Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex
Open accessAbstract
Negative emotional stimuli activate a broad network, including the medial prefrontal (mPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortices. An early influential view dichotomized these regions into dorsal-caudal “cognitive” and ventral-rostral “affective” subdivisions. In this review, we examine a wealth of recent research on negative emotions in animals and humans, using the example of fear/anxiety, and conclude that, contrary to the traditional dichotomy, both subdivisions make key contributions to emotional processing. Specifically, dorsal-caudal regions of the ACC/mPFC are involved in appraisal and expression of negative emotion, while ventral-rostral portions of the ACC/mPFC have a regulatory role with respect to limbic regions involved in generating emotional responses. Moreover, this new framework is broadly consistent with emerging data on other negative and positive emotions.
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Particular connectivity between the dMPFC and the rostral ACC has been implicated in the conscious appraisal of emotion.
“particular connectivity between the dMPFC and the rostral ACC has been implicated in the conscious appraisal of emotion (Etkin et al., 2011),”
From Distinct functional connectivities predict clinical response with emotion regulation therapy (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
The ‘Amygdala-ACC/mPFC functional connectivity’ section (page not provided) links dorsal ACC/mPFC connectivity with negative-emotion appraisal and expression. It does not identify connectivity specifically between the dmPFC and rostral ACC or link that connection to conscious appraisal. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreased late-phase dACC activation in the acceptance condition was found in regions that directly overlap with those reported in the extinction of contextual fear, and in particular the early stages of within-session extinction.
“Increased late-phase dACC activation in the acceptance condition was found in regions that directly overlap with those reported in the extinction of contextual fear, and in particular the early stages of within-session extinction (Lang et al., 2009; Etkin et al., 2011).”
From Neural correlates of emotion acceptance<i>vs</i>worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
The “Fear conditioning and extinction in humans” section (page unavailable) reports dACC activation during within-session fear extinction and notes that activation in early trials may reflect residual conditioned fear. It does not establish that the extinction was specifically of contextual fear or document direct spatial overlap with the citing study’s acceptance-condition activation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPregenual ACC has been implicated in social pain and rejection, regulation of emotional conflicts, and responses to social-evaluative threat.
“Like dACC, pregenual ACC has been implicated in social pain and rejection (Rotge et al., 2014), as well as during the regulation of emotional conflicts (Etkin et al., 2011), and responses to social-evaluative threat (Wager et al., 2009).”
From Neural responses to social threat and predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
The dACC is involved in monitoring and appraisal of potential threat and emotion conflict.
“The dACC has been shown to be involved in monitoring and appraisal of potential threat and emotion conflict (Etkin et al., 2011).”
From Neural responses to social threat and predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
Etkin et al. proposes both dorsal and ventral ACC sections to be involved in emotion processing, with dorsal regions playing a role in evaluation and expression of negative affect, and ventral regions (subgenual and pregenual ACC) having a regulatory role by inhibiting the emotional response via the limbic system.
“Etkin et al. (45) proposes both sections to be involved in emotion processing, but with the dorsal regions playing a role in evaluation and expression of negative affect, and the ventral regions (subgenual and pregenual ACC) having a regulatory role by inhibiting the emotional response via the limbic system.”
From SSRI Treatment Response Prediction in Depression Based on Brain Activation by Emotional Stimuli (2020) · cites this paper as [45]
Hot cognitive control shows some dissociations from cool cognitive control.
“Many PFC areas are particularly associated with control over emotionally relevant information (hot CC) [60–64, 66], which, as discussed earlier, show some dissociations from cool CC.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [64]
Many prefrontal cortex areas are particularly associated with control over emotionally relevant information (hot cognitive control).
“Many PFC areas are particularly associated with control over emotionally relevant information (hot CC) [60–64, 66], which, as discussed earlier, show some dissociations from cool CC.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [64]
dACC activation is associated with appraisal and expression of fear and pain, as well as a sense of personal agency or will to persevere.
“This is consistent with previous work showing that dACC activation is associated with appraisal and expression of fear and pain (Etkin et al. 2011), as well as a sense of personal agency or will to persevere (Parvizi et al. 2013).”
From Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity Associated with Hypnosis (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al. 2011
Some parts of cACC are highly involved in emotional processes including negative valence such as pain unpleasantness, social exclusion, and fear potentiation/appraisal.
“In fact, some parts of cACC are highly involved in emotional processes that include negative valence such as pain unpleasantness (Vogt et al., 1993), social exclusion (Eisenberger, 2012) and fear potentiation and appraisal (Etkin et al., 2011; Milad and Quirk, 2012).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
There is little support for a general division between an emotional and a non-emotional cingulate.
“Importantly, although the rACC and cACC differ in their involvement in attentional tasks—as has long been suggested (Bush et al., 2000)—there is little support for a general division between an emotional and a non-emotional cingulate (Etkin et al., 2011; Okon-Singer et al., 2015).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
The ACC plays a central role in processing positively valenced emotions and other rewards, and in coding value representations of anticipated rewards.
“The ACC plays a central role in processing positively valenced emotions [239] and other rewards [240], and in coding value representations of anticipated rewards [241]”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [239]
Ventral ACC regions correspond to the affective subdivision of the ACC, are densely interconnected with limbic and paralimbic structures, have been implicated in emotion expression/regulation, and are a critical hub in the default mode network linked to self-referential processing.
“These ventral ACC regions correspond to the ‘affective' subdivision of the ACC, which is densely interconnected with limbic and paralimbic structures (eg, amygdala, nucleus accumbens), has been implicated in emotion expression/regulation, and is a critical hub in the default mode network linked to self-referential processing (Buckner et al, 2008; Etkin et al, 2011).”
From Neural Correlates of Three Promising Endophenotypes of Depression: Evidence from the EMBARC Study (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al, 2011
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Kalisch, R., Holt, B., Petrović, P., Martino, B. D., Klöppel, S., Büchel, C., & Dolan, R. J. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn076 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
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Frontal lobe networks for effective processing of ambiguously expressed emotions in humans
Nomura, M., Iidaka, T., Kakehi, K., Tsukiura, T., Hasegawa, T., Maeda, Y., & Matsue, Y. (2003) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00768-7 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
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Dissociable roles of medial orbitofrontal cortex in human operant extinction learning
Finger, E. C., Mitchell, D. G. V., Jones, M., & Blair, R. J. R. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.021 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal CortexCereb
Bechara, A. (2000) · Cortex · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model
Menon, V. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.08.003 · Cited by 4,168 · see citing works
The neurobiology of semantic memory
Binder, J. R., & Desai, R. H. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.10.001 · Cited by 2,114 · see citing works
“Trends in Cognitive Sciences November 2011, Vol. 15, No. 11 preponderance of activations in the temporal pole (13 studies) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (10 studies), both of which play a central role in emotion [34,35].”
The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex
Shackman, A. J., Salomons, T. V., Slagter, H. A., Fox, A. S., Winter, J. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2994 · Cited by 2,082 · see citing works
Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies
Buhle, J. T., Silvers, J. A., Wager, T. D., Lopez, R., Onyemekwu, C., Kober, H., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht154 · Cited by 1,896 · see citing works
“…signal” that can be triggered by diverse brain pathways, including high-level cognitive areas in the dlPFC. Finally, in another influential review, Etkin et al. (2011) suggested that vmPFC and adjacent regions might “perform a generic negative emotion inhibitory function that can be recruited…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function
Friedman, N. P., & Robbins, T. W. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01132-0 · Cited by 1,737 · see citing works
The Influences of Emotion on Learning and Memory
Chai, M. T., Amin, H. U., Saad, M. N. M., & Malik, A. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454 · Cited by 1,652 · see citing works
Fear Extinction as a Model for Translational Neuroscience: Ten Years of Progress
Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131631 · Cited by 1,466 · see citing works
“Numerous reviews on molecular mechanisms of extinction, clinical relevance, and inhibition circuitry within the amygdala have recently appeared (Pape & Paré 2010, Herry et al 2010, Sotres-Bayon & Quirk 2010, Myers et al 2011, Etkin et al 2011).”
BackgroundIdentification of a Common Neurobiological Substrate for Mental Illness
Goodkind, M., Eickhoff, S. B., Oathes, D. J., Jiang, Y., Chang, A., Jones-Hagata, L. B., Ortega, B. N., Zaiko, Y. V., Roach, E. L., Korgaonkar, M. S., et al. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2206 · Cited by 1,404 · see citing works
Self-citationVago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00296 · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works
“Dorsal ACC has been shown to be posit ively correlated with sympathetic activity related to f ear expression; whereas, ventral ACC (including pACC and VMPFC) has been more associated with inhibit ion of expression during extinction, and recall of extinction of f ear af ter extinguishing prior conditioned associations…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe neural bases of emotion regulation
Etkin, A., Büchel, C., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn4044 · Cited by 1,244 · see citing works
Self-citationEisenberger, N. I. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3231 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
Depressive rumination, the default-mode network, and the dark matter of clinical neuroscience
Hamilton, J. P., Farmer, M., Fogelman, P., & Gotlib, I. H. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.020 · Cited by 952 · see citing works
“…which we found increased baseline activation (39) is lateral to regions that we found show increased DMN connectivity in MDD, it is important to consider that subregions of the sgPFC have reliably shown similar response profiles and are thought to comprise a functionally homogenous region (45–50).”
BackgroundVentromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning
Roy, M., Shohamy, D., & Wager, T. D. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.005 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Emotion and the prefrontal cortex: an integrative review
Dixon, M. L., Thiruchselvam, R., Todd, R., & Christoff, K. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000096 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
“…Somatic marker theory Zald et al. (2014) Meta-analysis mOFC, lOFC Coactivation patterns Domhoff and Fox (2015) Review/meta-analysis mOFC Dreaming Etkin et al. (2011) Review mOFC, aMCC Threat expression vs regulation Barrett and Simmons (2015) Review/Model sgACC Interoception and prediction Vogt…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAnterior cingulate cortex: unique role in cognition and emotion
Stevens, F. L., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2011) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.23.2.jnp121 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Theta lingua franca: A common mid‐frontal substrate for action monitoring processes
Cavanagh, J. F., Zambrano‐Vazquez, L., & Allen, J. J. B. (2012) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01293.x · Cited by 651 · see citing works
The impact of anxiety upon cognition: perspectives from human threat of shock studies
Robinson, O. J., Vytal, K., Cornwell, B. R., & Grillon, C. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00203 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
“This is consistent with the idea that the dorsal prefrontal (encompassing cingulate and dorsomedial) cortex is involved a emotional processing (Etkin et al., 2011), especially appraisal (Maier et al.”
BackgroundNeurophysiology of performance monitoring and adaptive behavior
Ullsperger, M., Danielmeier, C., & Jocham, G. (2014) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2012 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
“The isocortical regions can be divided into ventromedial, rostromedial, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC, rmPFC, dmPFC, respectively) and the presupplementary and supplementary motor areas (preSMA and SMA, respectively) (160).”
BackgroundFrontal midline theta reflects anxiety and cognitive control: Meta-analytic evidence
Cavanagh, J. F., & Shackman, A. J. (2014) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.04.003 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
“For example, the presentation of cue arrays associated with conflicting response options (as in the Eriksen flanker task) elicits the N2, a negative potential that peaks approximately 300 ms after the onset of conflicting cue arrays (for a review, see: Folstein and Van Petten, 2008).”
Neuroanatomical and neurochemical bases of theory of mind.
Abu-Akel, A., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.012 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
“The ACC is one candidate region where processing of this interaction between cognitive and affective representation takes place (Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundEffects of childhood poverty and chronic stress on emotion regulatory brain function in adulthood
Kim, P., Evans, G. W., Angstadt, M., Ho, S. S., Sripada, C. S., Swain, J. E., Liberzon, I., & Phan, K. L. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1308240110 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
“Although we did not find a significant association between childhood income and mPFC, a region involved in reappraisal, the precentral gyrus is structurally interconnected and frequently activated with the mPFC as well as lateral PFC during Reappraisal (50).”
BackgroundBrain mechanisms for emotional influences on perception and attention: What is magic and what is not
Pourtois, G., Schettino, A., & Vuilleumier, P. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.007 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Mixed emotions: the contribution of alexithymia to the emotional symptoms of autism
Bird, G., & Cook, R. (2013) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2013.61 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
“Alexithymia is thought to be the product of developmental dysfunction of, or reduced connectivity between, limbic structures, including the anterior insula (AI) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC);(69,70) the regions implicated in the subjective experience of emotion, affect recognition and empathy.(70,71) Early studi…”
BackgroundPain matrices and neuropathic pain matrices: A review
Garcı́a-Larrea, L., & Peyron, R. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.09.001 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
“The transition from cortical nociception to conscious pain and its multiple attentional-cognitive modulations requires the recruitment of a second set of cortical networks.”
The hierarchical basis of neurovisceral integration
Smith, R., Thayer, J. F., Khalsa, S. S., & Lane, R. D. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.003 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
“However, it has also been implicated in functions informed by conceptualization, such as volitional action selection, emotion, and several executive functions (Barrett and Satpute, 2013; Etkin et al., 2011; Etkin et al., 2006; Silvetti et al., 2014).”
BackgroundApathy in Parkinson's disease: clinical features, neural substrates, diagnosis, and treatment
Pagonabarraga, J., Kulisevsky, J., Strafella, A. P., & Krack, P. (2015) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00019-8 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Craske, M. G., Stein, M. B., Eley, T. C., Milad, M. R., Holmes, A., Rapee, R. M., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2017) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.24 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience
Kalisch, R., Müller, M. B., & Tüscher, O. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1400082x · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of the hippocampus in flexible cognition and social behavior
Rubin, R. D., Watson, P. D., Duff, M. C., & Cohen, N. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00742 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
“…et al., 2005), correlated activation of the amygdala and the hippocampus for emotional pictures (Dolcos et al., 2004; Richardson et al., 2004), and prefrontal-cingulate networks in emotional processing (Etkin et al., 2011) and decision-making (Elliott and Dolan, 1998; Rogers et al., 2004).”
Rive, M. M., van Rooijen, G., Veltman, D. J., .Phillips, M. L., Schene, A. H., & Ruhé, H. G. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.018 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
“, 2008), while voluntary cognitive change strategies recruited the right DLPFC and ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), in addition to the ACG and DMPFC (Etkin et al., 2011; Kalisch, 2009; McRae et al., 2010; Phillips et al., 2008; Staudinger et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Neural Representation of Abstract Words: The Role of Emotion
Vigliocco, G., Kousta, S. T., Rosa, P. A. D., Vinson, D., Tettamanti, M., Devlin, J. T., & Cappa, S. F. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht025 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
“…rACC has been linked to emotional processing, more specifically the assessment of emotional valence of external and internal stimuli (Phan et al. 2002) and more recently it has been argued that rACC has a regulatory role in processing of emotional stimuli (Etkin et al. 2011; Kanske and Kotz 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialDiscrete Neural Signatures of Basic Emotions
Saarimäki, H., Gotsopoulos, A., Jääskeläinen, I. P., Lampinen, J., Vuilleumier, P. O., Hari, R., Sams, M. E., & Nummenmaa, L. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv086 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
“Prior studies have linked the medial frontal cortex with the subjective feelings of emotions (Barrett et al. 2007; Etkin et al. 2011; Herbert et al. 2011; Satpute et al. 2012) and self-awareness (Lane et al.”
BackgroundQuantitative meta-analysis of neural activity in posttraumatic stress disorder
Hayes, J. P., Hayes, S. M., & Mikedis, A. M. (2012) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/2045-5380-2-9 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
“Recent reviews have called attention to the involvement of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in PTSD [46,47], which may subserve learned fear, fear appraisal and expression, and sympathetic activity [48].”
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
Heilbronner, S. R., & Hayden, B. Y. (2016) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-013952 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
“[Etkin et al. (2011) provide a compelling and up-to-date review of this literature.]”
Brain circuit dysfunction in post-traumatic stress disorder: from mouse to man
Fenster, R. J., Lebois, L. A. M., Ressler, K. J., & Suh, J. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0039-7 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Tet1 Is Critical for Neuronal Activity-Regulated Gene Expression and Memory Extinction
Rudenko, A., Dawlaty, M. M., Seo, J., Cheng, A. W., Meng, J., Le, T. T., Faull, K. F., Jaenisch, R., & Tsai, L. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.08.003 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
“These brain regions were chosen as both cingulate cortex and hippocampus have been implicated in contextual memory extinction and cognitive flexibility (Myers and Davis, 2007; Floresco and Jentsch, 2011; Etkin et al., 2011).”
MethodBrühl, A. B., Delsignore, A., Komossa, K., & Weidt, S. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.003 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
“Etkin et al. suggested a differentiation between anterior and dorsal parts of prefrontal areas with regard to their function in emotion regulation (Etkin et al., 2011).”
Groenewold, N. A., Opmeer, E. M., de Jonge, P., Aleman, A., & Costafreda, S. G. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.015 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the dorsal ACC is thought to work in concert with the amygdala to generate the bodily response to emotion (Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundLarge-scale brain networks emerge from dynamic processing of musical timbre, key and rhythm
Alluri, V., Toiviainen, P., Jääskeläinen, I. P., Glerean, E., Sams, M. E., & Brattico, E. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.019 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Modulates Default Mode Network in Major Depressive Disorder
Fang, J., Rong, P., Yang, H., Fan, Y., Liu, J. H., Wang, H., Zhang, G., Chen, X., Shi, S. R., Wang, L., et al. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.025 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Alexithymia: A general deficit of interoception
Brewer, R., Cook, R., & Bird, G. (2016) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.150664 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
“Notably, these brain regions are not only involved in non-affective interoception; they also play a central role in processing one’s own emotions [7–11].”
BackgroundFu, C. H. Y., Steiner, H., & Costafreda, S. G. (2013) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2012.05.008 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
“The anterior cingulate cortex has a key role in emotional processing which has been proposed to involve the region in its entirety, rather than having a functional dichotomy in which the ventral region is involved in emotional processing while the caudal region is responsible for cognitive functions (Etkin et al., 201…”
BackgroundA Bi-Hemisphere Domain Adversarial Neural Network Model for EEG Emotion Recognition
Li, Y., Zheng, W., Zong, Y., Cui, Z., Zhang, T., & Zhou, X. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2018.2885474 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
“, the orbital frontal cortex, ventral medial prefrontal cortex, and amygdala, are closely related to emotions [5], [6], [7], which provides us a potential way to decode emotion by recording human’s brain signals over these brain regions.”
BackgroundPreller, K. H., Herdener, M., Pokorny, T., Planzer, A., Kraehenmann, R., Stämpfli, P., Liechti, M. E., Seifritz, E., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.030 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin.
Barrett, F. S., Doss, M. K., Sepeda, N. D., Pekar, J. J., & Griffiths, R. R. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59282-y · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Social Pain and the Brain: Controversies, Questions, and Where to Go from Here
Eisenberger, N. I. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115146 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
“Another review (Etkin et al. 2011) of this literature came to a very similar conclusion, suggesting that the dACC is involved in the appraisal and expression of negative affect, whereas the rostral-ventral ACC is more strongly involved in regulating (reducing) negative affect.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGabard-Durnam, L. J., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Humphreys, K. L., Telzer, E., Hare, T., & Tottenham, N. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.038 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
“…has a critical role in arousal regulation with causal influence on physiological signals like skin conductance responses (e.g. Banks et al., 2007; Etkin et al., 2006, 2011; Fisher et al., 2009; Gee et al., 2013; Goldin et al., 2008; McRae et al., 2012; Hare et al., 2008; Hariri et al., 2003;…”
Zilverstand, A., Parvaz, M. A., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.009 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“However, the dACC is a multifaceted region, implicated in numerous ways in both cognitive and emotional processing (Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundToward a brain-based componential semantic representation
Binder, J. R., Conant, L. L., Humphries, C., Fernandino, L., Simons, S. B., Aguilar, M., & Desai, R. H. (2016) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2016.1147426 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“…cortex, anterior cingulate gyri (subgenual, pregenual, and dorsal), inferior frontal gyri, anterior temporal lobes, amygdala, and anterior insula (Etkin, Egner, & Kalisch, 2011; Hamann, 2012; Kober et al., 2008; Lindquist, Wager, Kober, Bliss-Moreau, & Barrett, 2012; Phan, Wager, Taylor, &…”
Tafet, G. E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2016) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15030053 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Connolly, C. G., Wu, J., Ho, T. C., Hoeft, F., Wolkowitz, O., Eisendrath, S., Frank, G., Hendren, R., Max, J. E., Paulus, M. P., et al. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.036 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Training the Emotional Brain: Improving Affective Control through Emotional Working Memory Training
Schweizer, S., Grahn, J. A., Hampshire, A., Mobbs, D., & Dalgleish, T. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2593-12.2013 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Empathic concern drives costly altruism
FeldmanHall, O., Dalgleish, T., Evans, D., & Mobbs, D. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.043 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Anxiety–Chronic Pain Interactions
Zhuo, M. (2016) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.01.006 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Rueda, M. R., Checa, P., & Cómbita, L. M. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.004 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Dörfel, D., Lamke, J.-P., Hummel, F., Wagner, U., Erk, S., & Walter, H. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.051 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
“…with performance monitoring (Botvinick et al., 2004; van Noordt and Segalowitz, 2012), but also with appraisal and expression of negative emotion (Etkin et al., 2011), which may reflect the monitoring of the extent to which one's current regulation efforts are changing emotional responses in…”
BackgroundA meta-analysis of the anterior cingulate contribution to social pain
Rotge, J.-Y., Lemogne, C., Hinfray, S., Huguet, P., Grynszpan, O., Tartour, E., George, N., & Fossati, P. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu110 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
“Although these results suggest that the sgACC may also play a critical role in the appraisal or expression of emotional and cognitive processes involved in social rejection from a neurodevelopmental perspective, a recent review rather argued for a regulatory role of sgACC in negative emotions (Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialEtkin, A., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10091290 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neural correlates of semantic control revisited
Jackson, R. L. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117444 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Li, Y., Zheng, W., Wang, L., Zong, Y., & Cui, Z. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2019.2922912 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
“The recent neuroscience researches showed that human’s emotion is closely related to a variety of brain cortex regions [17], such as the orbital frontal cortex, ventral medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala [18][19][20].”
BackgroundMindfulness meditation improves emotion regulation and reduces drug abuse
Tang, Y.-Y., Tang, R., & Posner, M. I. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.041 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
“making sure current strategies meet the regulatory goals (Etkin et al., 2011; Kim and Hamann, 2007).”
BackgroundGoschke, T. (2014) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1410 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“amygdala and insula), which presumably reflects increased sensitivity to conditioned fear-cues and elevated interoceptive monitoring of arousal and aversive states (Etkin et al., 2011; LeDoux, 2012; Pessoa and Adolphs, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialFear extinction in the human brain: A meta-analysis of fMRI studies in healthy participants
Fullana, M. A., Albajes-Eizagirre, A., Soriano-Mas, C., Vervliet, B., Cardoner, N., Benet, O., Radua, J., & Harrison, B. J. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.002 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
“Co-activation of these regions is frequently observed in human fMRI studies and has been linked prominently to the elicitation of negative affective states, including threat-related anticipatory anxiety (Etkin et al., 2011; Medford and Critchley, 2010).”
BackgroundDichter, G. S., Damiano, C. A., & Allen, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-19 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
“The ACC plays a central role in processing positively valenced emotions [239] and other rewards [240], and in coding value representations of anticipated rewards [241], as shown in studies of sleep deprivation [242-245], psychopharmacological intervention [246-250], cognitive behavioral therapy [251,252] and a combine…”
BackgroundFear and safety engage competing patterns of theta-gamma coupling in the basolateral amygdala
Stujenske, J. M., Likhtik, E., Topiwala, M. A., & Gordon, J. A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.026 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
“Consistent with data from animal models, the dorsal ACC/mPFC are engaged during fear expression and early extinction, while the ventral ACC/mPFC (IL homolog) are active during late extinction (Etkin et al., 2011).”
Alexander, R., Aragón, O. R., Bookwala, J., Cherbuin, N., Gatt, J. M., Kahrilas, I. J., Kästner, N., Lawrence, A. B., Lowe, L. J., Morrison, R., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.002 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“…emotions while rACC has subcortical connections to limbic structures and likely plays a role in regulating and generating affective responses (Etkin et al., 2011). rACC projects directly to subcortical regions such as amygdala and hippocampus (Devinsky et al., 1995) and is commonly…”
Grynberg, D., Chang, B., Corneille, O., Maurage, P., Vermeulen, N., Berthoz, S., & Luminet, O. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042429 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
“Furthermore, alexithymia was associated with lower activity in the dACC, a region which play a role in conflict processing in an emotional context [90,91].”
BackgroundTrivedi, M. H., McGrath, P. J., Fava, M., Parsey, R. V., Kurian, B. T., Phillips, M. L., Oquendo, M. A., Bruder, G., Pizzagalli, D., Toups, M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.03.001 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
“…1) serotonin-modulated emotion processing and implicit emotion regulation circuitry centered on the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (Etkin et al., 2011; Hariri et al., 2002; Pezawas et al., 2005; Phillips et al., 2008; Surguladze et al., 2012); and 2) dopamine-modulated reward…”
BackgroundThe Social Regulation of Emotion: An Integrative, Cross-Disciplinary Model
Reeck, C., Ames, D. R., & Ochsner, K. N. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.003 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
“Thus, we predict the involvement of lateral prefrontal systems in maintaining and implementing regulatory goals, as well as of posterior medial prefrontal regions that monitor whether strategies are being effectively implemented [18,67].”
BackgroundStevens, J. S., Jovanovic, T., Fani, N., Ely, T. D., Glover, E. M., Bradley, B., & Ressler, K. J. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.05.031 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“For example, human neuroimaging studies show that medial prefrontal activation correlates positively and amygdala activation correlates negatively with cognitive emotion regulation (Etkin et al., 2011; Ochsner et al., 2002) and fear extinction (Milad, Wright, et al.”
Audience preferences are predicted by temporal reliability of neural processing
Dmochowski, J., Bezdek, M. A., Abelson, B. P., Johnson, J. S., Schumacher, E. H., & Parra, L. C. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5567 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
FAAH genetic variation enhances fronto-amygdala function in mouse and human
Dincheva, I., Drysdale, A. T., Hartley, C. A., Johnson, D. C., Jing, D., King, E. C., Ra, S., Gray, J. M., Yang, R., DeGruccio, A. M., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7395 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
“FAAH C385A mice showed decreased latency to drink milk in the NIH task, suggesting decreased anxiety phenotype (ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett’s test (F(2,44)1⁄4 5.”
Large-Scale Meta-Analysis of Human Medial Frontal Cortex Reveals Tripartite Functional Organization
de la Vega, A. I., Chang, L. J., Banich, M. T., Wager, T. D., & Yarkoni, T. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4402-15.2016 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
“Further, anterior, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) have been associated with affective processes, including emotion (Etkin et al., 2011; Lindquist et al., 2012), autonomic function (Critchley et al.”
InfluentialSpecifying the self for cognitive neuroscience
Christoff, K., Cosmelli, D., Legrand, D., & Thompson, E. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.001 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
EEG-based emotion recognition using an end-to-end regional-asymmetric convolutional neural network
Cui, H., Liu, A., Zhang, X., Chen, X. '., Wang, K., & Chen, X. (2020) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2020.106243 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Nicholson, A. A., Rabellino, D., Densmore, M., Frewen, P. A., Paret, C., Kluetsch, R., Schmahl, C., Théberge, J., Neufeld, R. W. J., McKinnon, M. C., et al. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23402 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“The amygdala, along with the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region central to emotion regulation [Etkin et al., 2011, 2015], displays unique activation patterns among PTSD patients across a number of modalities, including symptom provocation [Frewen et al., 2011; Hayes et al., 2012; Hopper et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe self-regulating brain and neurofeedback: experimental science and clinical promise
Thibault, R. T., Lifshitz, M., & Raz, A. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.10.024 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Roy, A. K., Fudge, J. L., Kelly, C. A. M., Perry, J. S. A., Daniele, T., Carlisi, C. O., Benson, B. E., Castellanos, F. X., Milham, M. P., Pine, D. S., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.010 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“Recent theories suggest that DMPFC and VMPFC serve separable emotion regulation functions that likely emerge from distinct relationships with the amygdala.(37,40) Specifically, VMPFC, including the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), is implicated in automatic emotion regulation and is essential to successful e…”
BackgroundMethodNeural correlates of alexithymia: A meta-analysis of emotion processing studies
van der Velde, J., Servaas, M. N., Goerlich, K. S., Bruggeman, R., Horton, P., Costafreda, S. G., & Aleman, A. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.008 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
“Given the involvement of the dorsal ACC in both cognitive and emotional processing (Etkin et al., 2011), the increase in dorsal ACC activation may be associated with increased cognitive demand in individuals with alexithymia. This hypothesis is supported by an EEG-study of Pollatos and Gramann (2011), in which alexith…”
ResultSakaki, M., Yoo, H. J., Nga, L., Lee, T., Thayer, J. F., & Mather, M. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.076 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“Substantial evidence indicates that the mPFC and adjacent anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are involved in down-regulation of the amygdala (for a review see Etkin et al., 2011).”
Alcohol, stress, and glucocorticoids: From risk to dependence and relapse in alcohol use disorders
Blaine, S. K., & Sinha, R. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.037 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Mental Fatigue Impairs Endurance Performance: A Physiological Explanation
Martin, K., MEEUSEN, R. R., Thompson, K., Keegan, R. J., & Rattray, B. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0946-9 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
“This brain region is involved in effortful mental processes such as emotional processing and control [46], self-regulation [47] and performance monitoring [44], as well as appearing to be important in effort/ reward processing [48], persevering with a task [49] and perceived exertion during endurance exercise [50].”
Neural Substrates of Overgeneralized Conditioned Fear in PTSD
Kaczkurkin, A. N., Burton, P. C., Chazin, S. M., Manbeck, A. B., Espensen-Sturges, T. D., Cooper, S. E., Sponheim, S. R., & Lissek, S. M. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15121549 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Adolfi, F., Couto, B., Richter, F., Decety, J., Lopez, J., Sigman, M., Manes, F., & Ibáñez, A. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.019 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Neural substrates of classically conditioned fear-generalization in humans: a parametric fMRI study
Lissek, S. M., Bradford, D. E., Alvarez, R. P., Burton, P. C., Espensen-Sturges, T. D., Reynolds, R. C., & Grillon, C. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst096 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“…human neuroimaging studies of classical fear-conditioning, in the amygdala, anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC; for reviews see Sehlmeyer et al., 2009; Etkin et al., 2011) are predicted to decrease as the presented GS diverges from CSþ.”
BackgroundWhere is Cingulate Cortex? A Cross-Species View
van Heukelum, S., Mars, R. B., Guthrie, M., Buitelaar, J. K., Beckmann, C. F., Tiesinga, P. H. E., Vogt, B. A., Glennon, J. C., & Havenith, M. N. (2020) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.007 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“However, this apparent discrepancy seems to at least partially stem from the fact that unlike human studies, rodent studies mostly use fear conditioning paradigms, which in humans also activate all subregions across ACC and MCC [3].”
InfluentialYao, Y.-W., Liu, L., Ma, S.-S., Shi, X.-H., Zhou, N., Zhang, J.-T., & Potenza, M. N. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.029 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
“, 2017b), emotional regulation (Etkin et al., 2011), and decision-making (Kennerley et al.”
Walking through Architectural Spaces: The Impact of Interior Forms on Human Brain Dynamics
Banaei, M., Hatami, J., Yazdanfar, A., & Gramann, K. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00477 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
“Other lines of evidence suggest a role of the ACC in emotional (Bush et al., 2000; Etkin et al., 2011), aesthetic, and artistic experiences (Kawabata and Zeki, 2004; Vartanian and Goel, 2004; Jacobsen et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSleep Loss and the Socio-Emotional Brain
Simon, E. B., Vallat, R., Barnes, C. M., & Walker, M. P. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.02.003 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Jalbrzikowski, M., Larsen, B., Hallquist, M. N., Foran, W., Calabro, F. J., & Luna, B. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.01.008 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
“stimulus value assignment (24–27) and goal-directed decision-making (28–32) rACC (caudal BA 24) and anterior vmPFC (dorsal BA 11 & rostral-most portion of BA 32) are often associated with the cognitive control of emotion (33;34).”
BackgroundThe neural basis of one's own conscious and unconscious emotional states
Smith, R. S., & Lane, R. D. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.003 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Lieberman, M. D., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1515083112 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Muscatell, K. A., Dedovic, K., Slavich, G. M., Jarcho, M. R., Breen, E. C., Bower, J. E., Irwin, M. R., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2015) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.201 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
“Furthermore, a growing body of human research suggests that there is increased functional connectivity between DMPFC and threat-related limbic structures during negative emotional states and among individuals with mood disorders (Etkin et al., 2011).”
Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity Associated with Hypnosis
Jiang, H., White, M. P., Greicius, M. D., Waelde, L. C., & Spiegel, D. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw220 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“…performance (Eckert et al. 2009; Menon and at Stanford U niversity on A ugust 10, 2016 http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/ D ow nloaded from Uddin 2010; Cai et al. 2014), while the dACC is involved more with mood (Etkin et al. 2011) and external attention (Raz et al. 2002; Petersen and Posner 2012).”
InfluentialThe self in context: brain systems linking mental and physical health
Koban, L., Gianaros, P. J., Hedy Kober, A., & Wager, T. D. (2021) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00446-8 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Hippocampal—diencephalic—cingulate networks for memory and emotion: an anatomical guide
Bubb, E. J., Kinnavane, L., & Aggleton, J. P. (2017) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/2398212817723443 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“At the same time, the anterior cingulate region and its connections remain strongly implicated in emotional processes (Dalgleish, 2004; Etkin et al., 2011, 2015; Fan et al., 2011).”
The Neurobiology of Impulsive Aggression
Blair, R. J. R. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0088 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“The dominant view is that the vmPFC inhibits (‘‘puts the brakes on’’) the aggressive responses mediated by the amygdala, hypothalamus, and PAG ( Nelson and Trainor 2007; Schiller and Delgado 2010; Diekhof et al. 2011; Etkin et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMorey, R. A., Dunsmoor, J. E., Haswell, C. C., Brown, V. M., Vora, A., Weiner, J., Stjepanovic, D., Wagner, H. R., Workgroup, V. M.-A. M., Brancu, M., et al. (2015) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.196 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Gregory, S., Ffytche, D., Simmons, A., Kumari, V., Howard, M., Hodgins, S., & Blackwood, N. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.222 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Altered amygdala resting-state functional connectivity in post-traumatic stress disorder
Rabinak, C. A., Angstadt, M., Welsh, R. C., Kenndy, A. E., Lyubkin, M., Martis, B., & Phan, K. L. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00062 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
“PSYCHIATRY ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 14 November 2011 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00062 Altered amygdala resting-state functional connectivity in post-traumatic stress disorder”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Etkin, A., Egner, T., & Kalisch, R.
- Affiliations
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Etkin, Amit
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 85-93
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3035157
- OpenAlex
- W2050618347
- Semantic Scholar
- 54512ee234d533a5cb9cf8991a03f589cdd77376
- Cited by
- 3,059
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 191 · 2025: 190 · 2024: 196 · 2023: 186 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 216 · 2020: 228 · 2019: 226 · 2018: 271 · 2017: 227 · 2016: 237 · 2015: 203 · 2014: 199 · 2013: 159 · 2012: 96
- FWCI
- 7.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091860, P30MH089888)
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- emotional processing, anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, negative emotions, fear, anxiety, emotion appraisal, emotional expression, positive emotions
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Prefrontal Cortex
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