Cited by 448Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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Depression from childhood into late adolescence: Influence of gender, development, genetic susceptibility, and peer stress.

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Hankin, Benjamin L., Young, Jami F., Abela, John R. Z., Smolen, Andrew, Jenness, Jessica L., Gulley, Lauren D., Technow, Jessica R., Gottlieb, Andrea Barrocas, Cohen, Joseph R., Oppenheimer, Caroline W.·2015·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

DOI 10.1037/abn0000089PMC PMC4662048

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Abstract

Depression is a debilitating mental illness with clear developmental patterns from childhood through late adolescence. Here, we present data from the Gene Environment Mood (GEM) study, which used an accelerated longitudinal cohort design with youth (N = 665) starting in 3rd, 6th, and 9th grades, and a caretaker, who were recruited from the general community, and were then assessed repeatedly through semistructured diagnostic interviews every 6 months over 3 years (7 waves of data) to establish and then predict trajectories of depression from age 8 to 18. First, we demonstrated that overall prevalence rates of depression over time, by age, gender, and pubertal status, in the GEM study closely match those trajectories previously obtained in past developmental epidemiological research. Second, we tested whether a genetic vulnerability-stress model involving 5-HTTLPR and chronic peer stress was moderated by developmental factors. Results showed that older aged adolescents with SS/SL genotype, who experienced higher peer chronic stress over 3 years, were the most likely to be diagnosed with a depressive episode over time. Girls experiencing greater peer chronic stress were the most likely to develop depression. This study used repeated assessments of diagnostic interviewing in a moderately large sample of youth over 3 years to show that depression rates increase in middle to late adolescence, or postpubertally, and that the gender difference in depression emerges earlier in adolescence (age 12.5), or postpubertally. Additionally, genetically susceptible older adolescents who experience chronic peer stress were the most likely to become depressed over time.

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Authors: Hankin, B. L., Young, J. F., Abela, J. R. Z., Smolen, A., Jenness, J. L., Gulley, L. D., Technow, J. R., Gottlieb, A. B., Cohen, J. R., & Oppenheimer, C. W.
Affiliations: University of Denver (US)
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
University of Colorado Boulder (US)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
ORCID: Hankin, Benjamin L.
Young, Jami F.
Smolen, Andrew
Jenness, Jessica L.
Gulley, Lauren D.
Cohen, Joseph R.
Oppenheimer, Caroline W.
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2015-11
Volume: 124
Issue: 4
Pages: 803-816
ISSN: 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
1939-1846
DOI: 10.1037/abn0000089
PMC: PMC4662048
OpenAlex: W2174766270
Cited by: 443
References: 116
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 37.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
www.apa.org/pubs/journals/resources/open-access.aspx (am, 387 d)
Locations: Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH 077195 and R01-MH 077178)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: adolescent depression, depression trajectories, childhood depression, gender differences in depression, pubertal stage, 5-HTTLPR, genetic susceptibility, accelerated longitudinal design, developmental epidemiology
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Depressive Disorder, Female, Genotype, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Peer Group, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological, Prevalence, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Gene-Environment Interaction

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Depression from childhood into late adolescence: Influence of gender, development, genetic susceptibility, and peer stress.

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