCT in preschoolers (Lee et al., 2017, this issue; Tamm et al., 2016) and adolescents (Smith et al., 2016), though these studies merely scratch of the surface in terms of areas to be investigated.”
BackgroundSelf-citationWiggs, K. K., Froehlich, T. E., & Becker, S. P. (2023) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-023-00999-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Other evidence to support a link between CDS and a slowed processing speed comes from studies in early childhood [30, 31, 33] that generally showed weak associations, whereas studies of older children and adults have had mixed findings [10, 13, 14, 29, 32–40].”
ResultSelf-citationPark, Y., & Lee, J.-H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.614213 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“For example, those with SCT showed impaired information processing including visual-perception, attention network, and processing speed (Camprodon-Rosanas et al., 2017; Wood et al., 2017; Jacobson et al., 2018; Tamm et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSluggish cognitive tempo in children with traumatic brain injuries
Mahdavi, S., Hasper, E., & Donders, J. (2019) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2019.1674653 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Peterson, R. K., Jones, K., & Jacobson, L. A. (2021) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2021.1917529 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Likewise, SCT symptoms may confer risk for academic difficulties across domains (Jacobson & Mahone, 2019; Tamm et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBecker, S. P., Dvorsky, M. R., Tamm, L., & Willoughby, M. T. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00728-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationCallan, P. D., Shepler, D. K., Justice, M. D., & Oliver, C. E. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/s40817-020-00083-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“%) were rated as displaying clinically significant SCT.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSluggish Cognitive Tempo Factors in Emerging Adults:Symptomatic and Neuropsychological Correlates
Smith, J. N., & Suhr, J. A. (2021) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2021.1902528 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo as a Transdiagnostic Link Between Adult ADHD and Internalizing Symptoms
Kamradt, J. M., Eadeh, H., & Nikolas, M. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09926-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wu, Z.-M., Liu, J., Wang, P., Wang, Y.-F., & Yang, B.-R. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547221090662 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“However, the other study investigating the relationship between SCT and parent-reported daily-life executive function in a cohort of preschoolers yielded non-significant result (Tamm et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialSmith, Z. R., Del Castillo, A., Clark, O. E., & Holmbeck, G. N. (2022) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2022.2042503 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“, 2016), some studies have found that this association was significantly attenuated when controlling for ADHD inattentive symptoms (Barakat et al., 2020; Camprodon-Rosanas et al., 2020; Tamm et al., 2018; Willcutt et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBecker, S. P., Braimah, A., Dudley, J. A., Tamm, L., & Epstein, J. N. (2024) · JAACAP Open · doi:10.1016/j.jaacop.2024.09.003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“55 Another study with third-grade children (age 9 years) examining parent-and teacher-rated CDS in relation to functional impairment found teacher ratings of CDS to be more consistently associated than parent ratings of CDS with cross-setting impairment.”
Self-citationHossain, B., Bent, S., Parenteau, C. I., Widjaja, F., Davis, M., & Hendren, R. L. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547221085493 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“There is some evidence that teacher-reported SCT may be more consistently linked to psychopathology dimensions than parent-reported SCT (Becker, 2021), or that teachers may be more equipped to distinguish SCT from ADHD (Burns et al., 2017; Servera et al., 2018; Tamm et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultMayes, S. D., Bangert, L. R., Kallus, R., Fosco, W. D., Calhoun, S. L., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2022) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045221110730 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Five studies (Callan et al., 2020; Creque & Willcutt, 2021; Jacobson et al., 2018; Tamm et al., 2018; Willcutt et al., 2014) reported that SCT was significantly associated with slower processing or performance speed (correlations across the studies .”
BackgroundSlattery, E. J., Ryan, P. H., Fortune, D. G., & McAvinue, L. P. (2022) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2021.2022112 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Despite the presence of sustained attention impairments in ADHD, studies that examine the relationship between sustained attention tasks and ratings of inattentive behavior have yielded inconsistent results, with some studies showing non-significant or weak correlations between the two measures (e.g., Alloway et al.,…”
ResultThe neuropsychological correlates of (sluggish) cognitive tempo scales in school-aged children
Gambarini, A., Tobia, V., Fossati, A., Somma, A., Torelli, A., & Ogliari, A. L. (2022) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2022.2138302 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“and parents’ ratings is frequent in literature (Tamm et al., 2018), as confirmed by the absence of a significant correlation between SCT informant-report measures, the present study suggests that teachers may perform better than parents at assessing SCT.”
ResultBarakat, M., Mashmoushi, R., Oghgassian, G., & Shamseddeen, W. (2021) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2020.1841146 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…explored by several authors: for example, students with SCT were found to present significant academic problems that were beyond the contribution of ADHD inattention symptoms ((Tamm et al., 2016); (McBurnett et al., 2014); (Jacobson et al., 2012); (Langberg et al., 2014); (Smith & Langberg, 2017)).”
BackgroundTahıllıoğlu, A., Bılaç, Ö., Erbaş, S., Sevin, İ. B., Aydınlıoğlu, H. M., & Ercan, E. S. (2024) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2024.2323647 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Some studies report that academic failure results from the symptom cluster of slug-gishness rather than daydreaming, although they have not directly examined SLD (Smith & Langberg, 2017; Tamm et al., 2016).”
Wang, Y., Liu, X., Wu, T., Zheng, D., Chen, Q., & Chen, C. (2023) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01559-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Firstly, the inclusion of individuals’ intelligence quotient (IQ) as a covariate could enhance the analysis, as IQ is known to significantly contribute to academic achievement and has been considered in other studies focusing on SCT (Becker et al. 2018; Marshall et al. 2014; Tamm et al. 2016).”
InfluentialSorrell, A. E., & Canu, W. H. (2018) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2018.26.7.7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Authentic Assessment of Executive Functions in Early Childhood: A Scoping Review
Londono, M., Dionne, C., & Lacharité, C. (2024) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/10538151241271134 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Temporal vision is related to cognitive function in preadolescent children
Saint, S. E., Hammond, B. R., Khan, N. A., Hillman, C. H., & Renzi‐Hammond, L. M. (2019) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2019.1699096 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sevinçok, D., Avcıl, S., & Özbek, M. M. (2021) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045211030665 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Sluggish cognitive tempo in children and adolescents is associated with significant global, social, and academic impairment (Bauermeister et al., 2012; Becker et al., 2014, 2016; Flannery et al., 2016; Langberg et al., 2014; Tamm et al., 2018) after controlling for symptoms of ADHD.”
BackgroundTaylor, S. G., Siceloff, E. R., Roberts, A. M., Bradley, W. J., Bridges, R. M., Lorch, E. P., Danielson, C. K., & Flory, K. (2020) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-020-00156-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Weng, Y., Wu, T., Wei, Y., Chen, L., Liu, X., Cai, K., & Chen, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1399122 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Described as slow and underactive, CDS has been shown to be associated with poor performance in attention tasks, particularly in early selective attention, sustained attention and attention shifting (1, 32).”
BackgroundKorneev, A. A., Bukinich, A. M., Matveeva, E. Y., & Akhutina, T. V. (2022) · New Ideas in Child and Educational Psychology · doi:10.11621/nicep.2022.0302 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yung, T. W. K., Lai, C. Y. Y., & Chan, C. C. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.875064 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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“inconsistent and with personality traits unclear (13-17).”
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“…a relevant clinical challenge in terms of diagnostic assessment and clinical interventions due to the well-established impairments that CDS symptoms cause in the academic [2,15,16], social [17–20], executive [21–23], and emotional [24,25] functioning of children above and beyond ADHD symptoms.”
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Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD
Karakuş, B. S., Uyanik, M. S., & Gül, H. (2026) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11141-8_10
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“While some studies linked higher CDS symptoms to weaker performance on tasks similar to Block Design [26], others using earlier WISC versions found no significant group differences [45].”
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Gender difference in social skills of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Ishak, A. M., Moussa, S. S., Amer, D. A., & Elnawawy, Y. (2026) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-026-00632-3
- Authors
- Tamm, L., Brenner, S. B., Bamberger, M. E., & Becker, S. P.
- Affiliations
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Central Michigan University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tamm, Leanne
- Venue
- Child Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-09-13
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 82-105
- ISSN
- 0929-7049 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-4136
- PMC
- PMC5546999
- OpenAlex
- W2520508435
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 4.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Child Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH108603, R34MH095911)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- sluggish cognitive tempo, executive function, preschool children, visual-perceptual abilities, processing speed, inhibitory control, working memory, attention, ADHD risk
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Executive Function, Cognitive Dysfunction
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