The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 13 of the 49 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders.
Open accessAbstract
Increasingly, colleges across the world are contending with rising rates of mental disorders, and in many cases, the demand for services on campus far exceeds the available resources.
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Claims the paper makes
27 Own result · 14 Own interpretation · 13 Own method · 10 No full text of the sources · 7 Partly supported · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Supported so far · 2 Sources not found · 2 No basis given · 1 Supported · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“epidemiological studies consistently find high prevalence of these disorders among college students (Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010; Ibrahim, Kelly, Adams, & Glazebrook, 2013; Pedrelli, Nyer, Yeung, Zulauf, & Wilens, 2015).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ibrahim, Kelly, Adams, & Glazebrook, 2013 source
- Supportedcites Pedrelli, Nyer, Yeung, Zulauf, & Wilens, 2015 source
The Abstract states that mental health problems are very common among college students. The Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders section reports survey-based prevalence figures for anxiety, depression, ADHD, and eating disorders, supporting the claim that studies repeatedly find these problems common. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Only 16.4% of all 12-month cases received any treatment for these disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Auerbach, et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract’s Results report 16.4% receiving treatment, but specify students with 12-month disorders, not all cases in the surveys. The detailed Results section describes the 16.4% figure as receipt of minimally adequate treatment, a narrower measure than any treatment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This finding is broadly consistent with earlier college student surveys in documenting high recent prevalence of common mental disorders (Blanco et al., 2008; Cho et al., 2015; Eisenberg et al., 2007; Kendler et al., 2015); although most earlier surveys were carried out in the U.S. and assessed only current disorders (Merikangas et al., 2010).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Blanco et al., 2008 source
The Results report that almost half of college students met criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder in the previous year. They also describe alcohol use, personality, mood, and anxiety disorders as common or prevalent among college students, supporting the cited point about high recent prevalence. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites Cho et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Eisenberg et al., 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), which has been shown to have effects equivalent to those of face-to-face CBT (Andersson, Cuijpers, Carlbring, Riper, & Hedman, 2014)”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Andersson, Cuijpers, Carlbring, Riper, & Hedman, 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports equivalent overall post-treatment effects for guided Internet-based CBT and face-to-face CBT in the trials reviewed. The citing sentence omits the therapist-guidance qualifier; the Methods specify that unguided Internet-based CBT was not included. (LLM, conf=0.86)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We focus on the 13,984 respondents who were full-time students: 35% of whom screened positive for at least one of the common lifetime disorders assessed and 31% screened positive for at least one 12-month disorder.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Abstract
plainn = 13,984- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We focus on the 13,984 respondents who were full-time students: 35% of whom screened positive for at least one of the common lifetime disorders assessed and 31% screened positive for at least one 12-month disorder.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Abstract
plainn = 13,984- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parental education was unrelated to the disorders assessed”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Socio-Demographic and College-Related Correlates of Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“students with unmarried parents or a parent who was deceased had significantly elevated odds of both lifetime and 12-month disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Socio-Demographic and College-Related Correlates of Mental Disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, these associations were quite stable across countries, with only 6.3% of country-specific odds-ratios differing significantly from the cross-national average (Table 5).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Socio-Demographic and College-Related Correlates of Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Proportional annual persistence was considerably lower for drug use disorder (45.9%) than other disorders (62.4–73.3%).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 36
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“An earlier WMH report based on face-to-face interviews with the subset of WMH household survey respondents in 21 countries who were college students found somewhat lower lifetime (29.3%) and 12-month (25.2%) prevalence estimates of any disorder in mostly high-income countries, but this result was based on a wider range of DSM-IV disorders and on most in-depth assessments of these disorders than in”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Auerbach et al 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the number of students in need of treatment for these disorders far exceeds the resources of most counseling centers, resulting in substantial unmet need for treatment of mental disorders among college students (Auerbach, et al., 2016; Beiter et al., 2015; Storrie, Ahern, & Tuckett,”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Auerbach, et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that only 16.4% of college students with 12-month disorders received minimally adequate treatment, supporting substantial unmet treatment need. The Discussion also notes limited outpatient provider availability in lower-income countries, but the paper does not establish that demand exceeds the capacity of most college counseling centers or that counseling-center capacity causes the treatment gap. No page numbers were provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites Beiter et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (4; page not provided) says the prevalence of symptoms indicates a need to increase the number and scope of treatment programs. It does not establish that students needing treatment far outnumber the resources of most counseling centers or quantify unmet treatment need. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites Storrie, Ahern, & Tuckett, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“it is associated with substantial impairment in academic performance (Auerbach et al., 2016; Bruffaerts et al., 2018) as well as suicidal thoughts and behaviors (Mortier et al., in press).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Auerbach et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Auerbach et al. is cited for the academic-performance part of the sentence; the separate citation to Mortier et al. accompanies the suicidal-thoughts-and-behaviors part. The Abstract Results and the Results section on college attrition associate pre-matriculation disorders with leaving college, an adverse educational outcome, but do not establish impairment in academic performance such as grades or coursework. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites Bruffaerts et al., 2018 source
The Discussion reports that freshmen with mental health problems had significantly lower academic functioning, averaging a 2.9–4.7% decrease in academic-year performance compared with those without such problems. The suicidal-thoughts-and-behaviors clause is attached to a different citation, so it is not part of the claim attributed to Bruffaerts et al. (2018). (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites Mortier et al., in press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One-fifth of college students in those surveys had 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI disorders, with anxiety and mood disorders the most common class of disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Auerbach, et al., 2016 source
The Results section reports that 20.3% of college students had a 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI disorder. It also identifies anxiety disorders as the most prevalent class across the groups studied, followed by mood disorders. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is unlikely in light of this that college campuses will have sufficient resources to support student needs for mental health services, exacerbating the problems that already exist in the mental health treatment system of escalating financial expenses and long waitlists (Andersson & Titov, 2014; Webb, Rosso, & Rauch, 2017).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Andersson & Titov, 2014 source
- Partly supportedcites Webb, Rosso, & Rauch, 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) identifies treatment costs and long wait-lists as barriers to mental health care. It does not address whether college campuses will have sufficient resources to meet student needs, or say that costs and wait-lists are escalating. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These associations have typically been found to be small, but with women having higher rates of anxiety and mood disorders than men, men having higher rates of substance use disorders than women, and socio-economic background being inversely related to prevalence of all disorders (Chen & Jacobson, 2012; Eisenberg, Hunt, & Speer, 2013).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Chen & Jacobson, 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not matchedcites Eisenberg, Hunt, & Speer, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Second, only six common mental disorders were assessed in the surveys. The omission of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, eating disorders, phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, and intermittent explosive disorder are especially noteworthy because of their comparatively high prevalence in the WMH surveys (Auerbach et al., 2016)”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Auerbach et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Method > Measures section lists ADHD, phobias, PTSD, conduct disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, and intermittent explosive disorder among the disorders assessed in the WMH surveys. The Results section reports that phobias were among the most prevalent individual disorders, but our copy does not assess eating disorders or establish comparatively high prevalence for every disorder listed. The statement that only six disorders were assessed appears to concern the citing authors’ surveys, not the WMH surveys. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Syndromes typically had onsets in early-middle adolescence and persisted into the year of the survey.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although relatively modest, the strongest correlates of screening positive were older age, female sex, unmarried-deceased parents, no religious affiliation, non-heterosexual identification and behavior, low secondary school ranking, and”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“preliminary analyses reported below showed that the majority of the 50 remaining students who identified either as transgender or “other” rather than as male or female endorsed a number of mental disorders and experienced considerable impairment, leading us to focus on them in a separate report.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of these students came from the Australian sample and were older, full-time employed people who would normally be expected to access mental health services, if they were needed, through their employer or employer-sponsored health insurance rather than through their college.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Preliminary Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“extrinsically motivated (as compared to intrinsically motivated) students and students with lower high school rankings (relative to students with higher high school rankings) had elevated odds of mental disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Socio-Demographic and College-Related Correlates of Mental Disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevalence was similar for the additional respondents excluded because of missing information on gender or full-time student status (35.9%) and because of being part-time (41.2%), whereas the students who self-identified as either transgender or “other” had much higher lifetime prevalence of any disorder (76.5%).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Median age-of-onset was 14.2 years of age, from a high of 14.6 in Spain to a low of 13.6 in the U.S.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found a number of socio-demographic and college-related variables that had statistically significant but substantively modest associations (OR=1.4–1.5) with overall disorder prevalence: being female, having parents who were not married or deceased, having no religious affiliation, graduating in the bottom 70% of their high school class, and having primarily extrinsic reasons for going to”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The vast majority (89.0%) of respondents with a lifetime disorder had 12-month prevalence, from a high of 94.2% in Northern Ireland to a low of 83.3% in Spain.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Median proportional annual persistence (i.e., the proportion of years in episode between age-of-onset and age at interview) was 65.0%, from a high of 72.2% in the U.S. to a low of 50.3% in Mexico.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) was the most common of the disorders examined across all countries combined (21.2% lifetime prevalence; 18.5% 12-month prevalence) followed by generalized anxiety disorder (18.6–16.7%) (Table 3).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Results > Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each institution received ethics approval to participate in the project and all participants provided consent.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Samples
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one-third of students have one or more of the 12-month disorders considered here and other disorders that we did not consider are likely to be present among a substantial number of other students.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it also may be that (a) our assessment reflects an imbalanced assessment of internalizing versus externalizing disorders but (b) perhaps more critically, the assessment of these disorders is conducted before their peak period of onset.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Trajectory of Mental Disorders and Associated Outcomes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“in both NCS-R and NESEARC, median age-of-onset for major depression (Hasin et al., 2005) and mood disorders (Kessler et al., 2005) was ~30 years compared to ~14 years within the WMH-ICS sample.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hasin et al., 2005 source
- Not matchedcites Kessler et al., 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Item-level missing data in the completed surveys were imputed using the method of multiple imputation (MI) by chained equations (van Buuren, 2012).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Analysis methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van Buuren, 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The response rates were quite variable across countries, from a low of 7.0% in Australia to a high of 79.3% in Mexico. The weighted (by achieved sample size) mean response rate across all surveys was 45.5%.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Samples
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both sets of surveys documented that most lifetime mental disorders among college students started prior to college entrance and that persistence of these disorders was very high, suggesting that clinical interventions early in the college career might be warranted.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“There also is strong reason to believe that rates of disorders, particularly externalizing disorders (e.g., substance use disorder) and serious mental illness (e.g., bipolar disorder, thought disorders), will show higher prevalence during later college years.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Trajectory of Mental Disorders and Associated Outcomes
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Indeed, substance use disorders, bipolar disorder, and thought disorders typically emerge in the early-to-mid 20s, and the typical college lifestyle—irregular sleep, increased interpersonal stress, experimental substance use—may confer increased risk of disorder onset (Arnett, 2005; Sussman & Arnett, 2014).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Trajectory of Mental Disorders and Associated Outcomes
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these validation studies have not yet been carried out in samples of college students.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The version of the AUDIT we used, which defined alcohol use disorder as either a total score of 8+ or a score of 4+ on the AUDIT dependence questions (Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Saunders, & Monteiro, 2001), has been shown to have concordance with clinical diagnoses in the range AUC = 0.78–0.91 (Reinert & Allen, 2002).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Saunders, & Monteiro, 2001
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reinert & Allen, 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of note, the majority of WMH-ICS respondents were aged 18–19 years, and this necessarily impacts the interpretation of age-of-onset.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the response rates in the college surveys were quite variable and were lower overall than in the nationally representative face-to-face community household surveys in the WMH initiative.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is likely that more than one-third of our respondents suffered from significant distress and that fewer than the one-third suffered from a serious mental disorder.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nor do we know if calibration studies in separate countries would show that concordance of the structured questions in our diagnostic screens are equally valid in all countries.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although the surveys used well-validated screening scales calibrated to yield unbiased prevalence estimates in general population samples, calibration studies have not yet been carried out in samples of college students.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A number of internet-based interventions exist for a broad range of psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, eating disorders) and associated problems (e.g., sleep, stress) and have been shown to be effective for both prevention and treatment of these conditions (e.g., Ebert et al., 2015; Josephine, Josefine, Philipp, David, & Harald, 2017; Olthuis, Watt, Bailey, Hayden, & Stewart, 2015;”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ebert et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Josephine, Josefine, Philipp, David, & Harald, 2017 source
- Not matchedcites Olthuis, Watt, Bailey, Hayden, & Stewart, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset were assessed retrospectively, which may contribute to downward biases given recall errors.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“therefore, the true prevalence of mental disorders among college students is likely to be a good deal higher than reported in the current study; particularly as we are only including first-years students who are not yet through the high-risk periods for many common disorders.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“sub-threshold cases are known to have substantial impairment (Cuijpers, de Graaf, & van Dorsselaer, 2004; Fergusson, Horwood, Ridder, & Beautrais, 2005) and to benefit from internet-based interventions (Andersson & Cuijpers, 2009; Spek et al., 2008); potentially reducing the incidence of threshold cases (Buntrock et al., 2016).”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Improving Access to Care
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cuijpers, de Graaf, & van Dorsselaer, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fergusson, Horwood, Ridder, & Beautrais, 2005 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Andersson & Cuijpers, 2009 source
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the cross-national prevalence estimates are based on a convenience sample of colleges with relatively low and quite variable response rates, limiting generalizability of results.”
§ The WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and Distribution of Mental Disorders > Discussion > Limitations and Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
It is unclear which disorders would benefit most from internet-based CBT or how effective that treatment is in college students.
“However, little is known about the disorders for which such interventions are most needed or the effectiveness of internet-based CBT among college students.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In Mexico, students who skipped the survey despite time being reserved during required activities were treated as definite non-respondents.
“No follow-up of non-respondents was carried out in Mexico because it was assumed that students who failed to complete the survey even though time was set aside for it during mandatory activities were firm non-respondents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The diagnostic screening scales are equally valid across the countries studied and in college student samples.
“although the surveys used well-validated screening scales calibrated to yield unbiased prevalence estimates in general population samples, calibration studies have not yet been carried out in samples of college students.”
“Nor do we know if calibration studies in separate countries would show that concordance of the structured questions in our diagnostic screens are equally valid in all countries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Retrospective recall errors do not substantially bias the estimated age-of-onset.
“Fourth, lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset were assessed retrospectively, which may contribute to downward biases given recall errors.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“They are also some of the most frequently reported reasons for seeking psychological assistance amongst college-aged students [2, 3].”
From An internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy program for anxious affect, depression, and wellbeing: A randomized, parallel, two-group, waitlist-controlled trial in a Middle Eastern sample of college students (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, various epidemiological studies have shown that mental disorders are highly prevalent among emerging adults, and those suffering from a disorder at this age are more vulnerable to mental problems even 10 years later [3,4].”
From The Influence of Positive and Negative Aspects of Perfectionism on Psychological Distress in Emerging Adulthood: Exploring the Mediating Role of Self-Compassion (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In Western countries, one-third of university students have a 12-month mental disorder (2).”
From Mental health services for German university students: acceptance of intervention targets and preference for delivery modes (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Prolonged psychological stress is closely associated with mental disorders (Auerbach et al., 2018; Beiter et al., 2015; Karyotaki et al., 2020; Mortier et al., 2018)”
From Effects of self-guided stress management interventions in college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Auerbach et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the most common ones being anxiety, depression, and substance abuse disorder [3,4,6]”
From Optimization of a Transdiagnostic Mobile Emotion Regulation Intervention for University Students: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Globally, it is estimated that between 12% and 50% of all university students are affected by mental health (MH) problems [3-5]”
From Optimization of a Transdiagnostic Mobile Emotion Regulation Intervention for University Students: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is further mismatched by the level of concern in the prevalence of mental health issues among university students (Auerbach et al. 2018;Browne, Munro, and Cass 2017;Chaudhary et al. 2021)”
From How the faculty across higher education institutes are facilitated to develop skills on student mental health and well-being? – A scoping review (2025) · cites this paper as Auerbach et al. 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“College students during the young adult years are at elevated risk for the development of anxiety and depressive difficulties.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Research has also shown its deleterious impact on overall functioning and, in particular, academic performance [2, 7].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“both of which are prevalent among the university student population [3,4]”
From Optimization of a Transdiagnostic Mobile Emotion Regulation Intervention for University Students: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“High prevalence of anxiety symptoms has been reported globally in the university students.”
From Cost-effectiveness of internet-supported cognitive behavioral therapy for university students with anxiety symptoms: A Markov-model analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Differences across international sites were found for both the prevalence of mental disorders (Auerbach et al., 2018) and for the frequency of severe role impairment.”
From Severe role impairment associated with mental disorders: Results of the WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project (2018) · cites this paper as Auerbach et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“A World Health Organization study of international students across eight countries showed that almost one in three first-year international students screened positive for at least one DSM-5 disorder in the past 12 months, with ‘major depressive episode’ and ‘generalized anxiety disorder’ having the highest prevalence rates (18.5% and 16.7%, respectively; Auerbach et al., 2018).”
From The role of social support in the effectiveness of counseling for international students (2026) · cites this paper as Auerbach et al., 2018
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482 · cited 1×
“Estimates were pooled across countries to examine both main effects and all possible two-way interactions among correlates, with risk for Type I error adjusted for using the false discovery rate method (Q 0.05; Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995).”
InfluentialKessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · cited 1×
“For example, in both NCS-R and NESEARC, median age-of-onset for major depression (Hasin, Goodwin, Stinson, & Grant, 2005) and mood disorders (Kessler et al., 2005) was 30 years compared with 14 years within the WMH-ICS sample.”
Self-citationEmerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.
Arnett, J. J. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469 · Cited by 16,843 · cited 1×
“While emerging adulthood (ages 18–29 years) shares many features with these earlier and later periods, it is defined by increased autonomy from parents (e.g., leaving the home), marked shifts in social roles, and relational instability (Arnett, 2000; Sussman & Arnett, 2014).”
SAUNDERS, J. B., AASLAND, O. G., BABOR, T. F., DE LA FUENTE, J. R., & GRANT, M. (1993) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x · Cited by 13,597
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
Hu, R. J. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-226870-9/01070-4 · Cited by 9,168
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278
Self-citation(2001) · Cited by 5,455
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771 · cited 6×
“Additional items taken from the CIDI (Kessler & Ustün, 2004) were used to assess age-of-onset of each disorder and number of lifetime years with symptoms.”
InfluentialSelf-citationAge of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature
Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & ??st??n, T. B. (2007) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32816ebc8c · Cited by 3,457 · cited 2×
“However, given that the college years are a peak period for onset of many common mental disorders, particularly mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders (de Girolamo, Dagani, Purcell, Cocchi, & McGorry, 2012; Kessler et al., 2007), it is not surprising that epidemiological studies consistently find high prevalence o…”
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 2,488
A primary care pediatrician’s guide to assessing problematic interactive media use
Nereim, C., Bickham, D., & Rich, M. (2019) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000000771 · Cited by 16
“This confluence of factors likely contributed to the development of PIMU and a growing concern about the topic [52,53].”
BackgroundThe significance of feeling safe for resilience of adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa
Bandeira, M., Graham, M. A., & Ebersöhn, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1183748 · Cited by 21
“Existing literature also tends to focus either exclusively on mental health (Auerbach et al., 2018; Sankoh et al., 2018; Yu, 2018; Żemojtel-Piotrowska et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2021) or resilience (Ungar and Liebenberg, 2011; Theron, 2020b; Höltge et al.”
BackgroundWilbraham, S. J., Jones, E. J., Brewster, L., Priestley, M. J., Broglia, E., Hughes, G., & Spanner, L. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14030285 · Cited by 18
“Existing evidence indicates that students in higher education institutions are reporting elevated and increasing levels of psychological distress, with a corresponding increase in demand for university mental health services [1–3].”
BackgroundRacial and Ethnic Disparities in Barriers to Mental Health Treatment Among U.S. College Students
Doren, N. V., Zhu, Y., Vázquez, M. M., Shah, J., Grammer, A. C., Fitzsimmons‐Craft, E. E., Eisenberg, D., Wilfley, D. E., Taylor, C. B., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20230185 · Cited by 26
Farrer, L. M., Jackson, H. M., Gulliver, A., Calear, A. L., & Batterham, P. J. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241295978 · Cited by 25
“Adding to this burden, mental health problems among university students have also been associated with poorer academic performance (Bruffaerts et al., 2018; Stallman, 2010) and early course exit (Mojtabai et al., 2015).”
Mental health disparities among sexual and gender minority students in higher education
Pagliaccio, D. (2024) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2024.2404944 · Cited by 23
“19,37 Heteronormativity and prejudice can contribute to student’s feelings of isolation, as well as pressure to ‘pass’ as straight and to compart-mentalize one’s personal life.”
Keskiner, E. Ş., Şahin, E., Topkaya, N., & Yiğit, Z. (2024) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs15010006 · Cited by 18
“Although prevalence estimates vary across studies, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders are particularly common (Auerbach et al., 2018; Pedrelli et al., 2015).”
Shillington, K. J., Johnson, A. M., Mantler, T., Burke, S. M., & Irwin, J. D. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-021-00379-0 · Cited by 20
den Bergh, N. V., Vermeersch, S., Hoorelbeke, K., Vervaeke, J., Raedt, R. D., & Koster, E. H. W. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10129-w · Cited by 17
“1 3 abovementioned fear of failure program is offered to undergraduates, a population that has an increased risk for developing mood, anxiety and substance use disorders (Auerbach et al. 2018).”
BackgroundJones, S. K., Killoren, S. E., Kline, G. C., Alfaro, E. C., Chavez, F. L. C., & Salinas, E. (2021) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x21994135 · Cited by 20
“Given that men underreport mental health symptomology (Auerbach et al., 2018), examining the moderating role of gender in associations between stress and academic and adjustment outcomes is important for future work.”
BackgroundRabin, L. A., Miles, R. T., Kamata, A., Krishnan, A., Elbulok-Charcape, M. M., Stewart, G., & Compton, M. T. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113897 · Cited by 18
Castro-Camacho, L., Díaz, M. M., & Barbosa, S. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2021.04.001 · Cited by 18
Por que estudantes universitários apresentam estresse, ansiedade e depressão?
Fragelli, T. B. O., & Fragelli, R. R. (2021) · Revista Docência do Ensino Superior · doi:10.35699/2237-5864.2021.29593 · Cited by 27
Adare, A. A., Zhang, Y., Hu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.640770 · Cited by 29
“…worry of being evaluated or scrutinized by others in public (Morrison and Heimberg, 2013; Boehme et al., 2014), which has an adverse impact on academic, social, and emotional functioning of college students (Book and Randall, 2002; Auerbach et al., 2018; Jia et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019).”
BackgroundŽilinskas, E., Žulpaitė, G., Puteikis, K., & Viliūnienė, R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312737 · Cited by 18
“For example, a report by the WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student initiative estimated that the prevalence of mental disorders in a sample of nearly 14,000 students was around 30% [3].”
BackgroundAssessing the depression risk in the U.S. adults using nomogram
Zhang, Y., Tian, W., Han, X., Yan, G., Ma, Y., Huo, S., Shi, Y., Dai, S., Ni, X., Li, Z., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12798-6 · Cited by 18
“Higher education was associated with a lower risk of future depression throughout the life course [10, 11].”
BackgroundBallester, L., Alayo, I., Vilagut, G., Mortier, P., Almenara, J., Cebrià, A. I., Echeburúa, E., Gabilondo, A., Gili, M., Lagares, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.135 · Cited by 21
Self-citationNash, C. (2022) · Challenges · doi:10.3390/challe13020028 · Cited by 21
Gilbert, W., Bureau, J. S., Poëllhuber, B., & Guay, F. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04019-5 · Cited by 23
“One in three college students meets criteria for a clinically significant mental health problem such as anxiety and depression (Auerbach et al., 2018; Eskin et al., 2016).”
COVID-19 and common mental disorders among university students in South Africa
Bantjes, J. R., Swanevelder, S. A., Jordaan, E., Sampson, N. A., Petukhova, M. V., Löchner, C., Stein, D. J., & Kessler, R. C. (2023) · South African Journal of Science · doi:10.17159/sajs.2023/13594 · Cited by 18
Self-citationResearch trend of epigenetics and depression: adolescents' research needs to strengthen
Yuan, D., Meng, Y., Ai, Z., & Zhou, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1289019 · Cited by 20
Da, H., Xiang, N., Qiu, M., Abbas, S., Xiao, Q., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.005 · Cited by 18
Macalli, M., Castel, L., Jacqmin‐Gadda, H., Galesne, C., Tournier, M., Galéra, C., Pereira, E., & Tzourio, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.093 · Cited by 21
Exner‐Cortens, D., Wolfe, D. A., Crooks, C. V., & Chiodo, D. (2019) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/0829573518821508 · Cited by 19
“, 2013) and many mental health issues have their onset in the adolescent period (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
BackgroundHow Can Psychological Science Contribute to a Healthier, Happier, and More Sustainable World?
Gruber, J., Saxbe, D., Bushman, B. J., McNamara, T. P., & Rhodes, M. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618821624 · Cited by 17
Dagani, J., Buizza, C., Ferrari, C., & Ghilardi, A. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00922-x · Cited by 19
“In this web-survey the response rate is higher compared to other studies (Ridner et al. 2016; Lanthier-Veilleux et al. 2016; Auerbach et al. 2018; Mortier et al. 2018); however, we could not analyse possible nonresponse bias because we have not had the chance to collect data on students refusing to…”
ResultBraun, L., Titzler, I., Terhorst, Y., Freund, J., Thielecke, J., Ebert, D. D., & Baumeister, H. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100455 · Cited by 20
Self-citationHobbs, C., Jelbert, S. A., Santos, L. R., & Hood, B. M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263514 · Cited by 22
“In a global survey across eight countries, 31% of students screened positive for a mental health disorder [6].”
BackgroundPsychological state and its correlates of local college students in Wuhan during COVID‐19 pandemic
Liu, F., Dai, L., Cai, Y., Chen, X., Li, J., & Shi, L. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22699 · Cited by 19
“Moreover, one study on the age of onset of mental disorders showed that college students, who are going through the transition from adolescents to adults (Auerbach et al., 2018), are at a peak period of getting emotional disorders (de Girolamo et al.”
BackgroundApakah spiritualitas berkontribusi terhadap kesehatan mental mahasiswa?
Wahyuni, E. N., & Bariyyah, K. (2019) · Jurnal EDUCATIO Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia · doi:10.29210/120192334 · Cited by 18
An examination of help‐seeking preferences via best–worst scaling
Lannin, D. G., Barrowclough, M. J., & Vogel, D. L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22945 · Cited by 18
Braun, L., Terhorst, Y., Titzler, I., Freund, J., Thielecke, J., Ebert, D. D., & Baumeister, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192113858 · Cited by 17
“QIDS-SR16 and a self-report version of the Composite International Diagnosis Interview (CIDI-SC) in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project version [66] were both applied to assess onset and remission of potential depression.”
MethodSelf-citationFostering resilience among university students: the role of teaching and learning environments
Wang, F., Huang, P., Xi, Y., & King, R. B. (2025) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-025-01484-2 · Cited by 41
“For example, a survey conducted in eight countries by the World Health Organization found that approximately 35.3% of undergraduate students experienced well-being problems, such as depression and anxiety (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
InfluentialNtumi, S., Upoalkpajor, J.-L. N., & Nimo, D. G. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03256-0 · Cited by 35
“This approach enhanced sampling transparency and supported the generalizability of findings across diverse student subgroups [11, 15, 16].”
Advancing Mental Health Supports for Autistic Postsecondary Students: A Call for Research
Gunin, G. B., Gravino, A., & Bal, V. H. (2021) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0044 · Cited by 22
“13,48 Recent large-scale research efforts that have addressed mental health needs of postsecondary students in the United States 17 and internationally 49 have not explored needs of autistic students or other special populations.”
Gangguan Psikologis dan Kesejahteraan Psikologis pada Mahasiswa Baru
Triwahyuni, A., & Prasetio, C. E. (2021) · Psikologika Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Psikologi · doi:10.20885/psikologika.vol26.iss1.art3 · Cited by 17
Coninck, D. D., Matthijs, K., & Luyten, P. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23149 · Cited by 16
“The issue of depression in university students has not received much attention in the literature (Auerbach et al., 2018; Ibrahim et al., 2013), despite the potential high societal cost of depression in students as they represent “the future of any community, its hope and potential leaders” (Ibrahim et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialGatto, A. J., Elliott, T. J., Briganti, J. S., Stamper, M. J., Porter, N. D., Brown, A. M., Harden, S. M., Cooper, L. D., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.858370 · Cited by 24
Zhang, C., Ma, W., Chen, Z., He, C., Zhang, Y., & Tao, Q. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14214508 · Cited by 21
“Poor mental health in college students has far-reaching effects on every aspect of life, such as impaired academic performance, disturbed sleep, impaired social functioning, and increased substance abuse [3].”
BackgroundAlawadhi, Y. T., Smith, M. R., & King, K. M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23458 · Cited by 20
Huang, X., Zhou, Y., Yang, R., Li, D., Hu, J., Xue, Y., Wan, Y., Fang, J. Q., & Zhang, S. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16326-y · Cited by 20
“Globally, approximately 31% of college students screened positive for a mental health disorder in 2017 [2].”
BackgroundDong, J., Hassan, N. C., Hassan, A., Chen, D., & Guo, W. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14010015 · Cited by 17
“At present, the incidence of psychological problems among college students is fright-eningly high, among which depression, anxiety, stress, and other diseases are the most common, accounting for 76%, 88.4%, and 45.5% [3–5].”
BackgroundInfluentialAlasqah, I., Al-Hamdan, A., Alhouri, M., & Alfehaid, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1271536 · Cited by 16
Listiyandini, R. A., Andriani, A., Afsari, N., Krisnamurthi, P. B. U., Moulds, M. L., Mahoney, A., & Newby, J. M. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02346-1 · Cited by 27
“Psychological distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) among university students is prevalent globally (Auerbach et al., 2018), including in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), like Indonesia (Kaloeti et al., 2018).”
Mokhwelepa, L. W., & Sumbane, G. O. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21050593 · Cited by 18
“To bolster this perspective even further, research has shown that medical students are more likely than the general population to experience depression, anxiety, burnout, and general psychological discomfort [5,11–16].”
BackgroundWang, Y., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Li, X., & Zhong, Y. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21482-4 · Cited by 18
Braun, L., Titzler, I., Ebert, D. D., Buntrock, C., Terhorst, Y., Freund, J., Thielecke, J., & Baumeister, H. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2244-y · Cited by 18
“Further, Items adapted from the Composite International Diagnosis Interview version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) and Screening Scales (CIDI-SC) [78], and the Epi-Q Screening Survey [79] as applied in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project [80] are used to assess presence of major depressive episod…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationCaycho‐Rodríguez, T., Vilca, L. W., Plante, T. G., Carbajal‐León, C., Cabrera-Orosco, I., Cadena, C. H. G., & Reyes-Bossio, M. A. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00949-0 · Cited by 20
“In fact, recent studies show that around one-third to half of the undergraduate students suffer from depression and anxiety, and their symptoms tend to worsen as they progress through their time in college (Auerbach et al., 2018; Evans et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBecerra, M. B., Arias, D., Cha, L., & Becerra, B. J. (2020) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-05-2020-0033 · Cited by 17
Pulido‐Martos, M., Cortés-Denia, D., de la Rosa-Blanca, J. J., & López‐Zafra, E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249590 · Cited by 21
“Providing to education professionals an instrument such as the SMVM-S would help to better understand the role that PA has in reducing risks and improving the well-being of university students, who show a high rate of psychological disorders [77], and a decrease in AP compared with other educational stages [78] and wh…”
BackgroundA risk algorithm that predicts alcohol use disorders among college students
Benjet, C. L., Mortier, P., Kiekens, G., Ebert, D. D., Auerbach, R. P., Kessler, R. C., Cuijpers, P. J., Green, J. G., Nock, M. K., Demyttenaere, K., et al. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01712-3 · Cited by 18
“Apart from personal, social, and intellectual challenges and achievements, the college years are also a peak period for the prevalence of mental disorders [2, 3], with around one-third of incoming college students meeting criteria for a 12-month mental disorder [4, 5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationApolinário-Hagen, J., Fritsche, L., Wopperer, J., Wals, F., Harrer, M., Lehr, D., Ebert, D. D., & Salewski, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.738950 · Cited by 16
Self-citationMansur‐Alves, M., Gomes, C. M. A., Peixoto, C. B., Bocardi, M. B., Diniz, M. L. N., de Freitas, S. K. P., Pereira, E. G., Álvares-Teodoro, J., Ribeiro, P. C. C., & Teodoro, M. L. M. (2021) · Psico · doi:10.15448/1980-8623.2021.3.41332 · Cited by 20
“Other socio-demographic factors (e.g., educational level, marital status, occupational status, and others) yielded diverse results, and sexual orientation data were not analyzed in the identified longitudinal studies, despite cross-sectional evidence of LGBTQ+ groups being significantly more affected (Suen et al., 202…”
BackgroundInfluentialCamilleri, C., Fogle, C. S., O'Brien, K. G., & Sammut, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.801859 · Cited by 17
Charbonnier, É., Goncalves, A., Puechlong, C., Montalescot, L., & Vigouroux, S. L. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14040782 · Cited by 18
Kählke, F., Hasking, P., Küchler, A.-M., & Baumeister, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1284661 · Cited by 18
Self-citationAguirre, P., Michelini, Y., Bravo, A. J., Pautassi, R. M., & Pilatti, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306146 · Cited by 29
Griffin, S. M., Lebedová, A., Cruwys, T., McMahon, G., Foran, A., Skrodzka, M., Gallagher, S. M., Ginty, A. T., & Muldoon, O. T. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12608 · Cited by 25
“For instance, the World Health Organization found 35% of first year students (>13,000 students, eight countries) screened positive for common mental health disorders (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
Köksal, B., & Topkaya, N. (2021) · Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.37217/tebd.933931 · Cited by 17
Ying, Y., Jing, C., & Zhang, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.878884 · Cited by 18
“College students may also be vulnerable to mental health problems considering the various challenges they face while moving from adolescence to young adulthood, including the collective stress and financial strain in the context of a pandemic (6).”
BackgroundZurlo, M. C., Vallone, F., & Volta, M. F. C. D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610443 · Cited by 17
“In the last decades, growing research attention has been given to university students’ well-being [1,2].”
BackgroundPeynenburg, V. A., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Thiessen, D., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/40637 · Cited by 21
“Depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and alcohol misuse are the most common mental health concerns among students and are associated with academic difficulties [2], distress [3], and increased risk of suicide [1].”
Morris, C. S., Ingram, P. B., Mitchell, S. M., & Victor, S. E. (2022) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2022.2110899 · Cited by 16
“Given that depression is so common and impactful for college students (Auerbach et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2019), and counseling is effective for alleviating some of these concerns (Cuijpers et al.”
BackgroundBroglia, E., & Barkham, M. (2024) · Cogent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28324765.2023.2301339 · Cited by 17
“Studies, like the extensive multinational research by Auerbach et al. (2018) involving 13,984 students, provide evidence indicating that mental health conditions for university students typically begin at 14.2 years old.”
InfluentialHernández-Torrano, D., & Ibrayeva, L. (2024) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-024-00839-0 · Cited by 17
“This trend has been replicated in a cross-country comparative study that included university student samples across all continents except for Asia (Auerbach et al., 2018).”
InfluentialWhitwer, M. D., Wilson, S., Hammer, J. H., & Gomer, B. (2025) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/jee.20629 · Cited by 20
“…et al., 2007) and can impact student retention and success (Bruffaerts et al., 2018; Gerdes & Mallinckrodt, 1994; Wynaden et al., 2013), it is necessary to ensure that students are getting the treatment that they need (Bruffaerts et al., 2018; Gerdes & Mallinckrodt, 1994; Wynaden et al., 2013).”
Webb, H., & Schmidt, U. H. (2020) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2795 · Cited by 18
Cao, H., Zhou, N., Li, X., Serido, J., & Shim, S. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.166 · Cited by 16
Yunusova, A., Lai, J., Rivera, A. P., Hu, S., Labbaf, S., Rahmani, A. M., Dutt, N. D., Jain, R., & Borelli, J. L. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/25775 · Cited by 15
“Adolescence and young adulthood are at-risk periods of development wherein mental disorder and mortality incidence rates largely increase [6-9].”
Asikainen, H., & Katajavuori, N. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/23613 · Cited by 20
The impact of the campus climate and mental health literacy on students’ wellbeing
McGuirk, E., & Frazer, P. (2021) · The Journal of Mental Health Training Education and Practice · doi:10.1108/jmhtep-12-2020-0088 · Cited by 16
Carr, A. M., & Pendry, P. (2021) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2021.1963545 · Cited by 16
“…dysfunction are more likely to experience impaired academic success (Eisenberg et al., 2009), which may culminate in discontinuous enrollment (Arria et al., 2013), attrition from college (Auerbach et al., 2018) or even increased risk for self-harm or more seriously, suicide (Wyatt et al., 2017).”
BackgroundOman, S., & Bull, A. (2021) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00380261211049024 · Cited by 19
“While data on well-being may be inconsistent for reasons we allude to below, international research indicates that 36% of PhD students have sought help (Nature, 2019) and 31% had shown signs of major depression, general anxiety disorder or a panic disorder, in the previous 12 months (Auerbach et al., 2018), while acad…”
BackgroundResultGilley, K. N., Baroudi, L., Yu, M., Gainsburg, I., Reddy, N., Bradley, C. M., Cislo, C., Rozwadowski, M., Clingan, C., DeMoss, M., et al. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/34645 · Cited by 16
“These data further highlight the high prevalence of mental health problems in current college students [35].”
BackgroundInternet Use and Psychosomatic Symptoms among University Students: Cross-Sectional Study
Štiglic, G., Creber, R. M., & Cilar, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031774 · Cited by 16
“Mental health problems among university students are highly prevalent [10–15] and are estimated to affect between 12–48% of students [16].”
BackgroundTebbeb, N., Villemagne, F., Prieur, T., Dorier, S., Fort, E., Célarier, T., Fontana, L., Barth, N., & Pélissier, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19074061 · Cited by 19
“Previous studies have shown the value of early detection of mental illness in medical management and have shown that early identification of mental illness without appropriate medical management can be associated with increased injury [31,32].”
BackgroundBalloo, K., Hosein, A., Byrom, N., & Essau, C. A. (2022) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101149 · Cited by 37
Role of AI/ML in the study of mental health problems of the students: a bibliometric study
Rajkishan, S. S., Meitei, A. J., & Singh, A. (2023) · International Journal of Systems Assurance Engineering and Management · doi:10.1007/s13198-023-02052-6 · Cited by 18
“One in three college students reports one or more mental health problems (Hunt and Eisenberg 2010; Auerbach et al. 2018; Bruffaerts et al. 2018).”
Rethinking double jeopardy: Justice and finality in criminal process
Dennis, I. (2000) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 15
Remskar, M., Western, M. J., Maynard, O., & Ainsworth, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.984232 · Cited by 26
“Evidence suggests that a third of students experience clinical-level anxiety, mood, or substance disorder during their time at university (Auerbach et al., 2018), with depression alone affecting one in four (Sheldon et al.”
BackgroundLee, S., & Arora, I. S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23509 · Cited by 15
She, Y., Wang, Q., Liu, F., Lin, L., Yang, B., & Hu, B. (2023) · Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds · doi:10.1002/cav.2184 · Cited by 15
“detailed transformational steps to build (1) an interaction guidance process, (2)”
BackgroundMethodMannerström, R., Haarala-Muhonen, A., Parpala, A., Hailikari, T. K., & Salmela‐Aro, K. (2023) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-023-00706-4 · Cited by 16
“Thus, according to Côté, (2019), the now widespread experience of challenging studies and mental health issues are a symptom of unresolved identity issues and related poor internal motivation (see also Auerbach et al., 2018).”
Zhang, R., Jiao, G., Guan, Y., Huang, Q., & Pan, J. (2023) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s403932 · Cited by 16
“Therefore, the mental health problems of college students have become prominent and drawn the attention of researchers worldwide.(54,55) In particular, depressive symptoms and depression have a high prevalence in college students, and are widely concerned.”
BackgroundVisvalingam, S., Magson, N. R., Newins, A. R., & Norberg, M. M. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12868 · Cited by 18
Williams, A. J., Freed, M., Theofanopoulou, N., Roquet, C. D., Klasnja, P., Gross, J. J., Schleider, J. L., & Slovák, P. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/46826 · Cited by 19
“Alongside anxiety disorders, students are known to struggle with mood and substance use disorders [1-3] that can be associated with the onset of university education [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialHuang, H., Huang, S., Chen, S., Gao, X., Cai, J., Feng, Y., Liu, J., Su, X., Qiu, J., Zhang, S., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100431 · Cited by 22
“To be specific, post-secondary students are at a high risk of developing mental health problems and university students may suffer from mental diseases in any given year (Auerbach et al., 2018; Ibrahim, Kelly, Adams & Glazebrook, 2013).”
BackgroundChen, J., Liu, Y., Zhu, K., Dai, J., & Wang, C. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29477 · Cited by 18
“The severity of mental health issues among college students has been on the rise, and help-seeking behaviors have also increased gradually [5,6, 13 – 16].”
BackgroundShaikh, M. S., Dong, X., Zheng, G., Wang, C., & Lin, Y. (2024) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math12111620 · Cited by 16
Antunes‐Alves, S., & Langmuir, T. (2021) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12390 · Cited by 17
Prevalence and factors associated to depression and suicidal behavior among medical students
Neres, B. S. P., Aquino, M. L. A., & Pedroso, V. S. P. (2021) · Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000351 · Cited by 18
“In the same way, the WHO has recently recommended the creation of mental health services for university students 65 .”
BackgroundProfiling third-level student mental health: findings from My World Survey 2
Mahon, C., Fitzgerald, A., O’Reilly, A., & Dooley, B. A. (2022) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2021.85 · Cited by 16
A Machine Learning Study to Predict Anxiety on Campuses in Lebanon
Mahalingam, M., Jammal, M., Hoteit, R., et al. (2023) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/shti230430 · Cited by 15
“Students are facing surges in psychological distress as reported by World Health Organization [1].”
BackgroundPromoting Physical Activity Education Through General Education: Looking Back and Moving Forward
Cardinal, B. J. (2020) · Kinesiology Review · doi:10.1123/kr.2020-0031 · Cited by 15
Mental and physical well-being among students in Germany: results from the StudiBiFra study
Heinrichs, K., Lehnchen, J., Burian, J., Deptolla, Z., Heumann, E., Helmer, S. M., Kucenko, S., & Stock, C. (2024) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-024-02348-2 · Cited by 14
Ma, Y., & Mumtaz, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1678367 · Cited by 48
Relação entre Transtornos Mentais Comuns e a ingestão dietética de universitários da área da saúde
Sousa, A. R., dos Reis, D. M., de Vasconcelos, T. M., Abdon, A. P. V., Machado, S. P., & Bezerra, I. N. (2021) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232021269.07172020 · Cited by 18
“Vittalle-RevCicenSaude 2019; 31(1):44-51.”
Factors Contributing to Student Wellbeing: Student Perspectives
Eloff, I., O’Neil, S., & Kanengoni, H. (2022) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85924-4_10 · Cited by 16
Piko, B. F., Kiss, H., Rátky, D., & Fitzpatrick, K. M. (2022) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001563 · Cited by 16
Association between Grief and Somatic Complaints in Bereaved University and College Students
Sillis, L., Claes, L., & Andriessen, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912108 · Cited by 15
“While this can be a very gratifying stage of life, due to biopsychosocial developments, they are also vulnerable for developing mental health problems, such as anxiety, mood, and substance abuse disorders, and problems with social functioning [6,7].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Auerbach, R. P., Collaborators, W. W.-I., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hasking, P., Murray, E., Nock, M. K., Pinder-Amaker, S., Sampson, N. A., Stein, D. J., Vilagut, G., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Municipal Institute for Medical Research (ES)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Boston University (US)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Auerbach, Randy P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 623-638
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC6193834
- OpenAlex
- W2891230948
- Semantic Scholar
- e4bb2ff549f8438750959e9e3e0c679bbd9381f7
- Cited by
- 2,522
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 410 · 2025: 396 · 2024: 387 · 2023: 369 · 2022: 319 · 2021: 372 · 2020: 183 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 216.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R56MH109566, R01MH070884)
- Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (11N0514N/11N0516N/1114717N)
- King Baudouin Foundation (2014-J2140150-102905)
- Eli Lilly (IIT-H6U-BX-I002)
- BARMER
- Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (636110005)
- Protestants Fonds voorde Geestelijke Volksgezondheid
- South African Medical Research Council
- Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (PI13/00343)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CM14/00125, CD12/00440)
- European Union Regional Development Fund
- Ulster University
- Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad (2015I015)
- DIUE Generalitat de Catalunya (2017 SGR 452; 2014 SGR 748)
- FPU (0572805728)
- WHO World Mental Health
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Pfizer Foundation
- U.S. Public Health Service (R13-MH066849, R01-MH069864, and R01 DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (R03-TW00648)
- Pan American Health Organization
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- university students, mental illness, prevalence, common mental disorders, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, alcoholism, substance use disorders, sociodemographic correlates, mental health services, first-year students, religious affiliation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Students, World Health Organization, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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