The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 13 of the 49 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders.
Open accessAbstract
Increasingly, colleges across the world are contending with rising rates of mental disorders, and in many cases, the demand for services on campus far exceeds the available resources.
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Claims the paper makes
27 Own result · 14 Own interpretation · 13 Own method · 10 No full text of the sources · 7 Partly supported · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Supported so far · 2 Sources not found · 2 No basis given · 1 Supported · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“epidemiological studies consistently find high prevalence of these disorders among college students (Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010; Ibrahim, Kelly, Adams, & Glazebrook, 2013; Pedrelli, Nyer, Yeung, Zulauf, & Wilens, 2015).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ibrahim, Kelly, Adams, & Glazebrook, 2013 source
- Supportedcites Pedrelli, Nyer, Yeung, Zulauf, & Wilens, 2015 source
The Abstract states that mental health problems are very common among college students. The Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders section reports survey-based prevalence figures for anxiety, depression, ADHD, and eating disorders, supporting the claim that studies repeatedly find these problems common. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Only 16.4% of all 12-month cases received any treatment for these disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Auerbach, et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract’s Results report 16.4% receiving treatment, but specify students with 12-month disorders, not all cases in the surveys. The detailed Results section describes the 16.4% figure as receipt of minimally adequate treatment, a narrower measure than any treatment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This finding is broadly consistent with earlier college student surveys in documenting high recent prevalence of common mental disorders (Blanco et al., 2008; Cho et al., 2015; Eisenberg et al., 2007; Kendler et al., 2015); although most earlier surveys were carried out in the U.S. and assessed only current disorders (Merikangas et al., 2010).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Blanco et al., 2008 source
The Results report that almost half of college students met criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder in the previous year. They also describe alcohol use, personality, mood, and anxiety disorders as common or prevalent among college students, supporting the cited point about high recent prevalence. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites Cho et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Eisenberg et al., 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), which has been shown to have effects equivalent to those of face-to-face CBT (Andersson, Cuijpers, Carlbring, Riper, & Hedman, 2014)”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Andersson, Cuijpers, Carlbring, Riper, & Hedman, 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports equivalent overall post-treatment effects for guided Internet-based CBT and face-to-face CBT in the trials reviewed. The citing sentence omits the therapist-guidance qualifier; the Methods specify that unguided Internet-based CBT was not included. (LLM, conf=0.86)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We focus on the 13,984 respondents who were full-time students: 35% of whom screened positive for at least one of the common lifetime disorders assessed and 31% screened positive for at least one 12-month disorder.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Abstract
plainn = 13,984- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We focus on the 13,984 respondents who were full-time students: 35% of whom screened positive for at least one of the common lifetime disorders assessed and 31% screened positive for at least one 12-month disorder.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Abstract
plainn = 13,984- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parental education was unrelated to the disorders assessed”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Socio-Demographic and College-Related Correlates of Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“students with unmarried parents or a parent who was deceased had significantly elevated odds of both lifetime and 12-month disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Socio-Demographic and College-Related Correlates of Mental Disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, these associations were quite stable across countries, with only 6.3% of country-specific odds-ratios differing significantly from the cross-national average (Table 5).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Socio-Demographic and College-Related Correlates of Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Proportional annual persistence was considerably lower for drug use disorder (45.9%) than other disorders (62.4–73.3%).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 36
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“An earlier WMH report based on face-to-face interviews with the subset of WMH household survey respondents in 21 countries who were college students found somewhat lower lifetime (29.3%) and 12-month (25.2%) prevalence estimates of any disorder in mostly high-income countries, but this result was based on a wider range of DSM-IV disorders and on most in-depth assessments of these disorders than in”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Auerbach et al 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the number of students in need of treatment for these disorders far exceeds the resources of most counseling centers, resulting in substantial unmet need for treatment of mental disorders among college students (Auerbach, et al., 2016; Beiter et al., 2015; Storrie, Ahern, & Tuckett,”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Auerbach, et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that only 16.4% of college students with 12-month disorders received minimally adequate treatment, supporting substantial unmet treatment need. The Discussion also notes limited outpatient provider availability in lower-income countries, but the paper does not establish that demand exceeds the capacity of most college counseling centers or that counseling-center capacity causes the treatment gap. No page numbers were provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites Beiter et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (4; page not provided) says the prevalence of symptoms indicates a need to increase the number and scope of treatment programs. It does not establish that students needing treatment far outnumber the resources of most counseling centers or quantify unmet treatment need. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites Storrie, Ahern, & Tuckett, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“it is associated with substantial impairment in academic performance (Auerbach et al., 2016; Bruffaerts et al., 2018) as well as suicidal thoughts and behaviors (Mortier et al., in press).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Auerbach et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Auerbach et al. is cited for the academic-performance part of the sentence; the separate citation to Mortier et al. accompanies the suicidal-thoughts-and-behaviors part. The Abstract Results and the Results section on college attrition associate pre-matriculation disorders with leaving college, an adverse educational outcome, but do not establish impairment in academic performance such as grades or coursework. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites Bruffaerts et al., 2018 source
The Discussion reports that freshmen with mental health problems had significantly lower academic functioning, averaging a 2.9–4.7% decrease in academic-year performance compared with those without such problems. The suicidal-thoughts-and-behaviors clause is attached to a different citation, so it is not part of the claim attributed to Bruffaerts et al. (2018). (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites Mortier et al., in press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One-fifth of college students in those surveys had 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI disorders, with anxiety and mood disorders the most common class of disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Auerbach, et al., 2016 source
The Results section reports that 20.3% of college students had a 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI disorder. It also identifies anxiety disorders as the most prevalent class across the groups studied, followed by mood disorders. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is unlikely in light of this that college campuses will have sufficient resources to support student needs for mental health services, exacerbating the problems that already exist in the mental health treatment system of escalating financial expenses and long waitlists (Andersson & Titov, 2014; Webb, Rosso, & Rauch, 2017).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Andersson & Titov, 2014 source
- Partly supportedcites Webb, Rosso, & Rauch, 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) identifies treatment costs and long wait-lists as barriers to mental health care. It does not address whether college campuses will have sufficient resources to meet student needs, or say that costs and wait-lists are escalating. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These associations have typically been found to be small, but with women having higher rates of anxiety and mood disorders than men, men having higher rates of substance use disorders than women, and socio-economic background being inversely related to prevalence of all disorders (Chen & Jacobson, 2012; Eisenberg, Hunt, & Speer, 2013).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Chen & Jacobson, 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not matchedcites Eisenberg, Hunt, & Speer, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Second, only six common mental disorders were assessed in the surveys. The omission of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, eating disorders, phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, and intermittent explosive disorder are especially noteworthy because of their comparatively high prevalence in the WMH surveys (Auerbach et al., 2016)”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Auerbach et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Method > Measures section lists ADHD, phobias, PTSD, conduct disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, and intermittent explosive disorder among the disorders assessed in the WMH surveys. The Results section reports that phobias were among the most prevalent individual disorders, but our copy does not assess eating disorders or establish comparatively high prevalence for every disorder listed. The statement that only six disorders were assessed appears to concern the citing authors’ surveys, not the WMH surveys. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Syndromes typically had onsets in early-middle adolescence and persisted into the year of the survey.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although relatively modest, the strongest correlates of screening positive were older age, female sex, unmarried-deceased parents, no religious affiliation, non-heterosexual identification and behavior, low secondary school ranking, and”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“preliminary analyses reported below showed that the majority of the 50 remaining students who identified either as transgender or “other” rather than as male or female endorsed a number of mental disorders and experienced considerable impairment, leading us to focus on them in a separate report.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of these students came from the Australian sample and were older, full-time employed people who would normally be expected to access mental health services, if they were needed, through their employer or employer-sponsored health insurance rather than through their college.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“extrinsically motivated (as compared to intrinsically motivated) students and students with lower high school rankings (relative to students with higher high school rankings) had elevated odds of mental disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Socio-Demographic and College-Related Correlates of Mental Disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevalence was similar for the additional respondents excluded because of missing information on gender or full-time student status (35.9%) and because of being part-time (41.2%), whereas the students who self-identified as either transgender or “other” had much higher lifetime prevalence of any disorder (76.5%).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Median age-of-onset was 14.2 years of age, from a high of 14.6 in Spain to a low of 13.6 in the U.S.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found a number of socio-demographic and college-related variables that had statistically significant but substantively modest associations (OR=1.4–1.5) with overall disorder prevalence: being female, having parents who were not married or deceased, having no religious affiliation, graduating in the bottom 70% of their high school class, and having primarily extrinsic reasons for going to”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The vast majority (89.0%) of respondents with a lifetime disorder had 12-month prevalence, from a high of 94.2% in Northern Ireland to a low of 83.3% in Spain.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Median proportional annual persistence (i.e., the proportion of years in episode between age-of-onset and age at interview) was 65.0%, from a high of 72.2% in the U.S. to a low of 50.3% in Mexico.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) was the most common of the disorders examined across all countries combined (21.2% lifetime prevalence; 18.5% 12-month prevalence) followed by generalized anxiety disorder (18.6–16.7%) (Table 3).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each institution received ethics approval to participate in the project and all participants provided consent.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Samples
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one-third of students have one or more of the 12-month disorders considered here and other disorders that we did not consider are likely to be present among a substantial number of other students.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it also may be that (a) our assessment reflects an imbalanced assessment of internalizing versus externalizing disorders but (b) perhaps more critically, the assessment of these disorders is conducted before their peak period of onset.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Trajectory of Mental Disorders and Associated Outcomes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“in both NCS-R and NESEARC, median age-of-onset for major depression (Hasin et al., 2005) and mood disorders (Kessler et al., 2005) was ~30 years compared to ~14 years within the WMH-ICS sample.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hasin et al., 2005 source
- Not matchedcites Kessler et al., 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Item-level missing data in the completed surveys were imputed using the method of multiple imputation (MI) by chained equations (van Buuren, 2012).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Analysis methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van Buuren, 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The response rates were quite variable across countries, from a low of 7.0% in Australia to a high of 79.3% in Mexico. The weighted (by achieved sample size) mean response rate across all surveys was 45.5%.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Samples
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both sets of surveys documented that most lifetime mental disorders among college students started prior to college entrance and that persistence of these disorders was very high, suggesting that clinical interventions early in the college career might be warranted.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“There also is strong reason to believe that rates of disorders, particularly externalizing disorders (e.g., substance use disorder) and serious mental illness (e.g., bipolar disorder, thought disorders), will show higher prevalence during later college years.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Trajectory of Mental Disorders and Associated Outcomes
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Indeed, substance use disorders, bipolar disorder, and thought disorders typically emerge in the early-to-mid 20s, and the typical college lifestyle—irregular sleep, increased interpersonal stress, experimental substance use—may confer increased risk of disorder onset (Arnett, 2005; Sussman & Arnett, 2014).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Trajectory of Mental Disorders and Associated Outcomes
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these validation studies have not yet been carried out in samples of college students.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The version of the AUDIT we used, which defined alcohol use disorder as either a total score of 8+ or a score of 4+ on the AUDIT dependence questions (Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Saunders, & Monteiro, 2001), has been shown to have concordance with clinical diagnoses in the range AUC = 0.78–0.91 (Reinert & Allen, 2002).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Saunders, & Monteiro, 2001
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reinert & Allen, 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of note, the majority of WMH-ICS respondents were aged 18–19 years, and this necessarily impacts the interpretation of age-of-onset.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the response rates in the college surveys were quite variable and were lower overall than in the nationally representative face-to-face community household surveys in the WMH initiative.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is likely that more than one-third of our respondents suffered from significant distress and that fewer than the one-third suffered from a serious mental disorder.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nor do we know if calibration studies in separate countries would show that concordance of the structured questions in our diagnostic screens are equally valid in all countries.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although the surveys used well-validated screening scales calibrated to yield unbiased prevalence estimates in general population samples, calibration studies have not yet been carried out in samples of college students.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A number of internet-based interventions exist for a broad range of psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, eating disorders) and associated problems (e.g., sleep, stress) and have been shown to be effective for both prevention and treatment of these conditions (e.g., Ebert et al., 2015; Josephine, Josefine, Philipp, David, & Harald, 2017; Olthuis, Watt, Bailey, Hayden, & Stewart, 2015;”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ebert et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Josephine, Josefine, Philipp, David, & Harald, 2017 source
- Not matchedcites Olthuis, Watt, Bailey, Hayden, & Stewart, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset were assessed retrospectively, which may contribute to downward biases given recall errors.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“therefore, the true prevalence of mental disorders among college students is likely to be a good deal higher than reported in the current study; particularly as we are only including first-years students who are not yet through the high-risk periods for many common disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“sub-threshold cases are known to have substantial impairment (Cuijpers, de Graaf, & van Dorsselaer, 2004; Fergusson, Horwood, Ridder, & Beautrais, 2005) and to benefit from internet-based interventions (Andersson & Cuijpers, 2009; Spek et al., 2008); potentially reducing the incidence of threshold cases (Buntrock et al., 2016).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cuijpers, de Graaf, & van Dorsselaer, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fergusson, Horwood, Ridder, & Beautrais, 2005 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Andersson & Cuijpers, 2009 source
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the cross-national prevalence estimates are based on a convenience sample of colleges with relatively low and quite variable response rates, limiting generalizability of results.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
It is unclear which disorders would benefit most from internet-based CBT or how effective that treatment is in college students.
“However, little is known about the disorders for which such interventions are most needed or the effectiveness of internet-based CBT among college students.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In Mexico, students who skipped the survey despite time being reserved during required activities were treated as definite non-respondents.
“No follow-up of non-respondents was carried out in Mexico because it was assumed that students who failed to complete the survey even though time was set aside for it during mandatory activities were firm non-respondents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
“although the surveys used well-validated screening scales calibrated to yield unbiased prevalence estimates in general population samples, calibration studies have not yet been carried out in samples of college students.”
“Nor do we know if calibration studies in separate countries would show that concordance of the structured questions in our diagnostic screens are equally valid in all countries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
“Fourth, lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset were assessed retrospectively, which may contribute to downward biases given recall errors.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“They are also some of the most frequently reported reasons for seeking psychological assistance amongst college-aged students [2, 3].”
From An internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy program for anxious affect, depression, and wellbeing: A randomized, parallel, two-group, waitlist-controlled trial in a Middle Eastern sample of college students (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, various epidemiological studies have shown that mental disorders are highly prevalent among emerging adults, and those suffering from a disorder at this age are more vulnerable to mental problems even 10 years later [3,4].”
From The Influence of Positive and Negative Aspects of Perfectionism on Psychological Distress in Emerging Adulthood: Exploring the Mediating Role of Self-Compassion (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In Western countries, one-third of university students have a 12-month mental disorder (2).”
From Mental health services for German university students: acceptance of intervention targets and preference for delivery modes (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Prolonged psychological stress is closely associated with mental disorders (Auerbach et al., 2018; Beiter et al., 2015; Karyotaki et al., 2020; Mortier et al., 2018)”
From Effects of self-guided stress management interventions in college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Auerbach et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the most common ones being anxiety, depression, and substance abuse disorder [3,4,6]”
From Optimization of a Transdiagnostic Mobile Emotion Regulation Intervention for University Students: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Globally, it is estimated that between 12% and 50% of all university students are affected by mental health (MH) problems [3-5]”
From Optimization of a Transdiagnostic Mobile Emotion Regulation Intervention for University Students: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is further mismatched by the level of concern in the prevalence of mental health issues among university students (Auerbach et al. 2018;Browne, Munro, and Cass 2017;Chaudhary et al. 2021)”
From How the faculty across higher education institutes are facilitated to develop skills on student mental health and well-being? – A scoping review (2025) · cites this paper as Auerbach et al. 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“College students during the young adult years are at elevated risk for the development of anxiety and depressive difficulties.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research has also shown its deleterious impact on overall functioning and, in particular, academic performance [2, 7].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“both of which are prevalent among the university student population [3,4]”
From Optimization of a Transdiagnostic Mobile Emotion Regulation Intervention for University Students: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“High prevalence of anxiety symptoms has been reported globally in the university students.”
From Cost-effectiveness of internet-supported cognitive behavioral therapy for university students with anxiety symptoms: A Markov-model analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Differences across international sites were found for both the prevalence of mental disorders (Auerbach et al., 2018) and for the frequency of severe role impairment.”
From Severe role impairment associated with mental disorders: Results of the WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project (2018) · cites this paper as Auerbach et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“A World Health Organization study of international students across eight countries showed that almost one in three first-year international students screened positive for at least one DSM-5 disorder in the past 12 months, with ‘major depressive episode’ and ‘generalized anxiety disorder’ having the highest prevalence rates (18.5% and 16.7%, respectively; Auerbach et al., 2018).”
From The role of social support in the effectiveness of counseling for international students (2026) · cites this paper as Auerbach et al., 2018
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482 · cited 1×
“Estimates were pooled across countries to examine both main effects and all possible two-way interactions among correlates, with risk for Type I error adjusted for using the false discovery rate method (Q 0.05; Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995).”
InfluentialKessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · cited 1×
“For example, in both NCS-R and NESEARC, median age-of-onset for major depression (Hasin, Goodwin, Stinson, & Grant, 2005) and mood disorders (Kessler et al., 2005) was 30 years compared with 14 years within the WMH-ICS sample.”
Self-citationEmerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.
Arnett, J. J. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469 · Cited by 16,843 · cited 1×
“While emerging adulthood (ages 18–29 years) shares many features with these earlier and later periods, it is defined by increased autonomy from parents (e.g., leaving the home), marked shifts in social roles, and relational instability (Arnett, 2000; Sussman & Arnett, 2014).”
SAUNDERS, J. B., AASLAND, O. G., BABOR, T. F., DE LA FUENTE, J. R., & GRANT, M. (1993) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x · Cited by 13,597
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
Hu, R. J. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-226870-9/01070-4 · Cited by 9,168
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278
Self-citation(2001) · Cited by 5,455
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771 · cited 6×
“Additional items taken from the CIDI (Kessler & Ustün, 2004) were used to assess age-of-onset of each disorder and number of lifetime years with symptoms.”
InfluentialSelf-citationAge of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature
Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & ??st??n, T. B. (2007) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32816ebc8c · Cited by 3,457 · cited 2×
“However, given that the college years are a peak period for onset of many common mental disorders, particularly mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders (de Girolamo, Dagani, Purcell, Cocchi, & McGorry, 2012; Kessler et al., 2007), it is not surprising that epidemiological studies consistently find high prevalence o…”
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 2,488
How Anxious and Stressed Are Emerging Adults? The Role of Mindfulness and Intolerance of Uncertainty
Nekić, M. (2023) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych5040068 · Cited by 11
Socias-Soler, J., Martínez‐García, L., Péris-Baquero, Ó., & Osma, J. (2024) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.554261 · Cited by 9
“…a highly stressful lifetime, associated with important changes in lifestyle, transitioning roles and the appearance of new responsibilities that can affect quality of life, decrease academic achievement and increase interpersonal difficulties (Auerbach et al., 2019; Ribei-ro et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBennett, J., Haworth, C. M. A., Kidger, J., Heron, J., Linton, M.-J., & Gunnell, D. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2024.711 · Cited by 8
Crockett, M. A., Martínez, V., Mac‐Ginty, S., Núñez, D., Langer, A. I., & Gaete, J. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02683-5 · Cited by 15
“The WMH-ICS initiative uses a self-report web-based survey that assesses different mental health aspects, which has been previously used in other studies of the initiative [ 1, 12, 13 ].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPeterson, S. J., Arterberry, B. J., & Patrick, M. E. (2024) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2024.2373946 · Cited by 9
“…students can lead to negative consequences including risks to physical and mental health, academic performance, and interpersonal problems (Brown et al., 2009; Bruffaerts et al., 2018; Buchanan, 2012; Evans-Polce et al., 2022; Gallagher & Taylor, 2015; Patrick, Terry-McElrath, et al., 2020).”
Marsch, S., Yanagida, T., & Steinberg, E. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06021-w · Cited by 13
Han, R., Walter, Z. C., Maccallum, F., & Dingle, G. A. (2024) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2024.2410195 · Cited by 9
“In a World Health Organization survey of first-year students from 19 universities across eight countries, including Australia, 35% showed signs of having at least one common lifetime disorder, and 31% indicated signs of at least one disorder in the past year (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
Depression among Saudi international university students and its associated risk factors
Alnaim, M., Alghamdi, A. H., Aljawair, M. R., Alhadi, F. A., Al-Omair, A. M., & Alsaad, A. J. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20565-y · Cited by 8
“Many papers have assessed the prevalence of depression among university students, especially among medical students [2, 8, 9, 13].”
BackgroundNurture-U student mental health longitudinal survey: a study protocol
Marshall, E., Duffy, A. C., Chamberlain, S. R., Dooley, J., Dorey, L., Forty, L., Matlock, K., Newbold, A., Quinn, A., Rees, S., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-098413 · Cited by 8
“26 27 One major constraint is the lack of use of validated and clinically robust measures for assessing mental health difficulties among students—while there have been many surveys of students, few have used validated measures and most use bespoke internal measures (for exceptions see Auerbach et al; 4 Auerbach et al;…”
The effect of a psychodynamic counseling intervention on university students’ time attitudes
Sciabica, G. M., Chirumbolo, A., Morelli, M., Mello, Z. R., Worrell, F. C., Baiocco, R., Franchini, C., Speranza, A. M., Fortunato, A., & Andreassi, S. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07604-6 · Cited by 8
“Indeed, several studies have detected a substantial increase in psychological distress in university students (e.g., Auerbach et al., 2018 ), signaled by problems of self-esteem, loneliness, anxiety linked to academic suc - cess, impulsive behavior, and substance abuse as well as in clinical…”
Huang, M., & Ki, E. (2025) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2025.2484255 · Cited by 7
“Despite these challenges, college students often under-utilize mental health services due to stigma, embarrassment, inadequate mental health literacy, and a preference for self-reliance (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
Lu, T. R., Liu, K., Feng, X., Zhang, X., & She, Z. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15050562 · Cited by 7
“According to previous studies, depression is more common among college students than in the general population (Auerbach et al., 2018; Beiter et al., 2015).”
Huang, H., Wu, H., Luo, L., Jiao, B., Wu, Y., Zou, G., Lin, J., Wang, W., & Ma, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1538390 · Cited by 11
“Rooted in ableism:” an embedded mixed methods study of disability disclosure on a university campus
Szechy, K. A., Ramos, P., Bray, M., Anderson, N., Wiseman, R., & O’Donnell, L. A. (2025) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2025.2498413 · Cited by 9
“In a World Health Organization survey across 8 countries in Europe, Africa and North America, more than 1/3 of incoming higher education students screened positive for a mental health disability (Auerbach et al. 2018).”
Roest, A. M., de Vries, Y. A., Pozuelo, J. R., Petukhova, M. V., Lee, S., Sampson, N. A., Albor, Y., AlHadi, A. N., Alonso, J., Al-Saud, N. K., et al. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116605 · Cited by 10
Self-citationJuniar, D., van Ballegooijen, W., Kleygrewe, G., van Schaik, A., Passchier, J., & Riper, H. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1603389 · Cited by 20
Wanniarachchi, V. U., Greenhalgh, C., & Warren, J. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100884 · Cited by 12
“Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) have emerged as practical solutions to expand access to evidence-based care, leveraging technology to address barriers in traditional treatment (Auerbach et al., 2018; Naslund et al., 2017).”
Dai, X., Leng, L. L., Liu, Y., Huang, Y., & Wong, D. F. K. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07671-w · Cited by 15
“Epidemiological data [2] indicated that one in three people would develop a mental health disorder at some point in their lifetime, yet only 36.8% of affected individuals in high-income countries received mental health care, and the rate dropped to 13.7% in lower-middle-income countries [3].”
InfluentialNnadi, L. C., Isiwu, C. P., Ding, D., Muepu, D. M., & Watanobe, Y. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3652631 · Cited by 11
“[3], [4], [5].”
Hou, Y., Liu, D., Zhou, S., Xie, Z.-M., Yang, X., Zhou, Y., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1769218 · Cited by 6
“People worldwide are increasingly contending with ascending rates of mental disorders (Auerbach et al., 2018; World Health Organization, 2017).”
BackgroundAltundağ, Y., Kılıç, Z. H., & Biçer, O. (2021) · Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.17755/esosder.887942 · Cited by 7
Validity and reliability of Turkish version of the Food–Mood Questionnaire for university students
Çin, N. N. A., Şeref, B., Özçelik, A. Ö., Atav, S., & Begdache, L. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021004377 · Cited by 7
Relationship between depression and quality of life after myocardial infarction
Džubur, A., Lisica, D., Hodžić, E., Begić, E., Lepara, O., Fajkić, A., Gogić, E., & Ejubović, M. (2022) · Medicinski Glasnik · doi:10.17392/1404-21 · Cited by 7
Zhaoyang, H., Chen, F., Mei, F., Jingjing, L., & Jiyang, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.937816 · Cited by 7
“Globally, the World Health Organization’s 2018 survey on mental disorders among international students discovered that international student population suffers from a variety of psychological conditions as well as substance abuse caused by academic and personal pressures, which is aggravated by COVID-19 pandemic (Auer…”
BackgroundKornas‐Biela, D., Martynowska, K., & Zysberg, L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032515 · Cited by 10
“This suggests the value of our focus on this population [58].”
BackgroundPerich, T., & Andriessen, K. (2023) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daad024 · Cited by 8
“Commonly reported disorders in student populations include major depression, generalised anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder and substance abuse (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
BackgroundKayı, İ., Uzunköprü, G., Dadaczynski, K., Soylar, P., Otludil, B., Dündar, P. E., Bakırcı, N., Okan, O., & Sakarya, S. (2023) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daad048 · Cited by 7
“According to the results of the World Mental Health Surveys International College Students Project conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO), one out of three first-year students experiences a mental health problem (Auerbach et al. , 2018).”
Beltrán-Ruiz, M., Fernández, S., García‐Campayo, J., Puebla‐Guedea, M., del Hoyo, Y. L., Navarro‐Gil, M., & Montero‐Marín, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1185445 · Cited by 12
“Recent studies show that university students commonly suffer from mental health problems (Auerbach et al., 2018; Karyotaki et al., 2020).”
BackgroundKählke, F., Buntrock, C., Smit, F., Berger, T., Baumeister, H., & Ebert, D. D. (2023) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2023/7912017 · Cited by 9
“In particular, university students fall within the age range when common mental health problems reach their developmental peak [1].”
Self-citationReuter, J., Grocholewski, A., & Steil, R. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05468-2 · Cited by 10
“…/ college student samples ORD seems to be less common than major depression (12-month prevalence of 18.5%; Auerbach et al., 2018), generalized anxiety disorder (12-month prevalence of 16.7%; Auerbach et al., 2018) or alcohol use disorder (12-month prevalence of 6.3%; Auerbach et al., 2018).”
InfluentialFichardt, A., van Vuuren, E. C. J., & van der Merwe, L. J. (2023) · Health SA Gesondheid · doi:10.4102/hsag.v28i0.2340 · Cited by 8
“Shortly before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, Auerbach et al. (2018:17) reported in a World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Survey that one-third of first-year college students screened positive for mental health problems.”
BackgroundConsequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of medical students202.
Molina, A. M. S., Gómez-Sierra, F. J., Fernández-Ruiz, J., Jiménez‐Fernández, S., González-Domenech, P., García-Jiménez, J., & Gutiérrez-Rojas, L. (2023) · PubMed Central · Cited by 7
Akın, R. I., Breeman, L. D., & Branje, S. (2024) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth4010006 · Cited by 7
“Close to the prevalence rates in Western societies [24], one-in-fourth of Turkish university students have moderately high levels of clinical depression [35], especially for those coming from low SES than mid-high SES families [3].”
BackgroundHöhne, E., von Keyserlingk, L., Haase, J., Arum, R., & Zander, L. (2024) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12935 · Cited by 8
Laure, T., Boffo, M., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Remmerswaal, D. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100750 · Cited by 11
Liverpool, S., Moinuddin, M., Bracegirdle, K., Eddison, J., Joseph, S., Aithal, S., Allen, E., Carmichael-Murphy, P., Marsden, J., McKenzie, H., et al. (2024) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000046 · Cited by 9
Raghavan, R., Fitzsimmons‐Craft, E. E., Welch, R. R., Jo, B., Proctor, E. K., Wilson, G. T., Agras, W. S., & Wilfley, D. E. (2024) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-024-01388-2 · Cited by 8
“College counseling centers are ideal settings in which to study the implementation of IPT because psychiatric disorders often begin in this age group [14, 15], making college students a particularly vulnerable population when it comes to their mental well-being.”
BackgroundParungao, A. (2024) · Journal of interdisciplinary perspectives · doi:10.69569/jip.2024.0343 · Cited by 8
Wang, S., Niu, Z., Xiong, J., Chai, G., & Ye, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1465845 · Cited by 9
Wu, Y., Qin, L., Xu, X., Tian, Y., & Jia, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02895-7 · Cited by 13
Preonas, P. D., & Lau‐Barraco, C. (2019) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1683565 · Cited by 6
Exploring digital support for the student transition to university through questionable concepts
Thomas, L., Vines, J., & Briggs, P. (2021) · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1007/s00779-021-01570-z · Cited by 10
“It is perhaps not surprising that more than one-third of first year university students in eight industrialised countries around the globe report symptoms consistent with a di-agnosable mental health disorder [4].”
BackgroundGratitude and Its Relationship with Students’ Psychological Well-Being and Happiness
Bilong, D. P., Hutasuhut, I. J., Bakar, M. A. A., & Wardhani, N. (2021) · Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) · doi:10.47405/mjssh.v6i11.1176 · Cited by 7
“Numerous studies suggest that university students are one of the most vulnerable populations to developing mental health-related problems since it is emotionally and intellectually demanding compared to other stages of educations (Auerbach et al., 2018; Bruffaerts et al., 2018; Cleofas, 2020; Saleem, Mahmood, & Naz, 2…”
BackgroundA Structural Equation Modeling of Mental Health Literacy in Healthcare Students
Lu, C.-M., Lien, Y., Chao, H.-J., Lin, H.-S., & Tsai, I.-C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413264 · Cited by 8
“College students often find themselves suffering from mental health problems [1], with clinical phenotypes produced by stressful life events [2].”
BackgroundEntrepreneurial Resilience: A Case Study on University Students
Montoro-Fernández, E., Gutiérrez, A. R. C., & Guerrero, A. B. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052589 · Cited by 15
“4%) the disorders caused developmental problems, not only at the academic level but also affecting social life, personal relationships and work [45,46].”
BackgroundSurdey, J., Byrne, D., & Fox, T. (2022) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2022.10 · Cited by 7
“Table 2 shows data on student mental health reported on a global scale (Auerbach et al. 2018), Irish mental health from a European perspective (OECD, 2018), the high number of students in Ireland (HEA, 2018, 2019), and of the challenges to student mental health in Ireland (Dooley & Fitzgerald,…”
van der Ross, M. R., Olckers, C., & Schaap, P. (2022) · Higher Learning Research Communications · doi:10.18870/hlrc.v12i0.1330 · Cited by 14
“Against the backdrop of an increase in withdrawal behaviour among students, a decline in student well-being (Auerbach et al., 2018), an increase in student stress levels (Robotham, 2008), and student experiences of academic isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic (Visser & Law-Van Wyk, 2021), it…”
BackgroundOrdás, R. P., Piñeiro-Cossio, J., Chica, Ó. D., & Negrillo, E. A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14159231 · Cited by 15
Use of Visual Learning Media to Increase Student Learning Motivation
Katona, B., Venkataragavan, J., Nina, E., Ulrika, B., & Björn, O. (2023) · World Psychology · doi:10.55849/wp.v1i3.381 · Cited by 7
Lutz-Kopp, C., Luka-Krausgrill, U., Honsbrok, B., Meinhardt‐Injac, B., & Gropalis, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031179 · Cited by 7
“Another study of the WMH-ICS using self-report measures found that 31% of students fulfilled the criteria of being afflicted by a mental disorder in the last 12 months [13].”
Xu, W., Kumar, I. R., & Srinivasan, T. (2021) · Indian Journal of Science and Technology · doi:10.17485/ijst/v14i12.2001 · Cited by 9
Fabritiis, M. D., Trisolini, F., Bertuletti, G., Fagadau, I. D., Ginelli, D., Lalopa, K. P., Peverelli, L., Pirola, A., Sala, G., Maisto, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052711 · Cited by 7
“The prevalence of psychological issues among university students, including depression, anxiety [4], insomnia [5], suicidal thoughts and behaviors [6], stress or burnout [7], and chronic pain [8], appears to be increasing worldwide [5,9].”
BackgroundSharma, M., Kanekar, A. S., Batra, K., Hayes, T., & Lakhan, R. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10040614 · Cited by 9
“The World Health Organization (WHO) conducted a survey among eight countries with 13,984 college students and found that 35% had a lifetime diagnosis of a mental health disorder [3].”
BackgroundLewis, Y., Gallop, L., Campbell, I., & Schmidt, U. (2021) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01627-3 · Cited by 7
Upsher, R. J., Prabhakar, S., Damjanović, T., Conner, S., Ward, J., Rakow, K. E., Waqar, L., Lawson, H., & Byrom, N. (2025) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100716 · Cited by 13
Laure, T., Engels, R. C. M. E., Remmerswaal, D., Spruijt-Metz, D., Konigorski, S., & Boffo, M. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/46603 · Cited by 4
“Targeting these transdiagnostic factors has been shown promising in the reduction of depressive and anxiety symptoms [35], both of which are prevalent among the university student population [3,4].”
BackgroundZhang, W., & Hou, J. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05590-1 · Cited by 6
“A cross-national study by the World Health Organization showed that 35% of college students have at least one common psychological disorder (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
Arifin, S. R. M., Syaziman, N. S. S., Abdullah, K. H. A., Aziz, K. H. A., Mat, K. C., Muhammad, N. A., & Wardaningsih, S. (2024) · Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.21315/mjms2024.31.3.11 · Cited by 6
Khairunnisa, M., Yunitawati, D., Latifah, L., Effendi, D. E., Fitrianti, Y., Handayani, S., & Kusumawardani, H. D. (2024) · Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives · doi:10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0385 · Cited by 9
“Additionally, a WHO international survey involving college students from 8 countries reported that 31% of respondents had experienced CMDs [4].”
BackgroundPsychological distress and suicidal ideation in Sicilian Medical Students: The SMS-ME project
Bonaccorso, N., Tripoli, G., Vella, I., Cascia, C. L., Amodio, E., Bongiorno, E., Genovese, D., Maniaci, G., Sciortino, M., Galatà, E., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100834 · Cited by 6
Eating competence is related to executive function skills in college students
Harris, C., Chapman, H., & Groves, N. B. (2024) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101922 · Cited by 8
Smith, D., & McLellan, R. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14121317 · Cited by 6
A Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding Mental Health Literacy Among University Health Students
Teixeira, A. I. C., Martins, S. P. V., Lima, S., Pinto, F. L., Morgado, T. M. M., & VALENTİM, O. M. M. D. S. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13070724 · Cited by 9
“Concerning the increase in stress, anxiety, and depression among students, it under-scores the urgent need for targeted interventions that mitigate risk factors and strengthen protective factors, such as resilience and social support [11,30].”
Zhang, S., Yang, R., Cui, Y., Zhou, Y., Jiang, L., Xi, J., & Fang, J. Q. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-025-00672-y · Cited by 9
“This period is characterized by significant changes in academic responsibilities, personal growth, and social interactions, which can contribute to mental health challenges [1].”
Ai, Z., Yuan, D., Dong, R., Li, Y., & Zhou, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1558313 · Cited by 10
Johannes, C., & Roman, N. V. (2025) · The Open Public Health Journal · doi:10.2174/0118749445392277250428114135 · Cited by 14
Chaliawala, K. S., Vidourek, R. A., & King, K. A. (2025) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/x8d6rf31 · Cited by 27
Nosè, M., Muriago, G., Turrini, G., Tedeschi, F., Forlani, O., Sartori, R., Badino, M., & Barbui, C. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/69031 · Cited by 12
“As a result, university students have been identified as a population group considered vulnerable and often experiencing significant barriers to accessing psychological treatment [4].”
InfluentialYokotani, K., Ito, M., Ihara, N., & Shigeeda, Y. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100770 · Cited by 8
Theurel, A., Gimbert, F., & Gentaz, É. (2020) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy1.203.0233 · Cited by 7
Gutman, S. A. (2021) · OTJR Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/15394492211005459 · Cited by 6
“(d) A fourth project could involve an international collaboration of researchers who further develop and assess the Personal Recovery Outcome Measure (Barbic et al., 2018), which is an assessment designed to assist people to identify and track their mental health over time.”
BackgroundMunthali, R. J., Richardson, C. G., Pei, J., Westenberg, J. N., Munro, L., Auerbach, R. P., Prescivalli, A. P., Vereschagin, M., Clarke, Q. K., Wang, A. Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2277201 · Cited by 6
Self-citationMin, Y., Choi, Y.-S., & Kim, B. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05402-6 · Cited by 12
Wang, L., Liu, R., Wang, Y., Xu, X., Zhang, R., Wei, Y., Zhu, R., Zhang, X., & Wang, F. (2024) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-023-09612-3 · Cited by 7
“…in need of treatment for these disorders receive no pharmaceutical or traditional psychological treat-ment from college mental health care services, resulting in a substantial unmet need for the treatment of mental disorders among college students (Auerbach et al., 2016, 2018; Beiter et al., 2015).”
Whitwer, M. D., Wilson, S., & Hammer, J. H. (2023) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie58773.2023.10343045 · Cited by 9
“Engineering is disproportionately comprised of men, and men are less likely to report symptoms of mental health concerns [32].”
BackgroundResultNonis, S. A., Hudson, G. I., & Hunt, C. S. (2024) · Journal of Education for Business · doi:10.1080/08832323.2023.2299434 · Cited by 7
“In fact, the focus on mental health and well-being among college students had grown exponentially in the decade leading up to the start of the Covid 19 pandemic (Auerbach et al., 2018; Gallagher, 2010; Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010; Lipson et al., 2019; Verger et al., 2010;).”
BackgroundFactors associated with high and low mental well-being in Spanish university students
Navarra‐Ventura, G., Serra, P. R., Roca, M., Gili, M., Garcı́a-Toro, M., Vilagut, G., Alayo, I., Ballester, L., Blasco, M. J., Castellví, P., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.056 · Cited by 12
Self-citationWang, J., Liang, Q., Yang, A., Ma, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0188 · Cited by 8
“Results also indicated that rumination moderated the influence of childhood trauma on perceived stress and on depressive level, which supported the hypothesis 2.”
BackgroundResultHanano, M., Rith‐Najarian, L., Gong-Guy, E., & Chavira, D. A. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/56118 · Cited by 5
“StriveWeekly targets anxiety and depression in university students, given that these are the 2 most common mental health concerns for this population [25,26].”
First semester college experiences: Associations with substance use and mental health
Arterberry, B. J., Peterson, S. J., & Patrick, M. E. (2024) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2024.100552 · Cited by 6
“Globally, universities are in the midst of a mental health crisis, with ~ 31 % of students reporting an anxiety, mood, or substance use disorder in the past year (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMental Health and Well-Being of Hospitality Students: The Buffering Role of Personal Resources
Mensah, C., Azila-Gbettor, E. M., Atatsi, E. A., & Abiemo, M. K. (2024) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education · doi:10.1080/10963758.2024.2369116 · Cited by 6
“This phenomenon is plausible because individuals’ experiences may trigger negative emotions and physical health challenges and impede students’ ability to perform, which may ultimately impact their well-being (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
Liu, L., Yi, D., & Li, T. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s470060 · Cited by 6
“10 Therefore, conducting in-depth research on the prevention and treatment mechanisms of depression in college students, and reducing the negative effects of depression on individuals and their academic pursuits, is crucial in helping students navigate this critical developmental stage and…”
Yuen, E. K., Gangi, C. E., Barakat, K., & Harrison, F. (2024) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2024.2404948 · Cited by 6
Lin, L.-J., Yu, S.-P., Lin, Y., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14110980 · Cited by 6
de Andrade, J. E., Meireles, A. L., Machado, E. L., de Oliveira, H. N., Sales, A. D. F., Cardoso, C. S., de Freitas, E. D., Vidigal, F. D. C., Ferreira, L. G., Nobre, L. N., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02138-1 · Cited by 6
“University students’ mental health has been the subject of concern globally, as the presence of symptoms like anxiety, mood disorders, and substance use disorders are estimated to affect around one-third of students in their first academic year [1].”
BackgroundGuidotti, S., Fiduccia, A., & Pruneti, C. A. (2024) · Psychology Society & Education · doi:10.21071/pse.v16i3.17066 · Cited by 6
Chen, R., Gao, X. Y., Zhang, Z., Hong, M., & Zhang, L. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02498-2 · Cited by 6
“Focusing on the first-generation college freshman is of great significance for predicting students’ college adjustment and preventing mental health risks [10].”
Asociación Peruana Contextual-Conductual de Psicología, P., & Valencia, P. D. (2020) · Liberabit Revista Peruana de Psicología · doi:10.24265/liberabit.2020.v26n2.05 · Cited by 7
Knettel, B. A., Cherenack, E. M., & Friis-Healy, E. A. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1846046 · Cited by 6
“High rates of mental health concerns among university students are a growing public health issue, with recent estimates suggesting one-third of all university students may struggle with a common mental disorder.(1) The college years are a significant time of stress and life transition, which may contribute to this bei…”
BackgroundMental Health in the Transition to College: Experiences of Six Low‐Income, High‐Achieving Students
Sabaner, C., & Arnold, K. D. (2021) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/jocc.12174 · Cited by 6
Interpersonal Counseling for College Students: Pilot Feasibility and Acceptability Study
Rafaeli, A. K., Bar‐Kalifa, E., Verdeli, H., & Miller, L. (2021) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20200038 · Cited by 9
Needs Assessment to Develop Online Counseling Program
Yurayat, P., & Seechaliao, T. (2021) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v14n7p59 · Cited by 7
“Research findings have demonstrated that there are university students approximately 12 to 46% are affected by mental illnesses at any level (Auerbach et al., 2016; Auerbach et al., 2018; Eisenberg, Golberstein, & Hunt, 2009; Verger, Guagliardo, Gilbert, Rouillon, & Kovess-Masfety, 2009).”
BackgroundBioenergy for Stress Relief in University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Running, A., Hildreth, L. A., & John‐Henderson, N. A. (2022) · Journal of Community Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/07370016.2022.2028061 · Cited by 6
“The World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project (Auerbach et al., 2018) found that major depressive disorder was the most common of the disorders examined across all countries (Australia, Belgium, Germany, Mexico, Northern Ireland, South Africa,…”
BackgroundGoozée, R., Barrable, A., Ļubenko, J., Παπαδάτου-Παστού, Μ., Haddad, M., McKeown, E., Hirani, S. P., Martin, M., & Tzotzoli, P. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2022.2069699 · Cited by 12
de Souza, R. C., & Scott, C. F. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13080681 · Cited by 6
“From a sample of close to 14,000 students from eight countries, Auerbach et al. (2018) found that 35% of students surveyed reported at least one lifetime disorder, and 31% reported at least one 12-month disorder.”
BackgroundPeer Academic Supports for Success (PASS) for College Students with Mental Illness: Open Trial
Davis, M., Hutchinson, D. S., Cherchia, P., Golden, L., Morrison, E., & Baczko, A. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10091711 · Cited by 7
Bond, N. I., McLafferty, M., Lapsley, C. R., Ennis, E., Murray, E. K., Heenan, D., & O’Neill, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-022-00481-2 · Cited by 9
“Lifetime prevalence estimates across all disorders among universities who completed the WMH-ICS ranged from 19% (Belgium) to 43% (Australia) (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBeaumont, E., Irons, C., & McAndrew, S. (2022) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2203045 · Cited by 10
Lambert, L., Draper, Z. A., Warren, M. A., & Lepe, R. M. (2022) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-022-00080-4 · Cited by 9
“Indeed, mental health is taxed upon entrance and does not revert to pre-entry levels (Auerbach et al., 2018; Macaskill, 2013).”
BackgroundGarnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2023) · Journal of Emotion and Psychopathology · doi:10.55913/joep.v1i1.10 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Auerbach, R. P., Collaborators, W. W.-I., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hasking, P., Murray, E., Nock, M. K., Pinder-Amaker, S., Sampson, N. A., Stein, D. J., Vilagut, G., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Municipal Institute for Medical Research (ES)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Boston University (US)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Auerbach, Randy P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 623-638
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC6193834
- OpenAlex
- W2891230948
- Semantic Scholar
- e4bb2ff549f8438750959e9e3e0c679bbd9381f7
- Cited by
- 2,522
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 410 · 2025: 396 · 2024: 387 · 2023: 369 · 2022: 319 · 2021: 372 · 2020: 183 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 216.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R56MH109566, R01MH070884)
- Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (11N0514N/11N0516N/1114717N)
- King Baudouin Foundation (2014-J2140150-102905)
- Eli Lilly (IIT-H6U-BX-I002)
- BARMER
- Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (636110005)
- Protestants Fonds voorde Geestelijke Volksgezondheid
- South African Medical Research Council
- Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (PI13/00343)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CM14/00125, CD12/00440)
- European Union Regional Development Fund
- Ulster University
- Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad (2015I015)
- DIUE Generalitat de Catalunya (2017 SGR 452; 2014 SGR 748)
- FPU (0572805728)
- WHO World Mental Health
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Pfizer Foundation
- U.S. Public Health Service (R13-MH066849, R01-MH069864, and R01 DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (R03-TW00648)
- Pan American Health Organization
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- university students, mental illness, prevalence, common mental disorders, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, alcoholism, substance use disorders, sociodemographic correlates, mental health services, first-year students, religious affiliation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Students, World Health Organization, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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