Suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts among public safety personnel in Canada
Open accessAbstract
Substantial media attention has focused on suicide among Canadian Public Safety Personnel (PSP; e.g., correctional workers, dispatchers, firefighters, paramedics, police). The attention has raised significant concerns about the mental health impact of public safety service, as well as interest in the correlates for risk of suicide. There have only been two published studies assessing lifetime suicidal behaviors among Canadian PSP. The current study was designed to assess past-year and lifetime suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts amongst a large diverse sample of Canadian PSP. Estimates of suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts were derived from self-reported data from a nationally administered online survey. Participants included 5,148 PSP (33.4% women) grouped into six categories (i.e., Call Centre Operators/Dispatchers, Correctional Workers, Firefighters, Municipal/Provincial Police, Paramedics, Royal Canadian Mounted Police). Substantial proportions of participants reported past-year and lifetime suicidal ideation (10.1%, 27.8%), planning (4.1%, 13.3%), or attempts (0.4%, 4.6%). Women reported significantly more lifetime suicidal behaviors than men (ORs = 1.15 to 2.62). Significant differences were identified across PSP categories in reports of past-year and lifetime suicidal behaviors. The proportion of Canadian PSP reporting past-year and lifetime suicidal behaviors was substantial. The estimates for lifetime suicidal behaviors appear consistent with or higher than previously published international PSP estimates, and higher than reports from the general population. Municipal/Provincial Police reported the lowest frequency for past-year and lifetime suicidal behaviors, whereas Correctional Workers and Paramedics reported the highest. The results provide initial evidence that substantial portions of diverse Canadian PSP experience suicidal behaviors, therein warranting additional resources and research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
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PSP report symptoms consistent with various mental health disorders at higher rates than expected for the general population.
“Carleton et al. [4,11] highlighted that PSP report symptoms consistent with various mental health disorders at higher rates than expected for the general population.”
From Canadian Public Safety Personnel and Occupational Stressors: How PSP Interpret Stressors on Duty (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
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Self-citationDrowsy and dangerous? Fatigue in paramedics: an overview
Ramey, S., MacQuarrie, A., Cochrane, A., McCann, I., Johnston, C. W., & Batt, A. M. (2019) · Irish Journal of Paramedicine · doi:10.32378/ijp.v4i1.175 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Angehrn, A., Vig, K. D., Mason, J. E., Stelnicki, A. M., Shields, R. E., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Carleton, R. N. (2021) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.1877338 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationLentz, L., Smith‐MacDonald, L., Malloy, D. C., Andérson, G. S., Beshai, S., Ricciardelli, R., Brémault‐Phillips, S., & Carleton, R. N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19126972 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationBuilding Personal Resilience in Primary Care Paramedic Students, and Subsequent Skill Decay
Vaughan, A. D., Stoliker, B. E., & Andérson, G. S. (2020) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine · doi:10.33151/ajp.17.803 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Patel, H., Easterbrook, B., D'Alessandro-Lowe, A. M., Andrews, K., Ritchie, K., Hosseiny, F., Rodrigues, S., Malain, A., O’Connor, C., Schielke, H., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2180706 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Correctional services during and beyond COVID-19
Ricciardelli, R., Bucerius, S. M., Tetrault, J. E. C., Crewe, B., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2021) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2021-0023 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Reported Coping Strategies for Managing Work-Related Stress among Public Safety Personnel
Andérson, G. S., Ricciardelli, R., Tam‐Seto, L., Gıwa, S., & Carleton, R. N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042355 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationLife course well-being framework for suicide prevention in Canadian Armed Forces Veterans
Thompson, J. M., Heber, A., VanTil, L. D., Simkus, K., Carrese, L., Sareen, J., & Pedlar, D. (2019) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh.2018-0020 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationTurner, S. E., Taillieu, T., Carleton, R. N., Sareen, J., & Afifi, T. O. (2018) · CMAJ Open · doi:10.9778/cmajo.20170153 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationJessiman‐Perreault, G., Smith, P. M., & Gignac, M. A. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052665 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Moghimi, E., Knyahnytska, Y., Omrani, M., Nikjoo, N., Stephenson, C., Layzell, G., Simpson, A. I. F., & Alavi, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.921527 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Correctional Work: Reflections Regarding Suicide
Genest, C., Ricciardelli, R., & Carleton, R. N. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18084280 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationSegmenting or Summing the Parts? A Scoping Review of Male Suicide Research in Canada
Oliffe, J. L., Kelly, M. T., Montaner, G. G., Links, P. S., Kealy, D., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2021) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437211000631 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The role of organizational culture in normalizing paramedic exposure to violence
Mausz, J., Johnston, M., & Donnelly, E. (2022) · doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0279.v1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Kyron, M. J., Podlogar, M. C., Joiner, T. E., McEvoy, P. M., Page, A. C., & Lawrence, D. M. (2020) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000949 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mental health disorder symptoms among serving Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Carleton, R. N., Jamshidi, L., Nisbet, J., Shields, R. E., & Andrews, K. L. (2024) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2024.2318209 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationRicciardelli, R., Tamara, T., Mitchell, M. M., Groll, D., Afifi, T., & Carleton, R. N. (2022) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-d-21-00009 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationMental Health Disorders and Suicidal Behaviors Among Provincial Correctional Workers
Ricciardelli, R., McKendy, L., Jamshidi, L., & Carleton, R. N. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002488 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationGeoffrion, S., Leduc, M.-P., Bourgouin, E., Bellemare, F., Arenzon, V., & Genest, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1149597 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Suicidal Ideation and Mental Health: The Moderating Effect of Coping Strategies in the Police Force
Barona, E. J. G., Guerrero‐Molina, M., Chambel, M. J., Manso, J. M. M., Bueso‐Izquierdo, N., & Barbosa‐Torres, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18158149 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Documenting the mental health climate in correctional work and the realities of suicide
Johnston, M. S., & Ricciardelli, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1026821 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationMausz, J., Donnelly, E. A., Moll, S. E., Harms, S., & McConnell, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084879 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ricciardelli, R., & Carleton, R. N. (2021) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2021.1893790 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationThe relationship between role identity and mental health among paramedics
Mausz, J., Donnelly, E. A., Moll, S. E., Harms, S., Tavares, W., & McConnell, M. (2021) · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/15555240.2021.1981763 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Peer Support for Public Safety Personnel in Canada: Towards a Typology
Price, J. A. B., Ogunade, A. O., Fletcher, A. J., Ricciardelli, R., Anderson, G., Cramm, H. A., & Carleton, R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095013 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence and Characteristics of Violence against Paramedics in a Single Canadian Site
Mausz, J., Johnston, M., Arseneau-Bruneau, D., Batt, A., & Donnelly, E. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20176644 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
‘I’m not sick!…Are you?’ Groupthink in police services as a barrier to collecting mental health data
Ricciardelli, R., Czarnuch, S. M., Kuzmochka, N., & Martin, K. (2021) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/14613557211008473 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationCorrectional Officer Mental Health Training: Analysis of 52 U.S. Jurisdictions
Kois, L. E., Hill, K., Gonzales, L., Hunter, S., & Chauhan, P. (2019) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403419849624 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pikoulas, G., Charila, D., & Tzavellas, E. (2022) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/14613557221089569 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mental Health Risk Factors Related to COVID-19 among Canadian Public Safety Professionals
Wagner, S. L., Nota, P. M. D., Groll, D., Lentz, L., Shields, R. E., Carleton, R. N., Cramm, H. A., Lin, B. W., & Andérson, G. S. (2022) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint4010001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence of exposure to critical incidents in firefighters across Canada
Nazari, G., MacDermid, J. C., Sinden, K. E., D’Amico, R., Brazil, A., Carleton, R. N., & Cramm, H. A. (2020) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-203267 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationCarleton, R. N., McCarron, M. C. E., Krätzig, G. P., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Neary, J. P., Lix, L. M., Fletcher, A. J., Camp, R. D., Shields, R. E., Jamshidi, L., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00989-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationCassiano, M. S., Ozturk, F., & Ricciardelli, R. (2021) · Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/26338076211058250 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationMcElheran, M., & Stelnicki, A. M. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1869399 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Foley, G., & Ricciardelli, R. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/46968 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationRicciardelli, R., Carleton, R. N., Johnston, M. S., Dorniani, S., Taillieu, T., & Afifi, T. O. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3476 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationTaylor, B. G., Liu, W., & Mumford, E. A. (2021) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/14613557211064050 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gibson, R., Whealin, J. M., Dasaro, C. R., Udasin, I. G., Crane, M., Moline, J. M., Harrison, D. J., Luft, B. J., Todd, A. C., Schechter, C. B., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.011 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Renkiewicz, G. K., & Hubble, M. W. (2023) · British Paramedic Journal · doi:10.29045/14784726.2023.3.7.4.23 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mausz, J., Braaksma, M.-J., Johnston, M., Batt, A., & Donnelly, E. A. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21030363 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mausz, J., & Donnelly, E. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/37636 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Renkiewicz, G. K., & Hubble, M. W. (2022) · Air Medical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.amj.2022.04.002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Easterbrook, B., Ricciardelli, R., Sanger, B., Mitchell, M. M., McKinnon, M. C., & Carleton, R. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.874997 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationRice, S., Kealy, D., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Black, N., Seidler, Z. E., & Oliffe, J. L. (2020) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2020.1755019 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Women Veterans of the Canadian Armed Forces and Royal Canadian Mounted Police: A scoping review
Poole, M. N. (2021) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2021-0020 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wojciechowska, M., Jasielska, A., Ziarko, M., Sieński, M., & Różewicki, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312830 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ellis, J., & Korman, M. B. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10091777 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Nicholson, T. P., Blazer, E. C., Hymes, A. S., & Ginley, M. K. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00993-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
First Responders’ Perceptions of the Presence of Support Canines in the Workplace
Curley, T., Campbell, M. A., Doyle, J. N., & Freeze, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-021-09477-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gonczaryk, A., Chmielewski, J. P., Strzelecka, A., Fiks, J., Nowak-Starz, G., & Florek-Łuszczki, M. (2022) · Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.26444/aaem/151531 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Driving as an Under-acknowledged Risk in Rural Policing
Ricciardelli, R., Spencer, D. C., & Andres, E. (2020) · Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/pay057 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationSuicidal ideation in police officers and associated risk factors: A systematic review
Talavera‐Velasco, B., Gutiérrez-Carvajal, A., Martín‐García, J., & Moreno, L. (2024) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paae057 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Suicidal Behaviors in the Ghana Police Service
Quarshie, E. N., Odame, S. K., & Annor, F. (2020) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000707 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Park, A. H., Protopopescu, A., Pogue, M. E., Boyd, J. E., O’Connor, C., Lanius, R. A., & McKinnon, M. C. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1953789 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Andersen, J. P., Nota, P. M. D., Alavi, N., Andérson, G. S., Bennell, C., McGregor, C., Ricciardelli, R., Scott, S. C., Shipley, P., & Vincent, M. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/33492 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationSuicidal Ideation, Planning, and Attempts Among new Royal Canadian Mounted Police Cadets
Nisbet, J., Jamshidi, L., Maguire, K. Q., Afifi, T. O., Brunet, A., Fletcher, A. J., Asmundson, G. J. G., Sareen, J., Shields, R. E., Andrews, K. L., et al. (2023) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437221149469 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationAnsah, K. O., Tsabedze, W. F., & Mapaling, C. (2025) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-025-09757-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evaluating the before operational stress program: comparing in-person and virtual delivery
Ioachim, G., Bolt, N. K., Redekop, M., Wakefield, A., Shulhin, A., Dabhoya, J., Khoury, J. M. B., Bélanger, K., Williams, S. C. P., Chomistek, T., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1382614 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationFrazer, H., Hansen, C. A., Searle, A., Lawrence‐Wood, E., & Hooff, M. V. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114771 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Racine, É., Cioaba, I. M., & Boehlen, W. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-023-00744-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
McCall, H. C., Beahm, J. D., Landry, C. A., Huang, Z., Carleton, R. N., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249319 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationJohnston, M. S., Ricciardelli, R., & McKendy, L. (2022) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13526 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth Information on Firefighter Websites: Structured Analysis
Hu, M., MacDermid, J. C., Killip, S. C., Lomotan, M., & FIREWELL (2018) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/ijmr.9369 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Reforming Indigenous policing: Understanding the context for change
Ruddell, R., & Kiedrowski, J. (2020) · Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being · doi:10.35502/jcswb.168 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Andrews, K. L., Jamshidi, L., Nisbet, J., Teckchandani, T. A., Price, J. A. B., Ricciardelli, R., Andérson, G. S., & Carleton, R. N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315734 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationTestifying after an Investigation: Shaping the Mental Health of Public Safety Personnel
Ricciardelli, R., Carleton, R. N., Anschuetz, B., Gravel, S. A., & McKay, B. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013643 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMills, C., Milloy, J., & Carson, J. (2019) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9803-9.ch001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fitzpatrick, S., Mitchell, C. S., Bell, L., Cuenca, J., Ditton-Phare, P., Vallender, K., & Fitzgeraldson, E. (2024) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/10541373241267970 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Leroux, J. S., Richmond, R., Fitzpatrick, S., Kirkland, H., Norris, D., Mahar, A. L., MacDermid, J. C., Dekel, R., & Cramm, H. A. (2021) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01807-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationHatcher, S., Sinyor, M., Edgar, N. E., Schaffer, A., MacLean, S. E., Carleton, R. N., Colman, I., Jayakumar, N., Ward, B., & Zaheer, R. (2024) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000953 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation“You Have No Idea What We Do”: Correctional Officers, Mental Health, and Prison Ethnography
Schultz, W. J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190904500.013.28 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Drewitz-Chesney, C. (2019) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine · doi:10.33151/ajp.16.714 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
MacLean, S. E., Edgar, N. E., Ahluwalia, C., Testa, V., & Hatcher, S. (2025) · Health Services Insights · doi:10.1177/11786329251333019 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationCarleton, R. N., Teckchandani, T. A., MacPhee, R. S., Camp, R., II, & Nisbet, J. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.12.018 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Carleton, R. N., Afifi, T. O., Turner, S., Taillieu, T., LeBouthillier, D. M., Duranceau, S., Sareen, J., Ricciardelli, R., MacPhee, R. S., Groll, D., Hozempa, K., Brunet, A., Weekes, J. R., Griffiths, C. T., Abrams, K. J., Jones, N. A., Beshai, S., Cramm, H. A., Dobson, K. S., Hatcher, S., Keane, T. M., Stewart, S. H., & Asmundson, G. J. G.
- ORCID
- Carleton, R. Nicholas
- Afifi, Tracie O.
- Turner, Sarah
- Taillieu, Tamara
- LeBouthillier, Daniel M.
- Sareen, Jitender
- Ricciardelli, Rosemary
- MacPhee, Renée S.
- Groll, Dianne
- Hozempa, Kadie
- Brunet, Alain
- Jones, Nicholas A.
- Beshai, Shadi
- Cramm, Heidi A.
- Dobson, Keith S.
- Hatcher, Simon
- Keane, Terence M.
- Stewart, Sherry H.
- Asmundson, Gordon J. G.
- Venue
- Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne
- Published
- 2018-08
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 220-231
- ISSN
- 0708-5591 (ISSN-L)
- 1878-7304
- OpenAlex
- W2786880767
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 18.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- QSpace (Queen's University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (285489)
- Ministry of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Keywords
- suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, suicide planning, public safety personnel, prison staff, firefighters, paramedics, police, dispatchers, gender differences, workplace mental health, suicide risk
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