The DOI matches its Crossref record; 267 of the 267 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of sleep on memory for conditioned fear and fear extinction.
Open accessAbstract
Learning and memory for extinction of conditioned fear is a basic mammalian mechanism for regulating negative emotion. Sleep promotes both the consolidation of memory and the regulation of emotion. Sleep can influence consolidation and modification of memories associated with both fear and its extinction. After brief overviews of the behavior and neural circuitry associated with fear conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction memory in the rodent and human, interactions of sleep with these processes will be examined. Animal and human studies suggest that sleep can serve to consolidate both fear and extinction memory. In humans, sleep also promotes generalization of extinction memory. Time-of-day effects on extinction learning and generalization are also seen. Rapid eye movement (REM) may be a sleep stage of particular importance for the consolidation of both fear and extinction memory as evidenced by selective REM deprivation experiments. REM sleep is accompanied by selective activation of the same limbic structures implicated in the learning and memory of fear and extinction. Preliminary evidence also suggests extinction learning can take place during slow wave sleep. Study of low-level processes such as conditioning, extinction, and habituation may allow sleep effects on emotional memory to be identified and inform study of sleep's effects on more complex, emotionally salient declarative memories. Anxiety disorders are marked by impairments of both sleep and extinction memory. Improving sleep quality may ameliorate anxiety disorders by strengthening naturally acquired extinction. Strategically timed sleep may be used to enhance treatment of anxiety by strengthening therapeutic extinction learned via exposure therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record
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“Which of these competing memory representations is selectively strengthened depends on contextual factors such a recency of learning and replay [109].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [109]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“Novel research with adults has found that sleep following exposure therapy strengthens extinction learning, which is the learning thought to underlie exposure therapy (Pace‐Schott et al., 2015).”
From Using sleep to enhance exposure treatment for anxious children: A pilot study. (2026) · cites this paper as Pace‐Schott et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Neuroimaging research using de novo fear-conditioning and extinction paradigms has revealed areas in the brain associated with experiencing conditioned fear (a “fear expression network”) in the amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and other areas associated with memory for the extinction (inhibition) of this fear (an “extinction memory network”) that includes the hippocampus and”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with consolidation of emotional memory (reviewed in [8–10]), and REM sleep has been suggested to be the stage of sleep during which emotion is regulated [75].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“The effects of limbic hyperarousal in REM sleep on consolidation of conditioned fear and its extinction may be to bias consolidation processes taking place via neuronal replay and other mechanisms during sleep (reviewed in reference [8]) toward the fear expression and away from the fear extinction networks described above.”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Deprivation, curtailment, and fragmentation of sleep, and specifically REM sleep, can affect the processing of emotional memory including the consolidation and generalization of extinction (reviewed in [8]).”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
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Citations
Cites
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Items 201–219 of 219
Sleep’s Role for Enhancing Extinction Memory in Anxiety Disorders: Implications for Exposure Therapy
Cox, R. C., Bottary, R. M., Alfano, C. A., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2025) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-025-00331-1
“…of anxiety disorders, such as fear overgeneralization (i.e., taking fear learned from one situation and applying it too broadly to other situations) and difficulty retaining extinction memories (i.e., integration of contradictory, non-aversive experiences with feared objects or situations) [5, 6].”
Self-citationRusin, K., Myers, A., Rech, M. E., Spencer, R. M. C., & Alfano, C. (2026) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsag039
“Specifically, REM sleep is thought to play an important role in processes that aid recovery, such as fear extinction and generalization (Pace-Schott et al., 2015).”
McGrory, C. M., Fireman, G. D., Bottary, R. M., Lasko, N. B., Simon, N. M., Baker, A. W., Liverant, G. I., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10664-4
Self-citationA dual-retrieval-mode extinction procedure reduces fear renewalPreprint
Zeng, Y., Li, Z., & Wang, H. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675473
Treating Insomnia in Individuals with Comorbid Anxiety or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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Self-citationDifferential Associations Between Sleep Domains and Response to Prolonged Exposure Therapy
Yap, D. L., Bailey, B., Weldon, H., Grös, D. F., Acierno, R. E., Muzzy, W. A., & Hernandez‐Tejada, M. A. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15121654
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Lyons, A. L., Jiang, X., Rawliuk, T., Burleigh, L. M., Horner, S., Grégoire, L., & Greening, S. G. (2026) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsag031
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Bhagat, P. P., Sharma, T. G., Shirasath, K. R., Goyal, S. N., & Awathale, S. N. (2026) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.06.033
Chhabra, H., Ma, Y., Genç, E., Nitsche, M. A., & Yavari, F. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-04190-4
“During late extinction, the insular cortex and temporal pole were active in the sham tDCS group, but no signi fi cant activations were found in the real tDCS group.”
Zeng, L., Ma, Y. N., & Yang, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1877295
“In contrast, sleep deprivation may interfere with the generalization offear extinction memory and could hinder emotional recovery (24).”
An Adaptive Network Model for Burnout and the Regulatory Role of Dreaming
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Late sleep enhances fear extinction recall in posttraumatic stress disorder
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Key circuits through which sleep affects memory and their role in Alzheimer's disease
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Disrupted fear regulation in insomnia disorder revealed by arousal estimation from skin conductance
Hwang, T., Khazaei, S., Pace-Schott, E. F., Bottary, R. M., & Faghih, R. T. (2026) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000720
“…as a biomarker of emotional arousal and affective regulation [32], and is widely utilized in fear conditioning and extinction procedures [14–18, 20– 22, 24 , 26, Rather than relying solely on SC as an indirect measure of emotional arousal, Wickramasuriya et al. [46] introduced a state-space…”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Pace-Schott, E. F., Germain, A., & Milad, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 141
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 835-857
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- PMC
- PMC4486610
- OpenAlex
- W2024057471
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 267
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 12.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Sponsor name not included (MH090357; USAMRAA Log11293006; MH097965)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- sleep, fear extinction, fear conditioning, extinction memory consolidation, REM sleep, slow-wave sleep, emotional memory, anxiety disorders, exposure therapy, time of day effects, limbic system, memory generalization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conditioning, Psychological, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Humans, Learning, Memory, Sleep, Models, Animal
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