Are the Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus Functionally Distinct Structures?
Open accessAbstract
One literature treats the hippocampus as a purely cognitive structure involved in memory; another treats it as a regulator of emotion whose dysfunction leads to psychopathology. We review behavioral, anatomical, and gene expression studies that together support a functional segmentation into three hippocampal compartments: dorsal, intermediate, and ventral. The dorsal hippocampus, which corresponds to the posterior hippocampus in primates, performs primarily cognitive functions. The ventral (anterior in primates) relates to stress, emotion, and affect. Strikingly, gene expression in the dorsal hippocampus correlates with cortical regions involved in information processing, while genes expressed in the ventral hippocampus correlate with regions involved in emotion and stress (amygdala and hypothalamus).
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The hippocampus is an important brain region involved in consolidation and storage of long-term memories, cognition and emotional processing.
“The hippocampus is an important brain region involved in the consolidation and storage of long-term memories, cognition and emotional processing [54, 55].”
From Sex chromosomes and sex hormones differently shape microglial properties during normal physiological conditions in the adult mouse hippocampus (2025) · cites this paper as [54]
The Memory & Cognition and Emotion sections link the hippocampus to memory, cognition, and emotional function. The Anatomic Connectivity section suggests a role in memory consolidation, but attributes long-term retention of contextual fear memories to the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices; our copy does not establish that the hippocampus stores long-term memories. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredProcessing of sensory signals into memories in rodents involves dorsal hippocampus networks.
“processing of sensory signals into memories in rodents involves dorsal hippocampus networks.9,10”
From Preferential loss of dorsal-hippocampus synapses underlies memory impairments provoked by short, multimodal stress (2014) · cites this paper as [9]
Ventral hippocampus has distinct afferent/efferent connections including robust pathways to amygdala, which may enhance the emotional salience of memories.
“In contrast, ventral hippocampus is endowed with distinct afferent/efferent connections9,11 including robust pathways to amygdala,12,13 which may enhance the emotional salience of memories.9,14”
From Preferential loss of dorsal-hippocampus synapses underlies memory impairments provoked by short, multimodal stress (2014) · cites this paper as [9]
Dorsal hippocampus primarily projects to cortical structures, whereas ventral hippocampus outflow targets subcortical regions including amygdala and hypothalamus.
“dorsal hippocampus primarily projects to cortical structures, whereas outflow from ventral hippocampus targets subcortical regions including amygdala and hypothalamus.9,11,13”
From Preferential loss of dorsal-hippocampus synapses underlies memory impairments provoked by short, multimodal stress (2014) · cites this paper as [9]
Dorsal hippocampus in the rodent, primarily CA1, is the principal location of memory encoding and processing.
“Dorsal hippocampus in the rodent, and primarily CA1, has emerged as the principal location of memory encoding and processing”
From Preferential loss of dorsal-hippocampus synapses underlies memory impairments provoked by short, multimodal stress (2014) · cites this paper as [9]
Ventral hippocampus contributes to a network involved in salience and emotionality.
“ventral hippocampus contributes to a network involved in salience and emotionality.9,10,25,117”
From Preferential loss of dorsal-hippocampus synapses underlies memory impairments provoked by short, multimodal stress (2014) · cites this paper as [9]
The dorsal hippocampus supports spatial navigation learning and memory, and the ventral hippocampus is important for anxiety and stress regulation.
“Studies have shown that different parts of the hippocampus serve these different functions, with the dorsal hippocampus supporting spatial navigation learning and memory, and the ventral hippocampus as important for anxiety and stress regulation (Fanselow and Dong, 2010; Kheirbek et al., 2013).”
From Adult neurogenesis, glia, and the extracellular matrix (2019) · cites this paper as Fanselow and Dong, 2010
The anterior hippocampus in humans is considered analogous to the vHIP in rodents.
“a region that is considered analogous to the vHIP in rodents (22).”
From Perineuronal nets, inhibitory interneurons and anxiety-related ventral hippocampal neuronal oscillations are altered by early life adversity (2019) · cites this paper as [22]
The vHIP is functionally distinct from the dHIP and has been implicated in anxiety regulation.
“The vHIP was analyzed separately as it is functionally distinct from the dHIP and has been implicated in anxiety regulation (22).”
From Perineuronal nets, inhibitory interneurons and anxiety-related ventral hippocampal neuronal oscillations are altered by early life adversity (2019) · cites this paper as [22]
YFP expression in the Amigo2-Cre line was selective and robust in CA2 pyramidal neurons throughout dorsal hippocampus.
“We observed selective and robust YFP expression in CA2 PNs throughout dorsal hippocampus9-11”
From The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
Ventral/temporal hippocampus is more involved in anxiety and emotional processing, while dorsal/septal portions are more involved in learning and memory.
“with ventral/temporal portions more involved in anxiety and emotional processing, and dorsal/septal portions more involved in learning and memory [41].”
From An emerging circuit pharmacology of GABAA receptors (2018) · cites this paper as [41]
The dorsal and ventral hippocampus exhibit functional heterogeneity.
“The dorsal and ventral hippocampus exhibit functional heterogeneity”
From The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: Behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties (2020) · cites this paper as Fanselow and Dong, 2010
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- Authors
- Fanselow, M. S., & Dong, H.-W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fanselow, Michael S.
- Dong, Hong-Wei
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-19
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2822727
- OpenAlex
- W2051005796
- Cited by
- 3,358
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 187 · 2025: 215 · 2024: 220 · 2023: 242 · 2022: 246 · 2021: 286 · 2020: 248 · 2019: 235 · 2018: 234 · 2017: 202 · 2016: 193 · 2015: 196 · 2014: 210 · 2013: 165 · 2012: 141
- FWCI
- 10.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 1293 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH083180, MH62122)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- hippocampus, dorsal hippocampus, ventral hippocampus, cognitive function, emotion regulation, stress, gene expression, amygdala, hypothalamus, memory, psychopathology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Cognition, Emotions, Gene Expression Regulation, Hippocampus, Humans, Memory, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Primates
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