Toward a comprehensive and potentially cross-cultural model of why people engage in collective action: a quantitative research synthesis of four motivations and structural constraints

Agostini, Maximilian; van Zomeren, Martijn

doi:10.1037/bul0000256

Cited by 325Social and Intergroup PsychologySocial Movements and Cultural IdentitySocial Power and Status Dynamics

Toward a comprehensive and potentially cross-cultural model of why people engage in collective action: a quantitative research synthesis of four motivations and structural constraints

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Agostini, Maximilian, van Zomeren, Martijn·2021·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/bul0000256

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Abstract

Sociopsychological theorizing and research on collective action (e.g., social protests) has mushroomed over the last decade, studying a wide variety of groups, contexts, and cultures. Through a quantitative research synthesis of four motivations for collective action (1,235 effects from 403 samples; total N = 123,707), we summarize and synthesize this body of research into the dual chamber model, a comprehensive and potentially cross-cultural model of collective action. We aim to replicate previous meta-analytic conclusions (about identity, injustice, and efficacy) and break new theoretical ground by (a) integrating a fourth motivation (morality) into the very heart of the psychology of collective action, (b) extending these four motivations to advantaged group members acting in solidarity with the disadvantaged, and (c) integrating theoretically relevant structural (i.e., cultural and other contextual) constraints. Results substantiated the dual chamber model as all four motivations yielded unique, positive, medium-sized effects and interrelationships were positive (particularly among morality and identity, conceptualized as the dual chambers of the protester’s beating heart). Meta-analytic structural equation modeling supported the added value of including morality. Moreover, findings confirmed that the strongest specific motivations were emotional injustice and politicized identification, while newly adding moral conviction to that list. Finally, the four motivations extended to advantaged group members acting in solidarity with the disadvantaged, while only the identity motivation was constrained by theoretically relevant cultural dimensions and values (e.g., collectivism and hierarchy). We discuss the implications and limitations of the dual chamber model for integrative theorizing, innovative research, and the practice of collective action.

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Meta-analytical reviews support that social or collective identification is a factor conducive to collective action.
“Meta-analytical reviews support that factors conducive to collective action are social or collective identification (i.e., identification with an extended group; van Zomeren et al., 2008; Agostini and van Zomeren, 2021; Akfirat et al., 2021)”
From Emotional processes, collective behavior, and social movements: A meta-analytic review of collective effervescence outcomes during collective gatherings and demonstrations (2022) · cites this paper as Agostini and van Zomeren, 2021
Meta-analytical reviews support that collective efficacy is a factor conducive to collective action.
“collective efficacy (van Zomeren et al., 2008; Agostini and van Zomeren, 2021)”
From Emotional processes, collective behavior, and social movements: A meta-analytic review of collective effervescence outcomes during collective gatherings and demonstrations (2022) · cites this paper as Agostini and van Zomeren, 2021
Meta-analytical reviews support that moral, positive, and self-transcendent emotions like hope are factors conducive to collective action.
“moral, positive and self-transcendent emotions like hope, that gave motivational support to the previous factors (Agostini and van Zomeren, 2021)”
From Emotional processes, collective behavior, and social movements: A meta-analytic review of collective effervescence outcomes during collective gatherings and demonstrations (2022) · cites this paper as Agostini and van Zomeren, 2021
Meta-analytical reviews support that agreement with self-transcendence values is a factor conducive to collective action.
“agreement with self-trascendence values, that could reinforce moral conviction supportive of collective action (Sabucedo et al., 2018; Agostini and van Zomeren, 2021)”
From Emotional processes, collective behavior, and social movements: A meta-analytic review of collective effervescence outcomes during collective gatherings and demonstrations (2022) · cites this paper as Agostini and van Zomeren, 2021
Identification predicted participation in collective action, as shown together with Agostini and van Zomeren's (2021) meta-analysis.
“Together with Agostini and van Zomeren's (2021) meta-analysis, this identification predicted participation in collective action”
From Emotional processes, collective behavior, and social movements: A meta-analytic review of collective effervescence outcomes during collective gatherings and demonstrations (2022) · cites this paper as Agostini and van Zomeren's (2021)

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The Next Generation of Collective Action Research
Wright, S. C. (2009) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01628.x · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Individuals in Movements: A Social Psychology of Contention
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When Will Collective Action Be Effective? Violent and Non-Violent Protests Differentially Influence Perceptions of Legitimacy and Efficacy Among Sympathizers
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Does group efficacy increase group identification? Resolving their paradoxical relationship.
van Zomeren, M., Leach, C. W., & Spears, R. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.006 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The role of efficacy and moral outrage norms in creating the potential for international development activism through group‐based interaction
Thomas, E. F., & McGarty, C. (2008) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466608x313774 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
An investigation of the social identity model of collective action and the ‘sedative’ effect of intergroup contact among Black and White students in South Africa
Çakal, H., Hewstone, M., Schwär, G., & Heath, A. (2011) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02075.x · Cited by 215 · see citing works
“Poisoning the Consciences of the Fortunate”: The Experience of Relative Advantage and Support for Social Equality
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Diversity in in-group bias: Structural factors, situational features, and social functions.
Scheepers, D. T., Spears, R., Doosje, B., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.944 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
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Self-efficacy or collective efficacy within the cognitive theory of stress model: Which more effectively explains people's self-reported proenvironmental behavior?
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Civil Disorder Participation: A Critical Examination of Recent Research
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Collective Action in Modern Times: How Modern Expressions of Prejudice Prevent Collective Action
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Strands of Theory and Research in Collective Behavior
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Yes we can? Group efficacy beliefs predict collective action, but only when hope is high
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Subjective relative deprivation is associated with poorer physical and mental health
Mishra, S., & Carleton, R. N. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.030 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Protesting to challenge or defend the system? A system justification perspective on collective action
Osborne, D., Jost, J., Becker, J. C., Badaan, V., & Sibley, C. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2522 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The Process Model of Group-Based Emotion
Goldenberg, A., Halperin, E., van Zomeren, M., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868315581263 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Climate protection needs societal change: Determinants of intention to participate in collective climate action
Rees, J. H., & Bamberg, S. (2014) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2032 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Emotional reactions to success and failure of collective action as predictors of future action intentions: A longitudinal investigation in the context of student protests in Germany
Tausch, N., & Becker, J. C. (2012) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2012.02109.x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Individual and Situational Factors Related to Young Women’s Likelihood of Confronting Sexism in Their Everyday Lives
Ayres, M. M., Friedman, C. K., & Leaper, C. (2009) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9635-3 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Where Is Culture in Cross Cultural Research?
Fischer, R. D. (2009) · International Journal of Cross Cultural Management · doi:10.1177/1470595808101154 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Context Matters: Explaining How and Why Mobilizing Context Influences Motivational Dynamics
van Stekelenburg, J., Klandermans, B., & DIJK, W. W. V. (2009) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01626.x · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Hope and anger as mediators between collective action frames and participation in collective mobilization: The case of 15-M
Włodarczyk, A., Basabe, N., Páez, D., & Zumeta, L. N. (2017) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v5i1.471 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Pathways to Collective Protest: Calculation, Identification, or Emotion? A Critical Analysis of the Role of Group‐Based Anger in Social Movement Participation
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Seeing Through Their Eyes: When Majority Group Members Take Collective Action on Behalf of an Outgroup
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Angry opposition to government redress: When the structurally advantaged perceive themselves as relatively deprived
Leach, C. W., Iyer, A., & Pedersen, A. (2006) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466606x99360 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Why Do Men and Women Challenge Gender Discrimination in the Workplace? The Role of Group Status and In‐group Identification in Predicting Pathways to Collective Action
Iyer, A., & Ryan, M. K. (2009) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01625.x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Is hope good for motivating collective action in the context of climate change? Differentiating hope’s emotion- and problem-focused coping functions
van Zomeren, M., Pauls, I. L., & Cohen‐Chen, S. (2019) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.04.003 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Understanding social psychology across cultures : engaging with others in a changing world
Smith, P. B., Fischer, R. D., Vignoles, V. L., & Bond, M. H. (2013) · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Acting in solidarity: Testing an extended dual pathway model of collective action by bystander group members
Saab, R., Tausch, N., Spears, R., & Cheung, W. (2014) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12095 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Youth collective activism through social media: The role of collective efficacy
Velásquez, A., & LaRose, R. (2014) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444813518391 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The Relative Impact of Anger and Efficacy on Collective Action is Affected by Feelings of Fear
Miller, D. A., Cronin, T. J., Garcia, A. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (2009) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430209105046 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Social media use and university students’ participation in a large-scale protest campaign: The case of Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement
Lee, F. L. F., Chen, H., & Chan, M. (2016) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2016.08.005 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Is It Just Me?: The Different Consequences of Personal and Group Relative Deprivation
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Emotional Rescue: How Affect Helps Partisans Overcome Collective Action Problems
Groenendyk, E. W., & Banks, A. J. (2013) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12045 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Relative Deprivation and Social Justice: A Study of Attitudes to Social Inequality in Twentieth-Century England, by W. G. Runciman
Wootton, B. (1967) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2147221 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Whites for racial justice: How contact with Black Americans predicts support for collective action among White Americans
Selvanathan, H. P., Techakesari, P., Tropp, L. R., & Barlow, F. K. (2017) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430217690908 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The Politicization of Migrants: Further Evidence that Politicized Collective Identity is a Dual Identity
Simon, B. C., & Grabow, O. (2010) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00782.x · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Social Identity and Affect as Determinants of Collective Action
Kawakami, K., & Dion, K. L. (1995) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354395054005 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Ethnic identification in response to perceived discrimination protects well-being and promotes activism: A longitudinal study of Latino college students
Cronin, T. J., Levin, S., Branscombe, N. R., van Laar, C., & Tropp, L. R. (2011) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430211427171 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The importance of protesters' morals: moral obligation as a key variable to understand collective action
Sabucedo, J.-M., Dono, M., Alzate, M., & Seoane, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00418 · Cited by 149 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…2007, 2012; Skitka, 2010) inspired scientific interest in moral motivations for collective action (e.g., Jost et al., 2017; Milesi & Alberici, 2018; Sabucedo et al., 2018; van Stekelenburg et al., 2009; van Stekelenburg & Klandermans, 2009), which includes motivations based in values, moral…”
BackgroundInfluential
Testing the social identity relative deprivation (SIRD) model of social change: The political rise of Scottish nationalism
Abrams, D., & Grant, P. R. (2011) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02032.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
How risk perception shapes collective action intentions in repressive contexts: A study of Egyptian activists during the 2013 post‐coup uprising
Ayanian, A. H., & Tausch, N. (2016) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12164 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Religious identification and politicization in the face of discrimination: Support for political Islam and political action among the Turkish and Moroccan second generation in Europe
Fleischmann, F., Phalet, K., & Klein, O. (2011) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02072.x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Through Rose-Colored Glasses
Osborne, D., & Sibley, C. G. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213487997 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Sexual-Minority College Women's Experiences with Discrimination: Relations with Identity and Collective Action
Friedman, C. K., & Leaper, C. (2010) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2010.01558.x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Anger, Fear, or Sadness: Faculty Members' Emotional Reactions to Collective Pay Disadvantage
Smith, H. J., Cronin, T. J., & Kessler, T. (2008) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00624.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The social identity approach: Appraising the Tajfellian legacy.
Brown, R. (2019) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12349 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Personal Political Salience: The Role of Personality in Collective Identity and Action
Duncan, L. E., & Stewart, A. J. (2007) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00560.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“My In‐group is Superior!”: Susceptibility for Radical Right‐wing Attitudes and Behaviors in Dutch Youth
Doosje, B., van den Bos, K., Loseman, A., Feddes, A. R., & Mann, L. (2012) · Negotiation and Conflict Management Research · doi:10.1111/j.1750-4716.2012.00099.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Testing the Social Identity Model of Collective Action Longitudinally and Across Structurally Disadvantaged and Advantaged Groups
Thomas, E. F., Zubielevitch, E., Sibley, C., & Osborne, D. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219879111 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Doing gender differently—The interplay of strength of gender identification and content of gender identity in predicting women's endorsement of sexist beliefs
Becker, J. C., & Wagner, U. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.551 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The protest intentions of skilled immigrants with credentialing problems: A test of a model integrating relative deprivation theory with social identity theory
Grant, P. R. (2008) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466607x269829 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Social Media for Social Change: Social Media Political Efficacy and Activism in Student Activist Groups
Velásquez, A., & LaRose, R. (2015) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2015.1054998 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Admiration regulates social hierarchy: Antecedents, dispositions, and effects on intergroup behavior
Sweetman, J., Spears, R., Livingstone, A. G., & Manstead, A. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.10.007 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Why Do People Join Backlash Protests? Lessons from Turkey
Aytaç, S. E., Schiumerini, L., & Stokes, S. C. (2017) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002716686828 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Building a Tower of Babel? Integrating Core Motivations and Features of Social Structure into the Political Psychology of Political Action
van Zomeren, M. (2016) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12322 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Media Use and the Social Identity Model of Collective Action: Examining the Roles of Online Alternative News and Social Media News
Chan, M. (2016) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1077699016638837 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 3.
Glass, D. C., & Berkowitz, L. J. (1969) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092805 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Understanding how common ingroup identity undermines collective action among disadvantaged-group members
Ufkes, E. G., Calcagno, J. E., Glasford, D. E., & Dovidio, J. F. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.11.006 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
How Does Intergroup Contact Affect Social Change? Its Impact on Collective Action and Individual Mobility Intentions among Members of a Disadvantaged Group
Tausch, N., Saguy, T., & Bryson, J. B. (2015) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12127 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Feeling Hopeful Inspires Support for Social Change
Greenaway, K. H., Cichocka, A. K., van Veelen, R., Likki, T., & Branscombe, N. R. (2014) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12225 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Navigating Multiple Identities: The Simultaneous Influence of Advantaged and Disadvantaged Identities on Politicization and Activism
Curtin, N., Kende, A., & Kende, J. (2016) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12166 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
If it matters for the group then it matters to me: Collective action outcomes for seasoned activists
Blackwood, L. M., & Louis, W. R. (2011) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02001.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The context of control: A cross‐national investigation of the link between political institutions, efficacy, and collective action
Corcoran, K. E., Pettinicchio, D., & Young, J. T. N. (2011) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02076.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Identity in Action: Predictors of Feminist Self-Identification and Collective Action
Nelson, J. A., Liss, M., Erchull, M. J., Hurt, M. M., Ramsey, L. R., Turner, D. L., & Haines, M. E. (2008) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9384-0 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
We feel, therefore we are: Emotion as a basis for self-categorization and social action.
Livingstone, A., Spears, R., Manstead, A. S. R., Bruder, M., & Shepherd, L. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0023223 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Committed Dis(s)idents: Participation in Radical Collective Action Fosters Disidentification With the Broader In-Group But Enhances Political Identification
Becker, J. C., Tausch, N., Spears, R., & Christ, O. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211407076 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Social status, cognitive alternatives, and intergroup relations
Turner, J. C., & Brown, R. J. (1976) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e668292012-213 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
‘This will bring shame on our nation’: The role of anticipated group-based emotions on collective action
Shepherd, L., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.011 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Challenging the Status Quo
Curtin, N., Stewart, A. J., & Cole, E. R. (2015) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684315580439 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Appealing to common humanity increases forgiveness but reduces collective action among victims of historical atrocities
Greenaway, K. H., Quinn, E. A., & Louis, W. R. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.802 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
An Intersectional Analysis of Gender and Race for Sexual Minorities Who Engage in Gay and Lesbian Rights Activism
Swank, E., & Fahs, B. (2012) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0168-9 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
By any means necessary: The effects of regulatory focus and moral conviction on hostile and benevolent forms of collective action
Zaal, M. P., van Laar, C., Ståhl, T., Ellemers, N., & Derks, B. (2011) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02069.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Mobilization and participation in trade union action: An expectancy‐value approach*
Klandermans, B. (1984) · Journal of Occupational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1984.tb00153.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The Perceptual Bases of Collective Efficacy and Protest Participation: The Case of Pro-Democracy Protests in Hong Kong
Lee, F. L. F. (2010) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edq023 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Union Organizing as a Mobilizing Strategy: The Impact of Social Identity and Transformational Leadership on the Collectivism of Union Members
Cregan, C., Bartram, T., & Stanton, P. M. (2009) · British Journal of Industrial Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8543.2009.00733.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A Multiple Identity Approach to Gender: Identification with Women, Identification with Feminists, and Their Interaction
van Breen, J. A., Spears, R., Kuppens, T., & de Lemus, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01019 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
A Darker Side of Hope: Harmony-Focused Hope Decreases Collective Action Intentions Among the Disadvantaged
Hasan‐Aslih, S., Pliskin, R., van Zomeren, M., Halperin, E., & Saguy, T. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218783190 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The system-stabilizing role of identity management strategies: social creativity can undermine collective action for social change.
Becker, J. C. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029240 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The “Activist Identity” and Activism across Domains: A Multiple Identities Analysis
Louis, W. R., Amiot, C. E., Thomas, E. F., & Blackwood, L. M. (2016) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12165 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Collective action against sexism in Germany, Turkey, and Japan: The influence of self-construal and face concerns
Fischer, F., Becker, J. C., Kito, M., & Nayır, D. Z. (2017) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430216683533 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
A social influence perspective on expressive political participation in Twitter: the case of #OccupyGezi
Varnalı, K., & Gorgulu, V. (2014) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2014.923480 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
More Than a Feeling
Osborne, D., Smith, H. J., & Huo, Y. J. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211432766 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Explaining Normative Versus Nonnormative Action: The Role of Implicit Theories
Shuman, E., Cohen‐Chen, S., Hirsch‐Hoefler, S., & Halperin, E. (2016) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12325 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Using reappraisal to regulate negative emotion after the 2016 U.S. Presidential election: Does emotion regulation Trump political action?
Ford, B., Feinberg, M., Lam, P. H., Mauss, I., & John, O. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000200 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The social affirmation use of social media as a motivator of collective action
Kende, A., van Zomeren, M., Ujhelyi, A., & Lantos, N. A. (2016) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12375 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Coping with Lack of Control in a Social World
Bukowski, M., Frische, I., Guinote, A., & Kofta, M. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315661452 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Online environmental community members’ intention to participate in environmental activities: An application of the theory of planned behavior in the Chinese context
Park, N., & Yang, A. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.02.013 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Predicting support for collective action in the conflict between Turks and Kurds: Perceived threats as a mediator of intergroup contact and social identity
Çakal, H., Hewstone, M., Güler, M., & Heath, A. F. (2016) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430216641303 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Social Psychology of the Black Lives Matter Meme and Movement
Leach, C. W., & Allen, A. M. (2017) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721417719319 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Giving versus acting: Using latent profile analysis to distinguish between benevolent and activist support for global poverty reduction
Thomas, E. F., & McGarty, C. (2017) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12228 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Protesting to protect “us” and/or “them”? Explaining why members of third groups are willing to engage in collective action
Klavina, L., & van Zomeren, M. (2018) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430218796930 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Six Factors Fostering Protest: Predicting Participation in Locally Unwanted Land Uses Movements
Mannarini, T., Roccato, M., Fedi, A., & Rovere, A. (2009) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00732.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The doors that culture opened: Parallels between social movement studies and social psychology
Jasper, J. M. (2017) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430216686405 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The role of threat, emotions, and prejudice in promoting collective action against immigrant groups
Shepherd, L., Fasoli, F., Pereira, A., & Branscombe, N. R. (2017) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2346 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“We’re mad as hell and we’re not going to take it anymore”: Anger self-stereotyping and collective action
Leonard, D. J., Moons, W. G., Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (2010) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430210373779 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Pluralistic morality and collective action: The role of moral foundations
Milesi, P., & Alberici, A. I. (2016) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430216675707 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The politicized motivations of volunteers in the refugee crisis: Intergroup helping as the means to achieve social change
Kende, A., Lantos, N. A., Belinszky, A., Csaba, S., & Lukács, Z. A. (2017) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v5i1.642 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The future of system justification theory
Jost, J. T., Badaan, V., Goudarzi, S., Hoffarth, M. R., & Mogami, M. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12309 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

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Believing That We Can Change Our World for the Better: A Triple-A (Agent-Action-Aim) Framework of Self-Efficacy Beliefs in the Context of Collective Social and Ecological Aims
Hamann, K. R. S., Wullenkord, M. C., Reese, G., & van Zomeren, M. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683231178056 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Emotions and transformative learning for sustainability: a systematic review
Grund, J., Singer‐Brodowski, M., & Büssing, A. G. (2023) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-023-01439-5 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
MOBILISE: A Higher‐Order Integration of Collective Action Research to Address Global Challenges
Thomas, E. F., Duncan, L. E., McGarty, C., Louis, W. R., & Smith, L. G. E. (2022) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12811 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Dietary behaviour as a form of collective action: A social identity model of vegan activism
Judge, M., Fernando, J. W., & Begeny, C. T. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105730 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Emotional processes, collective behavior, and social movements: A meta-analytic review of collective effervescence outcomes during collective gatherings and demonstrations
Pizarro, J. J., Zumeta, L. N., Bouchat, P., Włodarczyk, A., Rimé, B., Basabe, N., Amutio, A., & Páez, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.974683 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
An interdisciplinary understanding of energy citizenship: Integrating psychological, legal, and economic perspectives on a citizen-centred sustainable energy transition
Hamann, K. R. S., Bertel, M., Ryszawska, B., Lurger, B., Szymański, P., Rozwadowska, M., Goedkoop, F., Jans, L., Perlaviciute, G., Masson, T., et al. (2023) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2023.102959 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Beyond normative and non‐normative: A systematic review on predictors of confrontational collective action
Uysal, M. S., Saavedra, P., & Drury, J. (2024) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12735 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
How perceived polarization predicts attitude moralization (and vice versa): A four-wave longitudinal study during the 2020 U.S. election.
D’Amore, C., van Zomeren, M., & Koudenburg, N. (2024) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000454 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Does crossing a moral line justify collective means? Explaining how a perceived moral violation triggers normative and nonnormative forms of collective action
Pauls, I. L., Shuman, E., van Zomeren, M., Saguy, T., & Halperin, E. (2021) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2818 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Autonomous Motives Foster Sustained Commitment to Action: Integrating Self-Determination Theory and the Social Identity Approach
Yip, L., Thomas, E. F., Amiot, C. E., Louis, W. R., & McGarty, C. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672221148396 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Intergroup Value Protection Model: A Theoretically Integrative and Dynamic Approach to Intergroup Conflict Escalation in Democratic Societies
van Zomeren, M., D’Amore, C., Pauls, I. L., Shuman, E., & Leal, A. L. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683231192120 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Social movements and collective behavior: an integration of meta-analysis and systematic review of social psychology studies
da Costa, S., Páez, D., Martí-González, M., Díaz, V., & Bouchat, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1096877 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Reconsidering prosocial behavior as intersocial: A literature review and a new perspective
Labroo, A. A., Khan, U. R., & Su, S. J. (2022) · Consumer Psychology Review · doi:10.1002/arcp.1088 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
From individual to collective climate emotions and actions: a review
Brosch, T. (2024) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101466 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The radical flank: Curse or blessing of a social movement?
Dasch, S. T., Bellm, M., Shuman, E., & van Zomeren, M. (2024) · Global Environmental Psychology · doi:10.5964/gep.11121 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A theoretical framework for polarization as the gradual fragmentation of a divided society
Bliuc, A., Betts, J. M., Vergani, M., Bouguettaya, A., & Cristea, M. (2024) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-024-00125-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“My Aim Is True”: An Attribution-Identity Model of Ally Sincerity
Moser, C. E., & Wiley, S. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683241273354 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
‘We despair’: Examining the role of political despair for collective action and well‐being
Bird, L. H., Thomas, E. F., & Wenzel, M. (2024) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3052 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
From imagination to activism: Cognitive alternatives motivate commitment to activism through identification with social movements and collective efficacy
Bleh, J., Masson, T., Köhler, S., & Fritsche, I. (2024) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12811 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Dynamic, Yet Stable: Separating Within- and Between-Person Components of Collective Action in Support of a Disadvantaged Outgroup and its Antecedents
Górska, P., & Tausch, N. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506221133882 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
When social movements fail or succeed: social psychological consequences of a collective action’s outcome
Carvacho, H., González, R., Cheyre, M., Rocha, C. M., Cornejo, M., Jiménez‐Moya, G., Manzi, J. M., Álvarez-Dezerega, C., Álvarez, B., Castro, D., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155950 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A warrant for violence? An analysis of Donald Trump's speech before the US Capitol attack
Ntontis, E., Jurstakova, K., Neville, F., Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2023) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12679 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The different effects of collective narcissism and secure ingroup identity on collective action and life satisfaction among LGBTQ+ individuals
Górska, P., Stefaniak, A., Matera, J., & Marchlewska, M. (2023) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302221147125 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Should I Stay or Should I Go? Motives and Barriers for Sustained Collective Action Toward Social Change
Cohen-Eick, N., Shuman, E., van Zomeren, M., & Halperin, E. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231206638 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The power of the Ingroup for promoting collective action: How distinctive treatment from fellow minority members motivates collective action
Begeny, C. T., van Breen, J. A., Leach, C. W., van Zomeren, M., & Iyer, A. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104346 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Psychology of Collective Narcissism
de Zavala, A. G. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003296577 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Misandry Myth: An Inaccurate Stereotype About Feminists’ Attitudes Toward Men
Hopkins-Doyle, A., Petterson, A., Leach, S., Zibell, H., Chobthamkit, P., Rahim, S. B. A., Blake, J., Bosco, C., Cherrie-Rees, K., Beadle, A., et al. (2023) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843231202708 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
‘Coming together to awaken our democracy’: Examining precursors of emergent social identity and collective action among activists and non‐activists in the 2019–2020 ‘Chile despertó’ protests
Pozzi, M., Passini, S., Chayinska, M., Morselli, D., Ellena, A. M., Włodarczyk, A., & Pistoni, C. (2022) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2598 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Imagining a Positive Future: Desirability and Possibility as Possible Pathways to Hope and Commitment to Collective Action
Wenzel, M., Love, J., & Thomas, E. F. (2024) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.1177/02762366241268146 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Influence of affective and cognitive appeals on persuasion outcomes: a cross-cultural meta-analysis
Ng, W. J. R., See, Y. H. M., & Cheung, M. W. ‐. (2024) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqae042 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Collective Action Under Repressive Conditions: Integration of Individual, Group, and Structural Level Research, Recommendations, and Reflections
Ayanian, A. H., Adra, A., Zeineddine, F. B., Saab, R., Vollhardt, J. R., & Tausch, N. (2025) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.70000 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Becoming a hacktivist. Examining the motivations and the processes that prompt an individual to engage in hacktivism
Romagna, M., & Leukfeldt, R. (2023) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2023.2216189 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Refugees at the gates. Vicarious contact and collective action for a disadvantaged group
Górska, P., Karaś, U., & Stefaniak, A. (2023) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101808 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
It’s About Time! Identifying and Explaining Unique Trajectories of Solidarity-Based Collective Action to Support People in Developing Countries
Thomas, E. F., McGarty, C., Louis, W. R., Wenzel, M., Bury, S. M., & Woodyatt, L. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211047083 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
What makes people adapt together? An empirically grounded conceptual model on the enablers and barriers of collective climate change adaptation
Wannewitz, M., Petzold, J., & Garschagen, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2023.1213852 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Men’s reactions to gender inequality in the workplace: From relative deprivation on behalf of women to collective action
Mazzuca, S., Moscatelli, S., Menegatti, M., & Rubini, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.999750 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Perceived threat, injustice appraisal and willingness to join progressive collective action
Szóstakowski, D., & Besta, T. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04926-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Why Chile “Woke Up.” Antecedents of the Formation of Prochange Group Consciousness Promoting Collective Action
Hechler, S., Chayinska, M., Wekenborg, C. S., Moraga-Villablanca, F. A., Kessler, T., & McGarty, C. (2023) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12906 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Protest now: A systems view of 21st century movements
Leach, C. W., Ferguson, S. T., & Teixeira, C. P. (2024) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302241245660 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Italian Political Agendas on LGBTQIA+ Issues: Perceived Stigma and Civic Engagement Among Sexual and Gender Marginalized Communities
Rosati, F., Compare, C., Lorusso, M. M., Baiocco, R., Albanesi, C., Pistella, J., & Pellegrini, V. (2025) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-025-01117-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Motivations to engage in collective action: A latent profile analysis of refugee supporters
Yip, L., Thomas, E. F., Bliuc, A., Boza, M., Kende, A., Lizzio‐Wilson, M., Reese, G., & Smith, L. G. E. (2024) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12786 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Impresarios of identity: How the leaders of Czechoslovakia's 'Candlelight Demonstration' enabled effective collective action in a context of repression.
Jurstakova, K., Ntontis, E., & Reicher, S. (2023) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12671 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Group-Based Injustice, but Not Group-Based Economic Inequality, Predicts Political Violence Across 18 African Countries
Sakstrup, C., & Bartusevičius, H. (2024) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506241253359 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
How faith fuels boycotts: consumer activism against pro-Israel brands in a religiously diverse society
Herman, M. D. A. S., & Salehudin, I. (2025) · Journal of Islamic marketing · doi:10.1108/jima-10-2024-0490 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Polarization from the perspective of ambivalents: Feeling caught in the social crossfire of the U.S. abortion debate
Ton, G. M., van Zomeren, M., & Stroebe, K. E. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2990 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Understanding non‐normative civil resistance under repression: Evidence from Hong Kong and Chile
Li, M., Adra, A., Yuen, S., Salfate, S. V., Chan, K. M., & Baumert, A. (2023) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12933 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A person‐centred view of citizen participation in civic crowdfunding platforms: A mixed‐methods study of civic backers
Delgosha, M. S., Hajiheydari, N., & Olya, H. (2024) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12503 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Gender and National Collective Narcissism: Gender Asymmetries and Obstacles to Gender Equality
de Zavala, A. G., & Keenan, O. (2024) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-024-01443-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Supporting students' basic needs is associated with better socio-emotional skills across cultures: A self-determination theory perspective
Wang, F., King, R. B., & Zeng, L. M. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102535 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Unbearable Weight of Gender Inequalities: Development and Validation of the Social Treatment and Experiences of Women (STEW) Scale
Ciaffoni, S., Rubini, M., & Moscatelli, S. (2025) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-024-01555-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A longitudinal examination of the factors that facilitate and hinder support for conservative and progressive social movements
González, R., Chayinska, M., Plaza, A., Bargsted, M., & Miranda, D. (2022) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2893 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Collective action against corruption in Western and non-Western countries: cross-cultural implications of the Axiological-Identitary Collective Action Model
Grigoryev, D. S., Gallyamova, A. A., Conway, L. G., Zubrod, A., Cameselle, J. M. S., Dono, M., Batkhina, A. A., & Boehnke, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1269552 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Turning ingroup wounds into bonds: perceptions of gender inequalities predict attitudes toward other minorities
Ciaffoni, S., Rubini, M., & Moscatelli, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1327262 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Korrika, running in collective effervescence through the Basque Country: A model of collective processes and their positive psychological effects
Zabala, J., Conejero, S., Pascual, A., Zumeta, L. N., Pizarro, J. J., & Alonso‐Arbiol, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1095763 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mind the Like-Minded. The Role of Social Identity in Prosocial Crowdfunding
Monik, A., & Parzuchowski, M. (2023) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393231173889 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Moral Improvement of Self, Social Relations, and Society
Leach, C. W., & Iyer, A. (2023) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031614 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The role of temporal analogies in collective movements
Coenen, A., Juettemeier, M., Obaidi, M., Power, S. A., & Kunst, J. R. (2024) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3037 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Why should I? How victim sensitivity affects pro-environmental engagement
Köhler, L. J. E., Strieder, K. L., Altenmüller, M. S., & Gollwitzer, M. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102276 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Unraveling Image and Justice Concerns: A Social Identity Account on Appraisals and Emotional Drivers of High-Status Transgressor Group Members’ Solidarity With Low-Status Groups
Çakmak, H., Gordijn, E., Koç, Y., & Stroebe, K. E. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672241252871 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
How ingroup norms of multiculturalism (and tolerance) affect intergroup solidarity: The role of ideology
Long, F., & Çakmak, H. (2024) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12778 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Distinguishing sympathisers, philanthropists, rusted on activists and radicals: Using person‐centred analyses in collective action research
Thomas, E. F., Yip, L., & Lizzio‐Wilson, M. (2024) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12987 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Beyond private-sphere pro-environmental action: Explaining shared mobility using the Theory of Planned Behavior and solidarity-oriented variables
Richter, N., Hunecke, M., & Blumenschein, P. (2024) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.014 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Measuring Collective Action Intention Toward Gender Equality Across Cultures
Besta, T., Jurek, P., Olech, M., Włodarczyk, A., Kosakowska‐Berezecka, N., Bosson, J. K., Bender, M., Vandello, J. A., Abuhamdeh, S., Agyemang, C. B., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000857 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The social psychological predictors of men’s backlash responses to the #MeToo movement
Ayanian, A. H., Uluğ, Ö. M., Radke, H. R. M., & Zick, A. (2024) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302231210492 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
HOPEFUL: Helping Others Promotes Engagement and Fulfillment
Peak, R. M., & McGarty, C. (2024) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2024.2368393 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sociopolitical ideologies as predictors of collective action across liberal and conservative domains: Injustice‐based anger, efficacy, and empathy as mediators
Choma, B. L., Sumantry, D. M., & Nasser, L. (2024) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.13054 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Women’s Participation in Collective Action for Workplace Gender Equality: The Role of Perceived Relative Deprivation, Resentment, and Moral Conviction
Moscatelli, S., Mazzuca, S., Menegatti, M., & Rubini, M. (2025) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-025-01573-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Understanding the supporters and opponents of Myanmar's civil disobedience movement against the military coup in 2021
Putra, I. E., & Shadiqi, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2645 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The horror of today and the terror of tomorrow: The role of future existential risks and present‐day political risks in climate activism
Uysal, M. S., Martinez, N., & Vestergren, S. (2024) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12821 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The “Dark Side” of Community Ties: Collective Action and Lynching in Mexico
Nussio, E. (2024) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224241253268 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Does witnessing gender discrimination predict women's collective action intentions for gender justice? Examining the moderating role of perceived female support
Uluğ, Ö. M., Chayinska, M., & Tropp, L. R. (2022) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2642 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Your needs or mine? The role of allies' needs and their perceptions of disadvantaged groups' needs in motivating solidarity‐based actions
Sağlamöz, A. F., Kutlaca, M., & Leite, A. C. (2025) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12855 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
LGBTQ+ conspiracy beliefs and collective actions: Factors and processes that (de)motivate support for LGBTQ+ equality
Cristofaro, V. D., Costacurta, M., Pellegrini, V., Giacomantonio, M., & Salvati, M. (2025) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.70001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Toward an Integrated Psychological Model of Violent Extremism
Obaidi, M., Bergh, R., Ozer, S., & Sindermann, C. (2025) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2025.2478735 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Psychological processes underlying normative transformation and social change
González, R., Carvacho, H., & Tausch, N. (2025) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-025-00448-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kollektives nachhaltiges Handeln und Psychologie
Hamann, K. R. S., & Masson, T. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-30684-7_35-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
An Impartial Measure of Collective Action
Cervone, C., Suitner, C., Carraro, L., & Maass, A. (2023) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000762 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Online Signals of Extremist Mobilization
Brown, O., Smith, L. G. E., Davidson, B. I., Racek, D., & Joinson, A. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672241266866 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Explaining immigrant threat perceptions and pro‐immigrant collective action intentions through issue‐specific moral conviction and general need for closure: The case of the US–Mexico border wall
Cristofaro, V. D., Pellegrini, V., Livi, S., & van Zomeren, M. (2022) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2853 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Social Psychological Processes Underlying Collective Action in Repressive Contexts: What We Know and Ways Forward for Future Research
Ayanian, A. H., Tausch, N., & Saab, R. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197687703.003.0002 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Collective narcissism of White supremacy and minority resistance
Keenan, O., & de Zavala, A. G. (2025) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302241305370 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
‘Nothing to lose or a world to win’: Reconsidering efficacy, legitimacy, political trust and repression in confrontational collective action
Uysal, M. S., Drury, J., & Acar, Y. G. (2025) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12891 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
From roadblocks to property damage: How injustice perceptions and trust in authorities are associated with participation in nonnormative climate protest
Jansma, A., van den Bos, K., & de Graaf, B. (2024) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.13071 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Neoliberalism and pandemics: A critical cultural psychological perspective
Jimenez, T., & Schmitt, H. J. (2024) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.10099 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A fight against all odds? The causal effects of perceived political efficacy and protest repression on motivation to engage in normative and non-normative climate protest
Dono, M., Ayanian, A. H., & Tausch, N. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102697 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Status- and foreignness-based discrimination experiences shape feelings of similarity among people of color
Zou, L. X., & Ngum, S. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104794 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
From Anger to Activism? How Drivers of Climate Anger Predict Protest Intention and Support
Gregersen, T., Stanley, S. K., Andersen, G., & Tvinnereim, E. M. (2025) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00139165251359464 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Guilt, shame, and antiwar action in an authoritarian country at war
Grigoryan, L. K., Ponizovskiy, V., Weißflog, M. I., Осин, Е. Н., & Lickel, B. A. (2024) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12985 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Discrimination and Civic Engagement of Immigrants in Western Societies. A Systematic Scoping Review
Müssig, S., & Okrug, I. (2024) · Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l integration et de la migration internationale · doi:10.1007/s12134-024-01154-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Turning on the we-mode: a systematic review on joint action principles for promoting collective pro-environmental engagement
Sarabi, S., Gillebaart, M., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1642312 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The social tensions felt within: Explaining felt ambivalence about polarized societal debates through perceived opinion discrepancies in the social environment
Ton, G. M., Stroebe, K. E., & van Zomeren, M. (2022) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12574 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Responding to the socio-ecological crisis: Activism and collective action
Vestergren, S., Bamberg, S., & Louis, W. R. (2024) · Global Environmental Psychology · doi:10.5964/gep.13075 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Emotions affect learning about climate change – a case study of FFF
Deisenrieder, V., Oberauer, K., Kubisch, S., Parth, S., Stötter, J., & Keller, L. (2024) · International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education · doi:10.1080/10382046.2024.2342727 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Caught in a social crossfire: Exploring the social forces behind and experience of ambivalence about potential social change
Ton, G. M., Stroebe, K. E., & van Zomeren, M. (2021) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2821 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Non‐Indigenous Canadians' Post‐Colonial Ideologies, Allyship and Collective Guilt Predict Support for Reconciliation, Collective Action and Political Tolerance
Herkimer, J. V., Choma, B. L., & Nasser, L. (2025) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70043 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Is There a Place for Positive Emotions in Peace Protests? Being Moved and Anger Predict Different Goals of Peace Activism Among Third Parties
Landmann, H., Solak, N., Chayinska, M., & Uluğ, Ö. M. (2025) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70184 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
From ‘Me’ to ‘We’: the psychology behind future collective action for wetland sustainability
Valizadeh, N., Le, T. T., & Bazrafkan, K. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-26295-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Solidarity With Palestinians in Germany and the United Kingdom: The Distinctiveness of Beliefs, Emotions, and Attitudes for Third-Party Solidarity in Democratic, Yet Issue-Specific Repressive Contexts
Schreiber, J. A., Uluğ, Ö. M., & Drury, J. (2026) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251407131 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Self-citation
Towards a comprehensive and potentially cross-cultural model of why people protest: A quantitative research synthesis of four motivations for collective action
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Authors: Agostini, M., & van Zomeren, M.
Affiliations: University of Groningen (NL)
Corresponding author: Agostini, Maximilian
ORCID: Agostini, Maximilian
van Zomeren, Martijn
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2021-07
Volume: 147
Issue: 7
Pages: 667-700
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/bul0000256
OpenAlex: W4206327683
Cited by: 301
References: 358
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 3
FWCI: 44.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.rug.nl
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Dutch Research Council (406.18.519)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Movements and Cultural Identity
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Keywords: collective action, social protest, protest motivation, moral conviction, perceived injustice, perceived efficacy, identity motivation, solidarity, cultural constraints, collectivism, hierarchy, cross-cultural comparison

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Toward a comprehensive and potentially cross-cultural model of why people engage in collective action: a quantitative research synthesis of four motivations and structural constraints

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