The DOI matches its Crossref record; 267 of the 267 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of sleep on memory for conditioned fear and fear extinction.
Open accessAbstract
Learning and memory for extinction of conditioned fear is a basic mammalian mechanism for regulating negative emotion. Sleep promotes both the consolidation of memory and the regulation of emotion. Sleep can influence consolidation and modification of memories associated with both fear and its extinction. After brief overviews of the behavior and neural circuitry associated with fear conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction memory in the rodent and human, interactions of sleep with these processes will be examined. Animal and human studies suggest that sleep can serve to consolidate both fear and extinction memory. In humans, sleep also promotes generalization of extinction memory. Time-of-day effects on extinction learning and generalization are also seen. Rapid eye movement (REM) may be a sleep stage of particular importance for the consolidation of both fear and extinction memory as evidenced by selective REM deprivation experiments. REM sleep is accompanied by selective activation of the same limbic structures implicated in the learning and memory of fear and extinction. Preliminary evidence also suggests extinction learning can take place during slow wave sleep. Study of low-level processes such as conditioning, extinction, and habituation may allow sleep effects on emotional memory to be identified and inform study of sleep's effects on more complex, emotionally salient declarative memories. Anxiety disorders are marked by impairments of both sleep and extinction memory. Improving sleep quality may ameliorate anxiety disorders by strengthening naturally acquired extinction. Strategically timed sleep may be used to enhance treatment of anxiety by strengthening therapeutic extinction learned via exposure therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Which of these competing memory representations is selectively strengthened depends on contextual factors such a recency of learning and replay [109].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [109]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Novel research with adults has found that sleep following exposure therapy strengthens extinction learning, which is the learning thought to underlie exposure therapy (Pace‐Schott et al., 2015).”
From Using sleep to enhance exposure treatment for anxious children: A pilot study. (2026) · cites this paper as Pace‐Schott et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Neuroimaging research using de novo fear-conditioning and extinction paradigms has revealed areas in the brain associated with experiencing conditioned fear (a “fear expression network”) in the amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and other areas associated with memory for the extinction (inhibition) of this fear (an “extinction memory network”) that includes the hippocampus and”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with consolidation of emotional memory (reviewed in [8–10]), and REM sleep has been suggested to be the stage of sleep during which emotion is regulated [75].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“The effects of limbic hyperarousal in REM sleep on consolidation of conditioned fear and its extinction may be to bias consolidation processes taking place via neuronal replay and other mechanisms during sleep (reviewed in reference [8]) toward the fear expression and away from the fear extinction networks described above.”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Deprivation, curtailment, and fragmentation of sleep, and specifically REM sleep, can affect the processing of emotional memory including the consolidation and generalization of extinction (reviewed in [8]).”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation
Binder, M. D., Hirokawa, N., & Windhorst, U. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_6166 · Cited by 3,900 · cited 1×
“This time-of-day effect could be due to either or both elements of the Two-Process model of sleep propensity (Borbely, 1982)—circadian rhythms (Process C: controlled by the endogenous 24-h clock) or sleep homeostasis (Process S: controlled by duration of prior waking).”
BackgroundDiekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2762 · Cited by 3,760 · cited 3×
“…are transferred to more permanent storage in the cortex during slow wave sleep (SWS), is a key tenet of explanatory theories on sleep dependent consolidation of declarative memory (Diekelmann & Born, 2010; Diekelmann et al., 2009; Hobson & Pace-Schott, 2002; Rasch & Born, 2013; Stickgold, 2005).”
BackgroundEtkin, A., & Wager, T. D. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504 · Cited by 3,391 · cited 1×
“…which the most generalized function has been suggested to be predicting the value of exerting effort and control (Shenhav, Botvinick, & Cohen, 2013) but, In the emotional domain, has been increasingly implicated in negative emotional responses (Etkin, Egner, & Kalisch, 2011; Etkin & Wager, 2007).”
BackgroundAre the Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus Functionally Distinct Structures?
Fanselow, M. S., & Dong, H.-W. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.11.031 · Cited by 3,358
Contributions of the Amygdala to Emotion Processing: From Animal Models to Human Behavior
Phelps, E. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.025 · Cited by 3,203 · cited 1×
“Such vmPFC regions include the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, an area homologous to the rat IL (Ongur, Ferry, & Price, 2003; Phelps & LeDoux, 2005; Vertes, 2004, 2006).”
BackgroundReactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep
Wilson, M. A., & McNaughton, B. L. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8036517 · Cited by 3,118 · cited 1×
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript slow wave sleep (Skaggs & McNaughton, 1996; Wilson & McNaughton, 1994) in a compressed time frame (Nadasdy, Hirase, Czurko, Csicsvari, & Buzsaki, 1999).”
BackgroundEmotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex
Etkin, A., Egner, T., & Kalisch, R. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.11.004 · Cited by 3,059
Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2012 · Cited by 2,783 · cited 10×
“Hippocampus-dependent tasks have, in turn, been those most clearly linked with the NREM-sleep oscillatory activity such as percent SWS, sleep spindles, sharp-wave ripple events and the < 1Hz slow oscillation (Diekelmann & Born, 2010; Rasch & Born, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialBaglioni, C., Battagliese, G., Feige, B., Spiegelhalder, K., Nissen, C., Voderholzer, U., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.01.011 · Cited by 2,779 · cited 2×
“Importantly, there is high comorbidity of insomnia with mood and anxiety disorders (Alvaro, Roberts, & Harris, 2013; Baglioni et al., 2011; Riemann, 2007; Stepanski & Rybarczyk, 2006) and evidence that, in some cases, insomnia itself can be preexisting risk factor for incident anxiety disorders (Breslau, Roth, Rosenth…”
BackgroundEpidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention?
Ford, D. E. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.262.11.1479 · Cited by 2,440
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Pavlov I 1927 Conditioned Reflexes London Oxford University Press
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Insomnia as a predictor of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hertenstein, E., Feige, B., Gmeiner, T., Kienzler, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Johann, A., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Palagini, L., Rücker, G., Riemann, D., et al. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.10.006 · Cited by 1,201
“Sleep is important for basic 16 emotional responses such as fear conditioning and f ear extinction [48] and also impacts on 17 more complex forms of emotional processing such as the discrimination of threatening and 18 friendly faces [49] and response to reward [50].”
BackgroundSleep and emotional processing
Tempesta, D., Socci, V., De Gennaro, L., & Ferrara, M. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.12.005 · Cited by 443
Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD
Alexandra Kredlow, M., Fenster, R. J., Laurent, E. S., Ressler, K. J., & Phelps, E. A. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01155-7 · Cited by 346
“Which of these competing memory representations is selectively strengthened depends on contextual factors such a recency of learning and replay [109].”
BackgroundSleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory
Pace-Schott, E. F., Germain, A., & Milad, M. R. (2015) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/s13587-015-0018-9 · Cited by 255
“Recent experimental findings, which are reviewed in reference [8], suggest that sleep may play key roles in the consolidation, integration, and balance of fear and extinction memory.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKonjarski, M., Murray, G., Lee, V. V., & Jackson, M. L. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.05.005 · Cited by 259
“Laboratory studies suggest that sleep plays an impo rtant role in maintaining optimal homeostasis of affective functioning, and sleep dis turbance alters our emotional state (6,7).”
Sleep deprivation, oxidative stress and inflammation
Atrooz, F., & Salim, S. (2019) · Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology · doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.03.001 · Cited by 265
Sleep in the anxiety-related disorders: A meta-analysis of subjective and objective research
Cox, R. C., & Olatunji, B. O. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101282 · Cited by 245
Pace-Schott, E. F., Amole, M. C., Aue, T., Balconi, M., Bylsma, L. M., Critchley, H., Demaree, H. A., Friedman, B. H., Gooding, A. E. K., Gosseries, O., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.002 · Cited by 221
“…consolidation of emotional memory albeit with mixed findings as to whether sleep preferentially augments emotional over neutral memories (reviewed in Goldstein and Walker, 2014; Hutchison and Rathore, 2015; Kahn et al., 2013; Pace-Schott, 2015; Palmer and Alfano, 2016; Tempesta et al., 2017).”
Self-citationEmotion, Emotion Regulation and Sleep: An Intimate Relationship
Vandekerckhove, M. M. P., & Wang, Y. (2017) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2018.5.1 · Cited by 225
Richards, A. L., Kanady, J. C., & Neylan, T. C. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0486-5 · Cited by 217
“Neuroimaging research indicates that fear extinction is mediated in large part by the mPFC, in particular the ventromedial PFC and rACC, which are structures implicated in anxiety-related disorders [13, 219].”
BackgroundEmotion, Emotion Regulation and Sleep: An Intimate Relationship
Vandekerckhove, M. M. P., & Wang, Y. (2017) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2018.1.1 · Cited by 391
“More interestingly, the extent of the fear extinction was found to be correlated with the amount of REM-sleep [51,52].”
BackgroundNoradrenergic dysregulation in the pathophysiology of PTSD
Hendrickson, R. C., & Raskind, M. A. (2016) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.014 · Cited by 185
Zhang, M.-M., Ma, Y., Du, L.-T., Wang, K., Li, Z., Zhu, W., Sun, Y.-H., Lü, L., Bao, Y., & Li, S. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104532 · Cited by 160
The centrality of fear extinction in linking risk factors to PTSD: A narrative review
Zuj, D. V., Palmer, M. A., Lommen, M. J. J., & Felmingham, K. L. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.014 · Cited by 153
Sleep Disturbances in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Updated Review and Implications for Treatment
Koffel, E., Khawaja, I. S., & Germain, A. (2016) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20160125-01 · Cited by 144
Self-citationSex differences in fear extinction
Velasco, E. R., Florido, A., Milad, M. R., & Andero, R. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.020 · Cited by 132
“While the ventral parts of the ACC and mPFC (sgACC, pgACC, rACC, vmPFC) exert an inhibitory control over subcortical structures and promote the consolidation of emotional memories, including FE memories (Milad et al., 2007b; Pace-Schott et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe key role of extinction learning in anxiety disorders
Pittig, A., van den Berg, L., & Vervliet, B. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000220 · Cited by 132
A Review of the Relationship Between Emotional Learning and Memory, Sleep, and PTSD
Colvonen, P. J., Straus, L. D., Acheson, D. T., & Gehrman, P. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-0987-2 · Cited by 113
Menz, M. M., Rihm, J. S., & Büchel, C. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3083-15.2016 · Cited by 99
“…plays a specific role in emotional memory consolidation (Goldstein and Walker, 2014), especially in fear memory consolidation (for recent reviews, see Genzel et al., 2015; Pace-Schott et al., 2015), although few studies focus on night sleep and even fewer on specific sleep stages within the night.”
BackgroundFear in dreams and in wakefulness: Evidence for day/night affective homeostasis
Virginie Sterpenich, A., Perogamvros, L., Tononi, G., & Schwartz, S. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24843 · Cited by 110
“, 2015) and REM sleep stages (Menz et al., 2016; Pace-Schott et al., 2015) have been found to promote the retention and generalization of extinction learning.”
BackgroundZuj, D. V., & Norrholm, S. D. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.014 · Cited by 89
Consolidative mechanisms of emotional processing in REM sleep and PTSD
Murkar, A., & Koninck, J. D. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.03.001 · Cited by 87
The why and how of sleep-dependent synaptic down-selection
Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (2022) · Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.02.007 · Cited by 74
“An intriguing question is also whether synaptic renormalization contributes to the role of REM sleep in emotional regulation [93].”
BackgroundSleep Deprivation Disrupts Recall of Conditioned Fear Extinction
Straus, L. D., Acheson, D. T., Risbrough, V. B., & Drummond, S. P. A. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.05.004 · Cited by 80
Cellini, N., Torre, J., Stegagno, L., & Sarlo, M. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.06.015 · Cited by 79
Cannabinoid interventions for PTSD: Where to next?
Ney, L. J., Matthews, A. J., Bruno, R., & Felmingham, K. L. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.03.017 · Cited by 77
The sleep benefit in episodic memory: An integrative review and a meta-analysis.
Berres, S., & Erdfelder, E. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000350 · Cited by 74
Cipolli, C., Ferrara, M., De Gennaro, L., & Plazzi, G. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.005 · Cited by 67
REM Sleep Deprivation Impairs Learning and Memory by Decreasing Brain O-GlcNAc Cycling in Mouse
Kim, S.-M., Zhang, S., Park, J., Sung, H. J., Tran, T.-D. T., Chung, C., & Han, I. (2021) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-021-01094-7 · Cited by 74
“In healthy aged individuals, sleep-dependent memory consolidation and certain procedural tasks, such as motor sequence learning, are impaired [8].”
BackgroundSleep and Dreaming in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Miller, K. E., Brownlow, J. A., Woodward, S., & Gehrman, P. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0827-1 · Cited by 71
Learning dynamics of electrophysiological brain signals during human fear conditioning
Sperl, M. F. J., Wroblewski, A., Mueller, M., Straube, B., & Mueller, E. M. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117569 · Cited by 65
Sperl, M. F. J., Panitz, C., Hermann, C., & Mueller, E. M. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12677 · Cited by 64
Neural Circuits Underlying Behavioral Flexibility: Insights From Drosophila
Devineni, A. V., & Scaplen, K. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.821680 · Cited by 70
“, 2020) and also plays a role in the extinction of long-term memories (Pace-Schott et al., 2015; Sun et al., 2019; Zhang Y. et al., 2021).”
BackgroundEnhancing imagery rehearsal therapy for nightmares with targeted memory reactivation
Schwartz, S., Clerget, A., & Perogamvros, L. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.032 · Cited by 67
Geng, F., Liang, Y., Li, Y., Fang, Y., Pham, T. S., Liu, X., & Fan, F. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz162 · Cited by 64
Simon, L., & Admon, R. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01638-9 · Cited by 61
“Along these lines, sleep disturbances have been found to impair memory consolidation processes and yield reduced fear extinction, including among PTSD patients [148, 151].”
BackgroundResting state functional connectivity in primary insomnia, generalized anxiety disorder and controls
Pace-Schott, E. F., Zimmerman, J. P., Bottary, R. M., Lee, E. G., Milad, M. R., & Camprodon, J. A. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.05.003 · Cited by 58
Self-citationSheaves, B., Rek, S. V., & Freeman, D. H. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102241 · Cited by 59
Cortisol disrupts the neural correlates of extinction recall
Jentsch, V. L., Merz, C. J., Lissek, S., & Wolf, O. T. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.005 · Cited by 56
“Accordingly, animal and human studies demonstrated that sleep can serve to consolidate memory for fear and fear extinction (Menz et al., 2013; Pace-Schott et al., 2015).”
Fear extinction memory is negatively associated with REM sleep in insomnia disorder
Bottary, R. M., Seo, J., Daffre, C., Gazecki, S., Moore, K. N., Kopotiyenko, K., Dominguez, J. P., Gannon, K., Lasko, N. B., Roth, B. R., et al. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa007 · Cited by 52
“Thus, the facilitative effects of sleep on memory consolidation may extend also to extinction [8].”
BackgroundSelf-citationIMPAIRED FEAR EXTINCTION ASSOCIATED WITH PTSD INCREASES WITH HOURS-SINCE-WAKING
Zuj, D. V., Palmer, M. A., Hsu, C.-M. K., Nicholson, E., Cushing, P. J., Gray, K. E., & Felmingham, K. L. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22463 · Cited by 53
“Furthermore, based on the recent finding of Pace-Schott et al.,[5] we hypothesized that hours-since-waking would be a significant moderator between fear extinction learning and PTSD symptoms, with increased periods of wakefulness predicting significantly poorer extinction learning in participants with greater PTSD sym…”
BackgroundInfluentialDelayed fear extinction in individuals with insomnia disorder
Seo, J., Moore, K. N., Gazecki, S., Bottary, R. M., Milad, M. R., Song, H., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2018) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy095 · Cited by 49
Self-citationBoosting psychological change: Combining non-invasive brain stimulation with psychotherapy
Tatti, E., Phillips, A., Paciorek, R., Romanella, S. M., Dèttore, D., Lorenzo, G. D., Ruffini, G., Rossi, S., & Santarnecchi, E. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104867 · Cited by 54
Lerner, I., Lupkin, S. M., Tsai, A., Khawaja, A., & Gluck, M. A. (2021) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107413 · Cited by 49
Weiss, J. T., & Donlea, J. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.777799 · Cited by 49
“, 2018), sleep loss following a traumatic event could prevent consolidation of fear extinction memory in other conditions (Pace-Schott et al., 2015).”
BackgroundPiloting cognitive–behavioral therapy for insomnia integrated with prolonged exposure.
Colvonen, P. J., Drummond, S. P. A., Angkaw, A. C., & Norman, S. B. (2018) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000402 · Cited by 48
“Pace-Schott, Germain, and Milad (2015) suggest that improving sleep quality before PTSD treatment may strengthen the extinction process, leading to better treatment outcomes.”
Schyns, G., van den Akker, K., Roefs, A., Houben, K., & Jansen, A. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.01.005 · Cited by 44
The spectral fingerprint of sleep problems in post-traumatic stress disorder
de Boer, M., Nijdam, M. J., Jongedijk, R. A., Bangel, K. A., Olff, M., Hofman, W. F., & Talamini, L. M. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz269 · Cited by 46
“These and other findings suggest that sleep disturbances play an important role in the development and maintenance of PTSD [11].”
BackgroundLabad, J., Salvat‐Pujol, N., Armario, A., Cabezas, Á., de Arriba‐Arnau, A., Nadal, R. A., Martorell, L., Urretavizcaya, M., Monreal, J. A., Crespo, J. M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207600 · Cited by 48
“Some studies have explored the relationship between trait anxiety, sleep quality and the ability to remember the extinction of conditioned fear, reporting associations between poor quality sleep and poor extinction and between poor quality sleep and trait anxiety [12].”
BackgroundMcCall, C. A., & Watson, N. F. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11020415 · Cited by 42
The influence of sleep on fear extinction in trauma-related disorders
Pace-Schott, E. F., Seo, J., & Bottary, R. M. (2022) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100500 · Cited by 49
“habituation as well as of extinction memory (48, 90, 93).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSeo, J., Pace-Schott, E. F., Milad, M. R., Song, H., & Germain, A. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.09.013 · Cited by 42
Self-citationTiming matters: Endogenous cortisol mediates benefits from early-day psychotherapy
Meuret, A. E., Rosenfield, D., Bhaskara, L., Auchus, R. J., Liberzon, I., Ritz, T., & Abelson, J. L. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.008 · Cited by 42
Effects of post-exposure naps on exposure therapy for social anxiety
Pace-Schott, E. F., Bottary, R. M., Kim, S.-Y., Rosencrans, P. L., Vijayakumar, S., Orr, S. P., Lasko, N. B., Goetter, E. M., Baker, A. W., Bianchi, M. T., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.015 · Cited by 40
Self-citationTurning negative memories around: Contingency versus devaluation techniques
Dibbets, P., Lemmens, A., & Voncken, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.02.001 · Cited by 38
Schenker, M. T., Ney, L. J., Miller, L. N., Felmingham, K. L., Nicholas, C. L., & Jordan, A. S. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101501 · Cited by 40
Albrecht, A., & Stork, O. (2017) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2017/3750307 · Cited by 38
Lerner, I., Lupkin, S. M., Sinha, N., Tsai, A., & Gluck, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0578-17.2017 · Cited by 38
“In addition to behavioral findings, rodent in vivo recordings and functional neuroimaging in humans have pointed to three key brain regions associated with the conditioning process: the amygdala, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and the hippocampus (Pace-Schott et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialRezaie, M., Nasehi, M., Vaseghi, S., Alimohammadzadeh, K., Vaghar, M. I., Mohammadi-Mahdiabadi-Hasani, M.-H., & Zarrindast, M. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112901 · Cited by 35
The role of the basolateral amygdala in dreaming
Blake, Y., Terburg, D., Balchin, R., van Honk, J., & Solms, M. (2019) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.12.016 · Cited by 33
Sun, W., Li, J., Cui, S., Luo, L., Huang, P., Tang, C., & An, L. (2019) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0165-19.2019 · Cited by 33
“Sleep was maintained or disturbed might predict an individual’s ability to recover from a preexisting psychiatric condition (Pace-Schott et al., 2015; Kuhn et al., 2016; Schmitt et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialMonari, S., de Suduiraut, I. G., Grosse, J., Zanoletti, O., Walker, S. E., Mesquita, M. S., Wood, T., Cash, D., Astori, S., & Sandi, C. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.09.015 · Cited by 35
Sleep duration and timing in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): evidence for circadian phase delay
Coles, M. E., Schubert, J. R., Stewart, E., Sharkey, K. M., & Deak, M. M. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.03.021 · Cited by 31
Seo, J., Oliver, K. I., Daffre, C., Moore, K. N., Gazecki, S., Lasko, N. B., Milad, M. R., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab261 · Cited by 31
Self-citationRangel, T. C., Raposo, M. C. F., & Rocha‐Filho, P. A. S. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.10.029 · Cited by 30
Emotional trait and memory associates of sleep timing and quality
Pace-Schott, E. F., Rubin, Z. S., Tracy, L. E., Spencer, R. M. C., Orr, S. P., & Verga, P. W. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.069 · Cited by 29
“Sleep promotes consolidation in multiple memory systems (Diekelmann and Born, 2010) and thus could also promote consolidation of fear-extinction recall (Pace-Schott et al., 2015).”
Self-citationA more generalized fear response after a daytime nap
Davidson, P., Carlsson, I., Jönsson, P., & Johansson, M. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.03.005 · Cited by 27
Sleep’s contribution to memory formation
Lutz, N. D., Harkotte, M., & Jan Born, A. (2025) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00054.2024 · Cited by 51
Ullah, M. I., Campbell, D. G., Bhagat, R., Lyons, J. A., & Tamanna, S. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.6770 · Cited by 25
“40 Because PTSD is characterized by impairments of both sleep and extinction memory, improving sleep quality may improve these symptoms by strengthening naturally acquired extinction.”
Sleep and the recovery from stress
Yu, X., Nollet, M., Franks, N. P., & Wisden, W. (2025) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.04.028 · Cited by 28
Santoso, A. M. M., Jansen, F., Peeters, C. F. W., de Jong, R. J. B., Brakenhoff, R. H., Langendijk, J. A., Leemans, C. R., Takes, R. P., Terhaard, C. H. J., van Straten, A., et al. (2022) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol29100559 · Cited by 24
“Poor sleep quality may worsen fatigue, anxiety, depression, and lower pain tolerance by impairing emotional regulation [41].”
BackgroundFear in dreams and in wakefulness: Evidence for day/night affective homeostasis
Sterpenich, V, Perogamvros, L., Tononi, G., & Schwartz, S. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/534099 · Cited by 99
The association between REM sleep and decision-making: Supporting evidences
Brunet, J.-F., McNeil, J., Doucet, É., & Forest, G. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113109 · Cited by 24
“Recent humans and animals research suggest that REM sleep may be of particular importance for the emotional processing [24].”
BackgroundAzza, Y., Wilhelm, I., & Kleim, B. (2020) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000401 · Cited by 23
López, C. M., Lancaster, C. L., Wilkerson, A. K., Grös, D. F., Ruggiero, K. J., & Acierno, R. E. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.01.006 · Cited by 24
Infralimbic activity during REM sleep facilitates fear extinction memory
Hong, J., Choi, K., Fuccillo, M. V., Chung, S., & Weber, F. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.018 · Cited by 20
Network-Oriented Modeling and Its Conceptual Foundations
Jan Treur, A. (2016) · Understanding complex systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45213-5_1 · Cited by 21
Clark, J. W., Daykin, H. J., Metha, J. A., Allocca, G., Hoyer, D., Drummond, S. P. A., & Jacobson, L. H. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab068 · Cited by 20
Love is a physiological motivation (like hunger, thirst, sleep or sex)
Burunat, E. (2019) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2019.05.011 · Cited by 25
Examining the effects of time of day and sleep on generalization
Tandoc, M. C., Bayda, M., Poskanzer, C., Cho, E., Cox, R., Stickgold, R., & Schapiro, A. C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255423 · Cited by 21
“In addition, the tendency to generalize fear extinction responses across contexts is stronger in the morning [15, 21].”
BackgroundSpontaneous Thought and Goal Pursuit
Klinger, E., Koster, E. H. W., & Marchetti, I. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.24 · Cited by 20
Characterizing human safety learning via Pavlovian conditioned inhibition
Laing, P. A. F., Vervliet, B., Fullana, M. A., Savage, H. S., Davey, C. G., Felmingham, K. L., & Harrison, B. J. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103800 · Cited by 20
Tracking Eye Movements During Sleep in Mice
Meng, Q., Tan, X., Jiang, C., Xiong, Y., Yan, B., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.616760 · Cited by 22
Alpha-2 Adrenoreceptor Antagonist Yohimbine Potentiates Consolidation of Conditioned Fear
Sperl, M. F. J., Panitz, C., Skoluda, N., Nater, U. M., Pizzagalli, D. A., Hermann, C., & Mueller, E. M. (2022) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyac038 · Cited by 20
“Compared with the placebo, yohimbine administration was associated with significantly elevated predominantly during sleep (Pace-Schott et al., 2015); therefore, yohimbine effects would be expected especially on day 2.”
Vanuk, J. R., Pace-Schott, E. F., Bullock, A., Esbit, S., Dailey, N. S., & Killgore, W. D. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.886816 · Cited by 19
Self-citationA REM-active basal ganglia circuit that regulates anxiety
Ba, W., Nollet, M., Yin, C., Yu, X., Wong, S., Miao, A., Beckwith, E. J., Harding, E. C., Ma, Y., Yustos, R., et al. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.010 · Cited by 21
Selective REM Sleep Deprivation Improves Expectation-Related Placebo Analgesia
Chouchou, F., Chauny, J., Rainville, P., & Lavigne, G. J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144992 · Cited by 18
“However, these mechanisms are not specific to REM sleep [17].”
BackgroundKlinger, E., Marchetti, I., & Koster, E. H. W. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fmxh4 · Cited by 18
Rau, H., Hendrickson, R. C., Roggenkamp, H., Peterson, S., Parmenter, B. A., Cook, D. G., Peskind, E. R., & Pagulayan, K. F. (2017) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2017.1381277 · Cited by 17
Zuj, D. V., Palmer, M. A., Malhi, G. S., Bryant, R. A., & Felmingham, K. L. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.08.005 · Cited by 17
Armstrong, M., Castellanos, J. P., & Christie, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2024.1346053 · Cited by 19
A prolonged stress rat model recapitulates some PTSD-like changes in sleep and neuronal connectivity
Lo, Y., Yi, P.-L., Hsiao, Y., Lee, T.-Y., & Chang, F. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05090-9 · Cited by 16
Pesonen, A., Koskinen, M.-K., Vuorenhela, N., Halonen, R., Mäkituuri, S., Selin, M., Luokkala, S., Suutari, A., & Hovatta, I. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105714 · Cited by 19
Sleep and Processing of Trauma Memories
Kobayashi, I., Mellman, T. A., Altaee, D. K., Howell, M. K., & Lavela, J. (2016) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22137 · Cited by 16
“In a recent review, Pace-Schott et al. (2015) Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Thomas A. Mellman, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street, NW, Washington, DC 20059. tmellman@howard.edu.”
BackgroundOkada, R., Masubuchi, Y., Tanaka, T., Nakajima, K., Masuda, S., Nakamura, K., Maronpot, R. R., Yoshida, T., Koyanagi, M., Hayashi, S.-M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2019.02.024 · Cited by 16
Alfano, C. A., Rech, M., Harmouch, S., Gallagher, M. W., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107083 · Cited by 16
Natraj, N., Neylan, T. C., Yack, L. M., Metzler, T. J., Woodward, S. H., Hubachek, S. Q., Dukes, C., Udupa, N. S., Mathalon, D. H., & Richards, A. L. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.02.007 · Cited by 15
Grafe, L. A., Miller, K. E., Ross, R. J. M., & Bhatnagar, S. (2023) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100588 · Cited by 17
The Fate of Emotional Memories Over a Week: Does Sleep Play Any Role?
Cellini, N., Mercurio, M., & Sarlo, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00481 · Cited by 14
Sleep disturbance and suicide risk among sexual and gender minority people
Dolsen, E. A., Byers, A. L., Flentje, A., Goulet, J. L., Jasuja, G. K., Lynch, K. E., Maguen, S., & Neylan, T. C. (2022) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100488 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Pace-Schott, E. F., Germain, A., & Milad, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 141
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 835-857
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- PMC
- PMC4486610
- OpenAlex
- W2024057471
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 267
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 12.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Sponsor name not included (MH090357; USAMRAA Log11293006; MH097965)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- sleep, fear extinction, fear conditioning, extinction memory consolidation, REM sleep, slow-wave sleep, emotional memory, anxiety disorders, exposure therapy, time of day effects, limbic system, memory generalization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conditioning, Psychological, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Humans, Learning, Memory, Sleep, Models, Animal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
