A Meta-analytic Review: Psychological Treatment of Subthreshold Depression in Children and Adolescents
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Objective Subthreshold depression has been found to be associated with considerable impairment and an increased risk of developing major depression. Although several randomized trials have examined the effects of psychological interventions for subthreshold depression in children and adolescents, no meta-analysis has integrated the results of these trials. Method We searched 4 bibliographic databases and included randomized trials comparing psychological interventions with control conditions in children and adolescents scoring above a cut-off of a depression questionnaire but not meeting diagnostic criteria for major depression (or persistent depressive disorder) according to a diagnostic interview. Effect sizes and incidence rates of major depression were pooled with random effects meta-analyses. Results A total of 12 trials with 1,576 children and adolescents met inclusion criteria. The overall effect size indicating the difference between treatment and control at post-test was g = 0.38 (95% CI = 0.14–0.63), which corresponds to a number-needed-to-treat (NNT) of 8.4. Heterogeneity was moderate to high ( I 2 = 61; 95% CI = 28–79), and there was significant risk of publication bias ( p < .04). The 2 studies in children less than 12 years of age showed nonsignificant effects ( g = 0.01; 95% CI = –1.16 to 1.18). We found no significant effect on the incidence of major depression at follow-up (relative risk = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.25–1.08), although this may be related to low statistical power. Conclusion Interventions for subthreshold depression may have positive acute effects in adolescents. There is currently insufficient evidence, however, that these interventions are effective in children less than 12 years of age, or that they prevent the onset of major depression at follow-up.
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Meta-analyses focusing on Internet-delivered prevention reported small significant effects on subclinical symptoms, generally smaller or insignificant for adolescents compared to adults.
“Meta-analyses with a specific focus on Internet-delivered prevention reported small significant effects on subclinical symptoms [45, 61–63], which were generally smaller or even insignificant for adolescents compared to adults [62].”
From Efficacy of a transdiagnostic Internet prevention approach in adolescents (EMPATIA study): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [61]
The Discussion reports a significant small-to-moderate effect for adolescents with subthreshold depression and says it is in line with effects in adults—not generally smaller or insignificant. The paper examines psychological interventions broadly, rather than focusing specifically on Internet-delivered prevention. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Cuijpers, P., Pineda, B. S., Ng, M. Y., Weisz, J. R., Muñoz, R. F., Gentili, C., Quero, S., & Karyotaki, E.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Palo Alto University (US)
- Florida International University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Universitat Jaume I (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Cuijpers, Pim
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-09
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1072-1084
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3130106216
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 1.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- John Templeton Foundation
- European Commission
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- subthreshold depression, dysthymia, psychological intervention, children, adolescents, treatment effectiveness, number needed to treat
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Psychotherapy
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