The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 13 of the 49 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders.
Open accessAbstract
Increasingly, colleges across the world are contending with rising rates of mental disorders, and in many cases, the demand for services on campus far exceeds the available resources.
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Claims the paper makes
27 Own result · 14 Own interpretation · 13 Own method · 10 No full text of the sources · 7 Partly supported · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Supported so far · 2 Sources not found · 2 No basis given · 1 Supported · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“epidemiological studies consistently find high prevalence of these disorders among college students (Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010; Ibrahim, Kelly, Adams, & Glazebrook, 2013; Pedrelli, Nyer, Yeung, Zulauf, & Wilens, 2015).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ibrahim, Kelly, Adams, & Glazebrook, 2013 source
- Supportedcites Pedrelli, Nyer, Yeung, Zulauf, & Wilens, 2015 source
The Abstract states that mental health problems are very common among college students. The Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders section reports survey-based prevalence figures for anxiety, depression, ADHD, and eating disorders, supporting the claim that studies repeatedly find these problems common. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Only 16.4% of all 12-month cases received any treatment for these disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Auerbach, et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract’s Results report 16.4% receiving treatment, but specify students with 12-month disorders, not all cases in the surveys. The detailed Results section describes the 16.4% figure as receipt of minimally adequate treatment, a narrower measure than any treatment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This finding is broadly consistent with earlier college student surveys in documenting high recent prevalence of common mental disorders (Blanco et al., 2008; Cho et al., 2015; Eisenberg et al., 2007; Kendler et al., 2015); although most earlier surveys were carried out in the U.S. and assessed only current disorders (Merikangas et al., 2010).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Blanco et al., 2008 source
The Results report that almost half of college students met criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder in the previous year. They also describe alcohol use, personality, mood, and anxiety disorders as common or prevalent among college students, supporting the cited point about high recent prevalence. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites Cho et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Eisenberg et al., 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), which has been shown to have effects equivalent to those of face-to-face CBT (Andersson, Cuijpers, Carlbring, Riper, & Hedman, 2014)”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Andersson, Cuijpers, Carlbring, Riper, & Hedman, 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports equivalent overall post-treatment effects for guided Internet-based CBT and face-to-face CBT in the trials reviewed. The citing sentence omits the therapist-guidance qualifier; the Methods specify that unguided Internet-based CBT was not included. (LLM, conf=0.86)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We focus on the 13,984 respondents who were full-time students: 35% of whom screened positive for at least one of the common lifetime disorders assessed and 31% screened positive for at least one 12-month disorder.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Abstract
plainn = 13,984- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We focus on the 13,984 respondents who were full-time students: 35% of whom screened positive for at least one of the common lifetime disorders assessed and 31% screened positive for at least one 12-month disorder.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Abstract
plainn = 13,984- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parental education was unrelated to the disorders assessed”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Socio-Demographic and College-Related Correlates of Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“students with unmarried parents or a parent who was deceased had significantly elevated odds of both lifetime and 12-month disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Socio-Demographic and College-Related Correlates of Mental Disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, these associations were quite stable across countries, with only 6.3% of country-specific odds-ratios differing significantly from the cross-national average (Table 5).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Socio-Demographic and College-Related Correlates of Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Proportional annual persistence was considerably lower for drug use disorder (45.9%) than other disorders (62.4–73.3%).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 36
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“An earlier WMH report based on face-to-face interviews with the subset of WMH household survey respondents in 21 countries who were college students found somewhat lower lifetime (29.3%) and 12-month (25.2%) prevalence estimates of any disorder in mostly high-income countries, but this result was based on a wider range of DSM-IV disorders and on most in-depth assessments of these disorders than in”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Auerbach et al 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the number of students in need of treatment for these disorders far exceeds the resources of most counseling centers, resulting in substantial unmet need for treatment of mental disorders among college students (Auerbach, et al., 2016; Beiter et al., 2015; Storrie, Ahern, & Tuckett,”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Auerbach, et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that only 16.4% of college students with 12-month disorders received minimally adequate treatment, supporting substantial unmet treatment need. The Discussion also notes limited outpatient provider availability in lower-income countries, but the paper does not establish that demand exceeds the capacity of most college counseling centers or that counseling-center capacity causes the treatment gap. No page numbers were provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites Beiter et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (4; page not provided) says the prevalence of symptoms indicates a need to increase the number and scope of treatment programs. It does not establish that students needing treatment far outnumber the resources of most counseling centers or quantify unmet treatment need. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites Storrie, Ahern, & Tuckett, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“it is associated with substantial impairment in academic performance (Auerbach et al., 2016; Bruffaerts et al., 2018) as well as suicidal thoughts and behaviors (Mortier et al., in press).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Auerbach et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Auerbach et al. is cited for the academic-performance part of the sentence; the separate citation to Mortier et al. accompanies the suicidal-thoughts-and-behaviors part. The Abstract Results and the Results section on college attrition associate pre-matriculation disorders with leaving college, an adverse educational outcome, but do not establish impairment in academic performance such as grades or coursework. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites Bruffaerts et al., 2018 source
The Discussion reports that freshmen with mental health problems had significantly lower academic functioning, averaging a 2.9–4.7% decrease in academic-year performance compared with those without such problems. The suicidal-thoughts-and-behaviors clause is attached to a different citation, so it is not part of the claim attributed to Bruffaerts et al. (2018). (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites Mortier et al., in press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One-fifth of college students in those surveys had 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI disorders, with anxiety and mood disorders the most common class of disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Auerbach, et al., 2016 source
The Results section reports that 20.3% of college students had a 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI disorder. It also identifies anxiety disorders as the most prevalent class across the groups studied, followed by mood disorders. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is unlikely in light of this that college campuses will have sufficient resources to support student needs for mental health services, exacerbating the problems that already exist in the mental health treatment system of escalating financial expenses and long waitlists (Andersson & Titov, 2014; Webb, Rosso, & Rauch, 2017).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Andersson & Titov, 2014 source
- Partly supportedcites Webb, Rosso, & Rauch, 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) identifies treatment costs and long wait-lists as barriers to mental health care. It does not address whether college campuses will have sufficient resources to meet student needs, or say that costs and wait-lists are escalating. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These associations have typically been found to be small, but with women having higher rates of anxiety and mood disorders than men, men having higher rates of substance use disorders than women, and socio-economic background being inversely related to prevalence of all disorders (Chen & Jacobson, 2012; Eisenberg, Hunt, & Speer, 2013).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Chen & Jacobson, 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not matchedcites Eisenberg, Hunt, & Speer, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Second, only six common mental disorders were assessed in the surveys. The omission of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, eating disorders, phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, and intermittent explosive disorder are especially noteworthy because of their comparatively high prevalence in the WMH surveys (Auerbach et al., 2016)”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Auerbach et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Method > Measures section lists ADHD, phobias, PTSD, conduct disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, and intermittent explosive disorder among the disorders assessed in the WMH surveys. The Results section reports that phobias were among the most prevalent individual disorders, but our copy does not assess eating disorders or establish comparatively high prevalence for every disorder listed. The statement that only six disorders were assessed appears to concern the citing authors’ surveys, not the WMH surveys. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Syndromes typically had onsets in early-middle adolescence and persisted into the year of the survey.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although relatively modest, the strongest correlates of screening positive were older age, female sex, unmarried-deceased parents, no religious affiliation, non-heterosexual identification and behavior, low secondary school ranking, and”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“preliminary analyses reported below showed that the majority of the 50 remaining students who identified either as transgender or “other” rather than as male or female endorsed a number of mental disorders and experienced considerable impairment, leading us to focus on them in a separate report.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of these students came from the Australian sample and were older, full-time employed people who would normally be expected to access mental health services, if they were needed, through their employer or employer-sponsored health insurance rather than through their college.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“extrinsically motivated (as compared to intrinsically motivated) students and students with lower high school rankings (relative to students with higher high school rankings) had elevated odds of mental disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Socio-Demographic and College-Related Correlates of Mental Disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevalence was similar for the additional respondents excluded because of missing information on gender or full-time student status (35.9%) and because of being part-time (41.2%), whereas the students who self-identified as either transgender or “other” had much higher lifetime prevalence of any disorder (76.5%).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Median age-of-onset was 14.2 years of age, from a high of 14.6 in Spain to a low of 13.6 in the U.S.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found a number of socio-demographic and college-related variables that had statistically significant but substantively modest associations (OR=1.4–1.5) with overall disorder prevalence: being female, having parents who were not married or deceased, having no religious affiliation, graduating in the bottom 70% of their high school class, and having primarily extrinsic reasons for going to”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The vast majority (89.0%) of respondents with a lifetime disorder had 12-month prevalence, from a high of 94.2% in Northern Ireland to a low of 83.3% in Spain.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Median proportional annual persistence (i.e., the proportion of years in episode between age-of-onset and age at interview) was 65.0%, from a high of 72.2% in the U.S. to a low of 50.3% in Mexico.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) was the most common of the disorders examined across all countries combined (21.2% lifetime prevalence; 18.5% 12-month prevalence) followed by generalized anxiety disorder (18.6–16.7%) (Table 3).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each institution received ethics approval to participate in the project and all participants provided consent.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Samples
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one-third of students have one or more of the 12-month disorders considered here and other disorders that we did not consider are likely to be present among a substantial number of other students.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it also may be that (a) our assessment reflects an imbalanced assessment of internalizing versus externalizing disorders but (b) perhaps more critically, the assessment of these disorders is conducted before their peak period of onset.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Trajectory of Mental Disorders and Associated Outcomes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“in both NCS-R and NESEARC, median age-of-onset for major depression (Hasin et al., 2005) and mood disorders (Kessler et al., 2005) was ~30 years compared to ~14 years within the WMH-ICS sample.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hasin et al., 2005 source
- Not matchedcites Kessler et al., 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Item-level missing data in the completed surveys were imputed using the method of multiple imputation (MI) by chained equations (van Buuren, 2012).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Analysis methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van Buuren, 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The response rates were quite variable across countries, from a low of 7.0% in Australia to a high of 79.3% in Mexico. The weighted (by achieved sample size) mean response rate across all surveys was 45.5%.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Samples
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both sets of surveys documented that most lifetime mental disorders among college students started prior to college entrance and that persistence of these disorders was very high, suggesting that clinical interventions early in the college career might be warranted.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“There also is strong reason to believe that rates of disorders, particularly externalizing disorders (e.g., substance use disorder) and serious mental illness (e.g., bipolar disorder, thought disorders), will show higher prevalence during later college years.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Trajectory of Mental Disorders and Associated Outcomes
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Indeed, substance use disorders, bipolar disorder, and thought disorders typically emerge in the early-to-mid 20s, and the typical college lifestyle—irregular sleep, increased interpersonal stress, experimental substance use—may confer increased risk of disorder onset (Arnett, 2005; Sussman & Arnett, 2014).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Trajectory of Mental Disorders and Associated Outcomes
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these validation studies have not yet been carried out in samples of college students.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The version of the AUDIT we used, which defined alcohol use disorder as either a total score of 8+ or a score of 4+ on the AUDIT dependence questions (Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Saunders, & Monteiro, 2001), has been shown to have concordance with clinical diagnoses in the range AUC = 0.78–0.91 (Reinert & Allen, 2002).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Saunders, & Monteiro, 2001
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reinert & Allen, 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of note, the majority of WMH-ICS respondents were aged 18–19 years, and this necessarily impacts the interpretation of age-of-onset.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the response rates in the college surveys were quite variable and were lower overall than in the nationally representative face-to-face community household surveys in the WMH initiative.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is likely that more than one-third of our respondents suffered from significant distress and that fewer than the one-third suffered from a serious mental disorder.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nor do we know if calibration studies in separate countries would show that concordance of the structured questions in our diagnostic screens are equally valid in all countries.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although the surveys used well-validated screening scales calibrated to yield unbiased prevalence estimates in general population samples, calibration studies have not yet been carried out in samples of college students.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A number of internet-based interventions exist for a broad range of psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, eating disorders) and associated problems (e.g., sleep, stress) and have been shown to be effective for both prevention and treatment of these conditions (e.g., Ebert et al., 2015; Josephine, Josefine, Philipp, David, & Harald, 2017; Olthuis, Watt, Bailey, Hayden, & Stewart, 2015;”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ebert et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Josephine, Josefine, Philipp, David, & Harald, 2017 source
- Not matchedcites Olthuis, Watt, Bailey, Hayden, & Stewart, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset were assessed retrospectively, which may contribute to downward biases given recall errors.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“therefore, the true prevalence of mental disorders among college students is likely to be a good deal higher than reported in the current study; particularly as we are only including first-years students who are not yet through the high-risk periods for many common disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“sub-threshold cases are known to have substantial impairment (Cuijpers, de Graaf, & van Dorsselaer, 2004; Fergusson, Horwood, Ridder, & Beautrais, 2005) and to benefit from internet-based interventions (Andersson & Cuijpers, 2009; Spek et al., 2008); potentially reducing the incidence of threshold cases (Buntrock et al., 2016).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cuijpers, de Graaf, & van Dorsselaer, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fergusson, Horwood, Ridder, & Beautrais, 2005 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Andersson & Cuijpers, 2009 source
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the cross-national prevalence estimates are based on a convenience sample of colleges with relatively low and quite variable response rates, limiting generalizability of results.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
It is unclear which disorders would benefit most from internet-based CBT or how effective that treatment is in college students.
“However, little is known about the disorders for which such interventions are most needed or the effectiveness of internet-based CBT among college students.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In Mexico, students who skipped the survey despite time being reserved during required activities were treated as definite non-respondents.
“No follow-up of non-respondents was carried out in Mexico because it was assumed that students who failed to complete the survey even though time was set aside for it during mandatory activities were firm non-respondents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
“although the surveys used well-validated screening scales calibrated to yield unbiased prevalence estimates in general population samples, calibration studies have not yet been carried out in samples of college students.”
“Nor do we know if calibration studies in separate countries would show that concordance of the structured questions in our diagnostic screens are equally valid in all countries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
“Fourth, lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset were assessed retrospectively, which may contribute to downward biases given recall errors.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“They are also some of the most frequently reported reasons for seeking psychological assistance amongst college-aged students [2, 3].”
From An internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy program for anxious affect, depression, and wellbeing: A randomized, parallel, two-group, waitlist-controlled trial in a Middle Eastern sample of college students (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, various epidemiological studies have shown that mental disorders are highly prevalent among emerging adults, and those suffering from a disorder at this age are more vulnerable to mental problems even 10 years later [3,4].”
From The Influence of Positive and Negative Aspects of Perfectionism on Psychological Distress in Emerging Adulthood: Exploring the Mediating Role of Self-Compassion (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In Western countries, one-third of university students have a 12-month mental disorder (2).”
From Mental health services for German university students: acceptance of intervention targets and preference for delivery modes (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Prolonged psychological stress is closely associated with mental disorders (Auerbach et al., 2018; Beiter et al., 2015; Karyotaki et al., 2020; Mortier et al., 2018)”
From Effects of self-guided stress management interventions in college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Auerbach et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the most common ones being anxiety, depression, and substance abuse disorder [3,4,6]”
From Optimization of a Transdiagnostic Mobile Emotion Regulation Intervention for University Students: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Globally, it is estimated that between 12% and 50% of all university students are affected by mental health (MH) problems [3-5]”
From Optimization of a Transdiagnostic Mobile Emotion Regulation Intervention for University Students: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is further mismatched by the level of concern in the prevalence of mental health issues among university students (Auerbach et al. 2018;Browne, Munro, and Cass 2017;Chaudhary et al. 2021)”
From How the faculty across higher education institutes are facilitated to develop skills on student mental health and well-being? – A scoping review (2025) · cites this paper as Auerbach et al. 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“College students during the young adult years are at elevated risk for the development of anxiety and depressive difficulties.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research has also shown its deleterious impact on overall functioning and, in particular, academic performance [2, 7].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“both of which are prevalent among the university student population [3,4]”
From Optimization of a Transdiagnostic Mobile Emotion Regulation Intervention for University Students: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“High prevalence of anxiety symptoms has been reported globally in the university students.”
From Cost-effectiveness of internet-supported cognitive behavioral therapy for university students with anxiety symptoms: A Markov-model analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Differences across international sites were found for both the prevalence of mental disorders (Auerbach et al., 2018) and for the frequency of severe role impairment.”
From Severe role impairment associated with mental disorders: Results of the WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project (2018) · cites this paper as Auerbach et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“A World Health Organization study of international students across eight countries showed that almost one in three first-year international students screened positive for at least one DSM-5 disorder in the past 12 months, with ‘major depressive episode’ and ‘generalized anxiety disorder’ having the highest prevalence rates (18.5% and 16.7%, respectively; Auerbach et al., 2018).”
From The role of social support in the effectiveness of counseling for international students (2026) · cites this paper as Auerbach et al., 2018
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482 · cited 1×
“Estimates were pooled across countries to examine both main effects and all possible two-way interactions among correlates, with risk for Type I error adjusted for using the false discovery rate method (Q 0.05; Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995).”
InfluentialKessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · cited 1×
“For example, in both NCS-R and NESEARC, median age-of-onset for major depression (Hasin, Goodwin, Stinson, & Grant, 2005) and mood disorders (Kessler et al., 2005) was 30 years compared with 14 years within the WMH-ICS sample.”
Self-citationEmerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.
Arnett, J. J. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469 · Cited by 16,843 · cited 1×
“While emerging adulthood (ages 18–29 years) shares many features with these earlier and later periods, it is defined by increased autonomy from parents (e.g., leaving the home), marked shifts in social roles, and relational instability (Arnett, 2000; Sussman & Arnett, 2014).”
SAUNDERS, J. B., AASLAND, O. G., BABOR, T. F., DE LA FUENTE, J. R., & GRANT, M. (1993) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x · Cited by 13,597
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
Hu, R. J. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-226870-9/01070-4 · Cited by 9,168
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278
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Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771 · cited 6×
“Additional items taken from the CIDI (Kessler & Ustün, 2004) were used to assess age-of-onset of each disorder and number of lifetime years with symptoms.”
InfluentialSelf-citationAge of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature
Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & ??st??n, T. B. (2007) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32816ebc8c · Cited by 3,457 · cited 2×
“However, given that the college years are a peak period for onset of many common mental disorders, particularly mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders (de Girolamo, Dagani, Purcell, Cocchi, & McGorry, 2012; Kessler et al., 2007), it is not surprising that epidemiological studies consistently find high prevalence o…”
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lattie, E. G., Adkins, E. C., Winquist, N., Stiles-Shields, C., Wafford, Q. E., & Graham, A. K. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/12869 · Cited by 843
“Globally, approximately 31% of college students screened positive for a mental health disorder over the course of the last year [4].”
Stress and anxiety among university students in France during Covid-19 mandatory confinement
Husky, M. M., Kovess–Masféty, V., & Swendsen, J. D. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152191 · Cited by 780
Duffy, M. E., Twenge, J. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.04.033 · Cited by 579
Harrer, M., Adam, S. H., Baumeister, H., Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Auerbach, R. P., Kessler, R. C., Bruffaerts, R., Berking, M., & Ebert, D. D. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1759 · Cited by 445
“…all university students are affected by mental health disorders in any given year (Auerbach © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.m/journal/mpr 1 of 18 et al., 2016; Auerbach et al., 2018; Blanco et al., 2008; Eisenberg, Hunt, & Speer, 2013; Verger, Guagliardo, Gilbert, Rouillon, & Kovess‐Masfety, 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationProwse, R., Sherratt, F., Abizaid, A. B., Gabrys, R. L., Hellemans, K. G. C., Patterson, Z. R., & McQuaid, R. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.650759 · Cited by 496
“This is very problematic, as prior to the COVID-19 pandemic one in three university students had a mental health and/or substance use disorder (21), indicating that this is already an atrisk group.”
BackgroundEbert, D. D., Mortier, P., Kaehlke, F., Bruffaerts, R., Baumeister, H., Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Vilagut, G., Martínez, K. U., Lochner, C., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1782 · Cited by 407
“First, as pointed out in other papers' of this issue (Auerbach et al., 2018; Bruffaerts et al., 2019; Alonso, Vilagut et al., 2018) and related recent papers (Alonso, Mortier et al., 2018), the response rate in the WMH‐ICS surveys was suboptimal across virtually all sites.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationStudents’ mental health problems before, during, and after COVID-19 lockdown in Italy
Meda, N., Pardini, S., Slongo, I., Bodini, L., Zordan, M. A., Rigobello, P., Visioli, F., & Novara, C. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045 · Cited by 398
Karyotaki, E., Cuijpers, P., Albor, Y., Alonso, J., Auerbach, R. P., Bantjes, J., Bruffaerts, R., Ebert, D. D., Hasking, P., Kiekens, G., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01759 · Cited by 389
“The associations of sociodemographics with mental disorders are not reported here, as they have been reported previously (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMental Health and Well-Being of University Students: A Bibliometric Mapping of the Literature
Hernández, D., Ibrayeva, L., Sparks, J., Lim, N., Clementi, A., Almukhambetova, A., Nurtayev, Y., & Muratkyzy, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01226 · Cited by 361
“, 2008), recent studies suggest an increase and severity of mental problems and helpseeking behaviors in university students around the world in the last decade (Wong et al., 2006; Hunt and Eisenberg, 2010; Verger et al., 2010; Auerbach et al., 2018; Lipson et al., 2019).”
BackgroundWoolston, C. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03459-7 · Cited by 277
Perceived stress in different countries at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic
Gamonal-Limcaoco, S., Montero-Mateos, E., Lozano-López, M. T., Maciá-Casas, A., Matías-Fernández, J., & Roncero, C. (2021) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/00912174211033710 · Cited by 293
Wu, Y., Yu, W., Wu, X., Wan, H., Wang, Y., & Lu, G. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00444-y · Cited by 269
Sacco, R., Camilleri, N., Eberhardt, J., Umla‐Runge, K., & Newbury‐Birch, D. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02131-2 · Cited by 341
“Another factor to consider is an actual prevalence rise [96, 97] in response to an increase in environmental risk factors for ASD [24, 25, 98].”
BackgroundExploring perceived stress among students in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic
Aslan, I., Ochnik, D., & Çınar, O. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238961 · Cited by 255
“On the other hand, the results are in agreement with other research revealing higher stress, anxiety, and depression in students compared to the general population [34].”
BackgroundResultDepression and Anxiety During the COVID‐19 Pandemic in an Urban, Low‐Income Public University Sample
Rudenstine, S., McNeal, K., Schulder, T., Ettman, C. K., Hernandez, M., Gvozdieva, K., & Galea, S. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22600 · Cited by 251
“…of international university students globally endorsed a mood or anxiety disorder in the 12 months prior to data collection, whereas our study suggests that during COVID-19, 50.0% and 40.0% of our sample met the clinical cutoffs for depression and anxiety, respectively (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
ResultInfluentialStress and Psychological Distress in Emerging Adulthood: A Gender Analysis
Aznar, M. P. M., Díaz, A., Pérez, J. M. B., & Fernández, I. I. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9092859 · Cited by 322
“Whereas emerging adulthood is regarded as a critical period of life [4] characterized by many life transitions and significant mental health risk [1,7,9,39], research on psychological distress in emerging adulthood is scarce and one of the important areas is examining how gender shapes experiences in”
BackgroundBruffaerts, R., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Hermosillo De la Torre, A. E., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hasking, P., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1764 · Cited by 228
Self-citationDuffy, A. C., Keown‐Stoneman, C. D. G., Goodday, S., Horrocks, J., Lowe, M. P., King, N., Pickett, W., McNevin, S. H., Cunningham, S., Rivera, D., et al. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.24 · Cited by 260
Breedvelt, J., Amanvermez, Y., Harrer, M., Karyotaki, E., Gilbody, S. M., Bockting, C., Cuijpers, P. J., & Ebert, D. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00193 · Cited by 276
Self-citationAlonso, J., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Bruffaerts, R., Vilagut, G., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Ennis, E., Gutiérrez-García, R. A., et al. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22778 · Cited by 205
Self-citationKohls, E., Baldofski, S., Moeller, R., Klemm, S.-L., & Rummel‐Kluge, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.643957 · Cited by 241
“Further, the mental health status of this sample seems highly comparable to previous epidemiological studies in this population, which estimate that 12–46 % of all University students are affected by mental disorders in any given year (40, 41).”
ResultCuijpers, P., Auerbach, R. P., Benjet, C., Bruffaerts, R., Ebert, D., Karyotaki, E., & Kessler, R. C. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1761 · Cited by 190
Self-citationOthman, N., Ahmad, F., El Morr, C., & Ritvo, P. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-019-0275-x · Cited by 177
“For example, the recent WHO college student survey in high income countries [9] reported significantly higher odds of common mental disorders among students with family problems, and a Finnish study [28] reported significant association of these disorders with parental divorce, death, and low parental education.”
BackgroundChrist, C., de Waal, M. M., Dekker, J., van Kuijk, I., van Schaik, A., Kikkert, M., Goudriaan, A. E., Beekman, A. T. F., & Messman‐Moore, T. L. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211882 · Cited by 209
Cheung, K., Tam, K. Y., Tsang, H., Zhang, L. W., & Lit, S.-W. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.041 · Cited by 176
Optimizing Students’ Mental Health and Academic Performance: AI-Enhanced Life Crafting
Dekker, I., De Jong, E. M., Schippers, M. C., De Bruijn-Smolders, M., Alexiou, A., & Giesbers, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01063 · Cited by 176
“The start of tertiary education coincides with a peak in the occurrence of mental health issues (Ibrahim et al., 2013; Auerbach et al., 2018; Bruffaerts et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPrevalence of burnout in medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Almutairi, H., Alsubaiei, A., Abduljawad, S., Alshatti, A., Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Husni, M., & Jahrami, H. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640221106691 · Cited by 201
“…(Aghajani Liasi et al., 2021; Al-Jehani et al., 2020; Alkhamees et al., 2020; Almalki et al., 2017; Altannir et al., 2019; Asghar et al., 2019; Barbosa et al., 2018; Bolatov et al., 2021; Cecil et al., 2014; Chang et al., 2012; Chin et al., 2016; Danilewitz et al., 2018; Dyrbye et al., 2007,…”
BackgroundCollege Mental Health Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results From a Nationwide Survey
Kim, H., Rackoff, G. N., Fitzsimmons‐Craft, E. E., Shin, K. E., Zainal, N. H., Schwob, J. T., Eisenberg, D., Wilfley, D. E., Taylor, C. B., & Newman, M. G. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10241-5 · Cited by 173
Liu, C. H., Stevens, C., Conrad, R. C., & Hahm, H. C. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113345 · Cited by 171
“Our rate is higher than the lifetime reported mental health diagnoses obtained from first year college students (35%) from the World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project world (Auerbach et al., 2018), which seems reasonable given that we asked about pre-existing mental health within a sample tha…”
ResultKiekens, G., Hasking, P. A., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Auerbach, R. P., Bantjes, J. R., Benjet, C. L., Boyes, M. E., Chiu, W. T., Claes, L., et al. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721002245 · Cited by 169
Self-citationKikkenborg Berg, S., Dam Nielsen, S., Nygaard, U., Bundgaard, H., Palm, P., Rotvig, C., & Vinggaard Christensen, A. (2022) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00004-9 · Cited by 168
University students’ use of mental health services: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Osborn, T. G., Li, S., Saunders, R., & Fonagy, P. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-022-00569-0 · Cited by 167
“While a limited number of studies have highlighted the scale and nature of the problem outside of the USA, there is a renewed effort to understand and address barriers to treatment that stop some students reaching help in the first place [4, 16, 27].”
BackgroundFried, E. I., Papanikolaou, F., & Epskamp, S. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026211017839 · Cited by 165
“Anxiety and mood disorders are among the most prevalent problems, often start in early to middle adolescence, and persist into higher education (Auerbach et al., 2016, 2018).”
BackgroundPrediction of major depressive disorder onset in college students
Ebert, D. D., Buntrock, C., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Weisel, K. K., Kessler, R. C., Cuijpers, P. J., Green, J. G., Kiekens, G., Nock, M. K., et al. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22867 · Cited by 190
“…lifetime- (22.4%, 95%CI: 21.2– 23.7) and 12-month mental disorders (19.1%, 95%CI: 17.9–20.2) are somewhat lower in the LCS sample, than average prevalence rates of the countries included in the first prevalence estimates assessed in eight participating WMH-ICS countries (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPredicting the incidence of non-suicidal self-injury in college students
Kiekens, G., Hasking, P. A., Claes, L., Boyes, M. E., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Cuijpers, P. J., Demyttenaere, K., Green, J. G., Kessler, R. C., et al. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.04.002 · Cited by 189
“Yet, this period also is one of heightened risk for mental disorders and risky behaviors [2 – 5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAuerbach, R. P., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Benjet, C. L., Cuijpers, P. J., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hasking, P. A., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1752 · Cited by 158
“, presence of depression or anxiety), but given that comorbidity is commonplace, developing transdiagnostic interventions that target specific profiles may prove crucial in curbing escalating rates of mental disorders (Auerbach et al., 2016; Auerbach et al., 2018) and STBs (Mortier, Cuijpers et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationHazell, C. M., Chapman, L., Valeix, S. F., Roberts, P., Niven, J. E., & Berry, C. (2020) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01443-1 · Cited by 138
Knapstad, M., Sivertsen, B., Knudsen, A. K., Smith, O. R. F., Aarø, L. E., Lønning, K. J., & Skogen, J. C. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719003350 · Cited by 158
“Another cross-national WHO survey, using web-based self-report questionnaires, showed that as many as one-third of first-year college students reported at least one DSM-IV anxiety, mood or substance disorder (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
BackgroundEmotional and social loneliness and their unique links with social isolation, depression and anxiety
Wolters, N. E., Mobach, L., Wuthrich, V. M., Vonk, P., der Heijde, C. M. V., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Rapee, R. M., & Klein, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.096 · Cited by 197
Jenkins, P. E., Ducker, I., Gooding, R., James, M., & Rutter-Eley, E. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1709474 · Cited by 147
“, Ref.(9)), the current sample demonstrated an over-repre-”
BackgroundInfluentialWhen the Social Becomes Non-Human: Young People's Perception of Social Support in Chatbots
Bae Brandtzæg, P. B., Skjuve, M., Kristoffer Dysthe, K. K., & Følstad, A. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445318 · Cited by 153
“For these young people, the consequences of insufcient information, preventive eforts, and early interventions can be detrimental [35].”
BackgroundEl Morr, C., Ritvo, P., Ahmad, F., Moineddin, R., & MVC Team (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/18595 · Cited by 145
“The situation appears similar at universities in the United States [10,11] and worldwide—in 2018, the World Health Organization reported increasing mental disorders in college and university students worldwide [12].”
BackgroundScoping review to evaluate the effects of peer support on the mental health of young adults
Richard, J., Rebinsky, R., Suresh, R., Kubic, S., Carter, A., Cunningham, J. E. A., Ker, A., Williams, K., & Sorin, M. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061336 · Cited by 202
Molodynski, A., Lewis, T., Kadhum, M., Farrell, S., Chelieh, M. L., de Almeida, T. F., Masri, R., Kar, A., Volpe, U., Moir, F., et al. (2020) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2020.1738064 · Cited by 140
“While many professions have high rates of burnout (Marek et al., 2017) and poor mental wellbeing and the general student population is also known to be vulnerable (Auerbach et al., 2018), these results are very troubling indeed.”
ResultStress, self-compassion, and well-being during the transition to college
Kroshus, E., Hawrilenko, M., & Browning, A. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113514 · Cited by 142
Bantjes, J. R., Löchner, C., Saal, W., Roos, J., Taljaard, L., Page, D. T., Auerbach, R. P., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Kessler, R. C., et al. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7218-y · Cited by 136
Self-citationBarkham, M., Broglia, E., Dufour, G., Fudge, M., Knowles, L., Percy, A. K., Turner, A., & Williams, C. (2019) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12227 · Cited by 128
Wu, D., Yu, L., Yang, T., Cottrell, R. R., Peng, S., Guo, W., & Jiang, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00243 · Cited by 143
Pointon-Haas, J., Waqar, L., Upsher, R., Foster, J., Byrom, N., & Oates, J. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.603 · Cited by 135
Schiffrin, H. H., Erchull, M. J., Sendrick, E., Yost, J. C., Power, V., & Saldanha, E. R. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01513-6 · Cited by 118
A Study on the Psychological Wound of COVID-19 in University Students
Padrón, I., Fraga, I., Vieitez, L., Montes, C., & Romero, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.589927 · Cited by 118
Prevention of eating disorders at universities: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Harrer, M., Adam, S. H., Meßner, E.-M., Baumeister, H., Cuijpers, P. J., Bruffaerts, R., Auerbach, R. P., Kessler, R. C., Jacobi, C., Taylor, C. B., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23224 · Cited by 126
Self-citationMental Health Issues During and After COVID-19 Vaccine Era
Pandey, K., Thurman, M., Johnson, S. D., Acharya, A., Johnston, M., Klug, E., Olwenyi, O. A., Rajaiah, R., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2021) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.08.012 · Cited by 124
McDermott, R. C., Fruh, S., Williams, S. G., Hauff, C., Graves, R., Melnyk, B. M., & Hall, H. R. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14531 · Cited by 127
“2 | BACKGROUND More than a third of college freshmen report significant symptoms of anxiety, depression, or substance abuse (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPhysical Activity and Mental Health in Undergraduate Students
Rodríguez‐Romo, G., Acebes-Sánchez, J., García-Merino, S., Muñoz, M. G., Blanco-García, C., & Díez-Vega, I. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010195 · Cited by 164
“A study that reports the first stage of the WHO World Mental Health International College Student project, with 13,984 first-year full-time students, showed that 31% screened positive for at least one 12-month MH disorder [24].”
BackgroundOliveira, C., Pereira, A., Vagos, P., Nóbrega, C. A., Gonçalves, J., & Afonso, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647606 · Cited by 116
“College years are a sensitive period to the onset of several mental health disorders (Kessler et al., 2007) and many studies have reported a significant rise in serious mental health illness among college students (Hunt and Eisenberg, 2010; Storrie et al., 2010; Auerbach et al., 2018).”
BackgroundThe mental health of student-athletes: a systematic scoping review
Kegelaers, J. J., Wylleman, P., Defruyt, S., Praet, L., Stambulova, N. B., Torregrossa, M., Kenttä, G., & Brandt, K. D. (2022) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2022.2095657 · Cited by 149
“Both elite athletes (Gouttebarge et al., 2019) and regular non-athlete students (Auerbach et al., 2018) are identi fi ed populations at-risk for MH problems.”
Amanvermez, Y., Zhao, R., Cuijpers, P., de Wit, L. M., Ebert, D. D., Kessler, R. C., Bruffaerts, R., & Karyotaki, E. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100503 · Cited by 110
Self-citationVariation in Suicide Risk among Subgroups of Sexual and Gender Minority College Students
Horwitz, A. G., Berona, J., Busby, D. R., Eisenberg, D., Zheng, K., Pistorello, J., Albucher, R. C., Coryell, W. H., Favorite, T., Walloch, J. C., et al. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12637 · Cited by 111
“Further, a recent international study of college students indicated that 31% of first-year undergraduates met criteria for one of six common mental health disorders (e.g., mood, anxiety, substance use disorders) in the past year (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialRodrigues, B. B., Cardoso, R. R. D. J., Peres, C. H. R., & Marques, F. F. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica · doi:10.1590/1981-5271v44.supl.1-20200404 · Cited by 155
Ha, J., & Kim, H. J. (2021) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127259 · Cited by 116
Horwitz, A. G., McGuire, T., Busby, D. R., Eisenberg, D., Zheng, K., Pistorello, J., Albucher, R., Coryell, W., & King, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.115 · Cited by 107
Effectiveness of digital mental health interventions for university students: An umbrella review
Harith, S., Backhaus, I., Mohbin, N., Ngo, H. T., & Khoo, S. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.13111 · Cited by 105
“In 2018, the World Health Organization reported that approximately one-third of first-year university students from 19 universities (13,948 respondents) across eight countries (Australia, Belgium, Germany, Mexico, Northern Ireland, South Africa, Spain, and United States) screened positive for at least one common DSM-I…”
BackgroundInfluentialWellbeing and flow in sports and music students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Habe, K., Biasutti, M., & Kajtna, T. (2021) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100798 · Cited by 107
Kim, E. J., Yu, J. H., & Kim, E. Y. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12593 · Cited by 114
Yu, M., Tian, F., Cui, Q., & Wu, H. L. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03066-9 · Cited by 146
“Previous studies have shown that college students are more likely to have mental health problems [4].”
ResultLui, J. C., Sagar-Ouriaghli, I., & Brown, J. S. L. (2024) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2119859 · Cited by 102
Grigsby, T. J., Rogers, C. J., Albers, L. D., Benjamin, S. M., Lust, K. A., Eisenberg, M. E., & Forster, M. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-020-09913-5 · Cited by 106
Daly, M., & Robinson, E. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.054 · Cited by 106
“Therefore, it will be important to ensure that community mental health treatment services are accessible, particularly for young people who are already at high risk of developing mental health difficulties (Auerbach et al., 2018) and may be experiencing significant anxiety symptoms for the first time.”
BackgroundFerrari, M., Allan, S., Arnold, C., Eleftheriadis, D., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Gumley, A. I., & Gleeson, J. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/39686 · Cited by 162
“Other studies have previously found that 20% to 31% of students experience a diagnoseable mental disorder [7,8].”
BackgroundZuo, B., Zhang, X., Wen, F., & Zhao, Y. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.083 · Cited by 95
Mental Health in the Young Athlete
Xanthopoulos, M. S., Benton, T. D., Lewis, J., Case, J. A. C., & Master, C. L. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-01185-w · Cited by 118
Modrego‐Alarcón, M., del Hoyo, Y. L., García‐Campayo, J., Pérez‐Aranda, A., Navarro‐Gil, M., Beltrán-Ruiz, M., Morillo, H., Delgado-Suárez, I., Oliván-Arévalo, R., & Montero‐Marín, J. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103866 · Cited by 109
Improving and Restoring the Well-being and Resilience of Pharmacy Students during a Pandemic
Schlesselman, L. S., Cain, J. J., & DiVall, M. V. (2020) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe8144 · Cited by 93
“Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, more than 35% of firstyear college students had reported being diagnosed with an anxiety, mood, or substance disorder, and some of these students may experience an exacerbation of symptoms as a result of the isolation resulting from stay-athome orders.(13)”
BackgroundZhou, S., Wang, L., Qi, M., Yang, X., Gao, L., Zhang, S.-Y., Zhang, L., Yang, R., & Chen, J.-X. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669833 · Cited by 95
de Sousa, G. M., de Lima-Araujo, G. L., de Araújo, D. B., & de Sousa, M. B. C. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00520-x · Cited by 125
Bai, W., Cai, H., Liu, S., Chen, X., Sha, S., Cheung, T., Lin, J. J., Cui, X., Ng, C. H., & Xiang, Y.-T. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01738-4 · Cited by 89
“Compared to most other subpopulations, college students are more likely to experience mental health problems [10].”
BackgroundZhang, S., Yang, Y., Xie, X., Li, H., Han, R., Hou, J., Sun, J., Qian, Z. M., Wu, S., Huang, C., et al. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105938 · Cited by 95
Kang, H. K., Rhodes, C., Rivers, E., Thornton, C. P., & Rodney, T. (2021) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20201104-03 · Cited by 89
O’Neill, S. M., McLafferty, M., Ennis, E., Lapsley, C. R., Bjourson, T., Armour, C., Murphy, S., Bunting, B., & Murray, E. K. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.06.006 · Cited by 103
“This contributes towards the overall aims of identifying high risk groups of students and targeting early low cost and easily disseminated internet based interventions before crises situations emerge (Auerbach et al., 2018; Mortier et al., 2018; WHO, 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBartolic, S. K., Boud, D. J., Agapito, J., Verpoorten, D., Williams, S., Lutze-Mann, L. H., Matzat, U., Moreno, M. M. L., Polly, P., Tai, J., et al. (2021) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/00131911.2021.1955830 · Cited by 109
“Student anxiety and uncertainty were high before the pandemic (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPorru, F., Robroek, S. J., Bültmann, U., Portoghese, I., Campagna, M., & Alex Burdorf, A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.183 · Cited by 112
van den Bogerd, N., Dijkstra, S. C., Koole, S. L., Seidell, J. C., de Vries, R., & Maas, J. (2020) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102403 · Cited by 88
Riboldi, I., Cavaleri, D., Calabrese, A., Capogrosso, C. A., Piacenti, S., Bartoli, F., Crocamo, C., & Carrà, G. (2023) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2022.04.005 · Cited by 86
Miles, R. T., Rabin, L. A., Krishnan, A., Grandoit, E., & Kloskowski, K. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09696-0 · Cited by 91
The mental health of university students in South Africa: Results of the national student survey
Bantjes, J. R., Kessler, M., Löchner, C., Breet, E., Bawa, A. C., Roos, J., Davids, C., Muturiki, M., Kessler, R. C., & Stein, D. J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.044 · Cited by 86
Self-citationSanci, L. A., Williams, I., Russell, M. A., Chondros, P., Duncan, A.-M., Tarzia, L., Peter, D., Lim, M. S. Y., Tomyn, A. J., & Minas, H. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14690-9 · Cited by 90
“major depression, generalised anxiety, alcohol and substance use disorders) [23].”
BackgroundResultRitvo, P., Ahmad, F., El Morr, C., Pirbaglou, M., Moineddin, R., & MVC Team (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/23491 · Cited by 75
“The mental health problems seen among North American students are also apparent worldwide, as the World Health Organization (2018) reported increasing mental disorders in college and university students [6].”
Linden, B., Boyes, R., & Stuart, H. L. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10622-1 · Cited by 115
A brief mindfulness-based intervention (bMBI) to reduce teacher stress and burnout
Taylor, S. G., Roberts, A. M., & Zarrett, N. R. (2021) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103284 · Cited by 112
“88) subscales of the measure given they are the most commonly occurring symptoms in community samples (Kessler et al., 2003; English & Campbell, 2019; Auerbach et al., 2018).”
BackgroundA systematic review of interventions embedded in curriculum to improve university student wellbeing
Upsher, R., Nobili, A., Hughes, G., & Byrom, N. (2022) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100464 · Cited by 82
Li, E. T., Luyten, P., & Midgley, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.559213 · Cited by 99
Alonso, J., Vilagut, G., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Bruffaerts, R., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Ennis, E., Gutiérrez‐García, R. A., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1750 · Cited by 79
“A detailed report on 12‐month prevalence of mental disorders in this sample is presented elsewhere (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationKaring, C. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100174 · Cited by 98
Moghimi, E., Stephenson, C., Gutiérrez, G., Jagayat, J., Layzell, G., Patel, C. B., McCart, A., Gibney, C., Langstaff, C., Ayonrinde, O., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15452-x · Cited by 114
“Despite the services available, treatment-seeking is reported to be as low as 10% [5, 13, 14].”
BackgroundBurnout among nursing students: a mixed method study
Galdino, M. J. Q., de Almeida, L. P. B. M., Silva, L. F. R., Cremer, E., Scholze, A. R., Martins, J. T., & Haddad, M. D. C. F. L. (2020) · Investigación y Educación en Enfermería · doi:10.17533/udea.iee.v38n1e07 · Cited by 79
Bai, S., Elavsky, S., Kishida, M., Dvořáková, K., & Greenberg, M. T. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01358-x · Cited by 93
Mental health of college students and associated factors in Hubei of China
Lei, X., Liu, C., & Jiang, H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254183 · Cited by 85
“In a survey conducted by the WHO, over 30% of college students from eight countries were estimated to have experienced mental distress [6], which seriously affected their study and daily lives, leading to role impairments and poor academic records [7–9].”
BackgroundMorgan, B. E., & Simmons, L. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.642632 · Cited by 99
“It has been estimated that between 12 and 46 percent of university students experience mental health problems (Auerbach et al., 2018; Harrer et al., 2019).”
BackgroundWiljer, D., Shi, J., Lo, B., Sanches, M., Hollenberg, E., Johnson, A., Abi-Jaoudé, A., Chaim, G., Cleverley, K., Henderson, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/20790 · Cited by 78
Metadata
- Authors
- Auerbach, R. P., Collaborators, W. W.-I., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hasking, P., Murray, E., Nock, M. K., Pinder-Amaker, S., Sampson, N. A., Stein, D. J., Vilagut, G., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Municipal Institute for Medical Research (ES)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Boston University (US)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Auerbach, Randy P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 623-638
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC6193834
- OpenAlex
- W2891230948
- Semantic Scholar
- e4bb2ff549f8438750959e9e3e0c679bbd9381f7
- Cited by
- 2,522
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 410 · 2025: 396 · 2024: 387 · 2023: 369 · 2022: 319 · 2021: 372 · 2020: 183 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 216.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R56MH109566, R01MH070884)
- Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (11N0514N/11N0516N/1114717N)
- King Baudouin Foundation (2014-J2140150-102905)
- Eli Lilly (IIT-H6U-BX-I002)
- BARMER
- Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (636110005)
- Protestants Fonds voorde Geestelijke Volksgezondheid
- South African Medical Research Council
- Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (PI13/00343)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CM14/00125, CD12/00440)
- European Union Regional Development Fund
- Ulster University
- Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad (2015I015)
- DIUE Generalitat de Catalunya (2017 SGR 452; 2014 SGR 748)
- FPU (0572805728)
- WHO World Mental Health
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Pfizer Foundation
- U.S. Public Health Service (R13-MH066849, R01-MH069864, and R01 DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (R03-TW00648)
- Pan American Health Organization
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- university students, mental illness, prevalence, common mental disorders, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, alcoholism, substance use disorders, sociodemographic correlates, mental health services, first-year students, religious affiliation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Students, World Health Organization, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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