Relationship of service members' deployment trauma, PTSD symptoms, and experiential avoidance to postdeployment family reengagement

Brockman, Callie; Snyder, James; Gewirtz, Abigail; Gird, Suzanne R.; Quattlebaum, Jamie; Schmidt, Nicole; Pauldine, Michael R.; Elish, Katie; Schrepferman, Lynn; Hayes, Charles; Zettle, Robert; DeGarmo, David

doi:10.1037/fam0000152

Cited by 103Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchAttachment and Relationship DynamicsResilience and Mental Health

Relationship of service members' deployment trauma, PTSD symptoms, and experiential avoidance to postdeployment family reengagement

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Brockman, Callie, Snyder, James, Gewirtz, Abigail, Gird, Suzanne R., Quattlebaum, Jamie, Schmidt, Nicole, Pauldine, Michael R., Elish, Katie +4 more·2016·Journal of Family Psychology

DOI 10.1037/fam0000152PMC PMC4804869

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Abstract

This research examined whether military service members' deployment-related trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and experiential avoidance are associated with their observed levels of positive social engagement, social withdrawal, reactivity-coercion, and distress avoidance during postdeployment family interaction. Self reports of deployment related trauma, postdeployment PTSD symptoms, and experiential avoidance were collected from 184 men who were deployed to the Middle East conflicts, were partnered, and had a child between 4 and 13 years of age. Video samples of parent-child and partner problem solving and conversations about deployment issues were collected, and were rated by trained observers to assess service members' positive engagement, social withdrawal, reactivity-coercion, and distress avoidance, as well as spouse and child negative affect and behavior. Service members' experiential avoidance was reliably associated with less observed positive engagement and more observed withdrawal and distress avoidance after controlling for spouse and child negative affect and behavior during ongoing interaction. Service members' experiential avoidance also diminished significant associations between service members' PTSD symptoms and their observed behavior. The results are discussed in terms of how service members' psychological acceptance promotes family resilience and adaption to the multiple contextual challenges and role transitions associated with military deployment. Implications for parenting and marital interventions are described.

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Avoidant coping after trauma is associated with problematic behaviors such as less social engagement or high-risk sexual behavior.
“The employment of avoidant coping strategies in response to trauma is associated with potentially problematic behaviors, such as less social engagement or high-risk sexual behavior”
From Effects of traumatic experiences on obsessive-compulsive and internalizing symptoms: The role of avoidance and mindfulness. (2018) · cites this paper as Brockman et al., 2016
The Discussion reports that service members’ experiential avoidance was associated with less positive social engagement during interactions with spouses and children. The cited paper does not support the claim’s additional example of high-risk sexual behavior; its reported behavioral outcomes concern family interaction. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Avoidant coping after trauma is associated with psychological difficulties such as PTSD symptoms.
“as well as with psychological difficulties, such as PTSD symptoms (Batten et al., 2002; Brockman et al., 2016; Orcutt et al., 2005).”
From Effects of traumatic experiences on obsessive-compulsive and internalizing symptoms: The role of avoidance and mindfulness. (2018) · cites this paper as Brockman et al., 2016

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Emotion regulation and experiential avoidance moderate the association between posttraumatic symptoms and alcohol use disorder among Israeli combat veterans
Feingold, D., & Zerach, G. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106776 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Relationship maintenance among military couples
Knobloch, L. K., Monk, J. K., & Wadsworth, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221105025 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Several activities were more prominent in our findings compared to Ogolsky et al.’s (2017) review of work on relationship maintenance as a whole.”
Result
Moral Elevation Online Intervention for Veterans Experiencing Distress Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Moral Injury (MOVED): Pilot Trial of a 4-Week Positive Psychology Web-Based Intervention
McGuire, A. P., Howard, B. A. N., Erickson, T. M., & Creech, S. K. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/39894 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“PTSD and moral injury are prevalent concerns for post-9/11 veterans in particular [5,6], and treatment for both is a high priority within this population, given their associations with poor mental health outcomes, functional impairment, and decreased social engagement [7-9].”
Background
Improving parental emotion socialization in military families: Results of a randomized controlled trial.
Zhang, N., Zhang, J., Gewirtz, A. H., & Piehler, T. F. (2018) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000461 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“In a prior study, Brockman et al. (2016) have also shown that male military service members’ experiential avoidance was associated with observed parenting practices above and beyond PTSD symptoms.”
Self-citation
Potential Mediating Role of Parenting Competence in the Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Family Functioning Post-9/11 Veteran Parents
Laifer, L. M., Blackburn, A. M., Goetter, E. M., Ohye, B. Y., Simon, N. M., & Bui, É. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01405-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Coercive Parenting Mediates the Relationship between Military Fathers’ Emotion Regulation and children’s Adjustment
Zhang, J., Palmer, A. R., Zhang, N., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00625-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
Intervention effects on reflectivity explain change in positive parenting in military families with young children.
Julian, M. M., Muzik, M., Kees, M. R., Valenstein, M. M., Dexter, C. A., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2018) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000431 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Prior research shows that experiential avoidance posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in service members (Brockman et al., 2016; Snyder et al., 2016), and hyperarousal and hypervigilance symptoms (Lieberman, 2004; Zerach, Greene, Ein-Dor, & Solomon, 2012) can both interfere with parenting…”
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Military-Connected Families: The Relevance of a Family-Centered Approach
Lester, P. E., Rauch, P. K., Loucks, L. A., Sornborger, J., Ohye, B. Y., & Karnik, N. S. (2017) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20170027 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Very Young Child Well-being in Military Families: A Snapshot
DeVoe, E. R., Kritikos, T. K., Emmert‐Aronson, B. O., Kantor, G. K., & Paris, R. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1069-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effects of the After Deployment: Adaptive Parenting Tools (ADAPT) intervention on fathers and their children: A moderated mediation model
Gewirtz, A. H., Snyder, J. J., Zamir, O., Zhang, J., & Zhang, N. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419001238 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Previous analyses of ADAPT baseline data (Brockman et al., 2016) suggest that a relatively novel social interaction pattern, distress avoidance, characterizes some fathers’ responses to negative child behavior and emotional distress.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Parent Engagement in Online Mindfulness Exercises Within a Parent Training Program for Post-Deployed Military Families
Zhang, N., Rudi, J. H., Zamir, O., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0810-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“less positive parenting and more observed withdrawal avoidance in deployed fathers (Brockman et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Towards a more comprehensive understanding of PTSD and parenting
Meijer, L., Franz, M. R., Deković, M., van Ee, E., Finkenauer, C., Kleber, R. J., van de Putte, E. M., & Thomaes, K. (2023) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152423 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A novel adaptation of a parent–child observational assessment tool for appraisals and coping in children exposed to acute trauma
Marsac, M. L., & Kassam‐Adams, N. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.31879 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“For example, in a recent observational study of post-deployment family interactions, Brockman et al. (2016) found that experiential avoidance (and PTSS) in male military members was related to less positive engagement with spouses and children.”
Background
Inducing moral elevation in veterans with PTSD: An experimental investigation using a mixed methods approach
McGuire, A. P., & Mignogna, J. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808720982415 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“People also report more affiliative behaviors, feeling more compassionate and connected to others, and show greater responsiveness in relationships (Cox, 2010; Erickson et al., 2017; Van de Vyver & Abrams, 2017).”
Background
Benefits of Moral Elevation in Veterans with PTSD and Moral Injury: A Proposed Theoretical Framework and Pilot Study
McGuire, A. P., Nosen, E., & Lyons, J. A. (2019) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2018.1540316 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Developmental delay in communication among toddlers and its relationship to caregiving behavior among violence-exposed, posttraumatically stressed mothers
Torrisi, R., Arnautovic, E., Perizzolo, V. C., Vital, M., Manini, A., Suardi, F., Gex‐Fabry, M., Serpa, S. R., & Schechter, D. S. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.04.008 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Deficits in Inhibitory Control May Place Service Members at Risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Negative Parenting Behavior Following Deployment‐Related Trauma
Monn, A. R., Zhang, N., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22351 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“It should be noted that Brockman et al. (2016) did not find a significant correlation (i.e., zero-order effect) between trauma exposure and parenting behaviors using a similar sample of service members and their families.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
A Call for Theoretically Informed and Empirically Validated Military Family Interventions
Gewirtz, A. H. (2018) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12278 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“A fourth factor labeled “distress avoidance” emerged as a result of psychometric analyses of the items (Brockman et al., 2016; Snyder et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Bioecological Implications of Narrative Exposure Therapy in Low‐Resource Settings: Individual, Family, Community, and Socio‐Political Contexts
Cooper, D. K., Wieling, E. A., & Pfeiffer, A. (2019) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1002/anzf.1392 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“One study found that parents with higher experiential avoidance, a core symptom of PTSD, were less engaged with their children in observed parent-child interactions (Brockman et al., 2016).”
Background
Associations of combat exposure and parental locus of control in deployed mothers and fathers
Darawshy, N. A., Gewirtz, A. H., Cheng, C. H., & Piehler, T. F. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12725 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
From pregnancy to the postpartum: Unraveling the complexities of symptom profiles among trauma-exposed women
Miller, M. L., Laifer, L. M., Thomas, E. B. K., Grekin, R., O’Hara, M. W., & Brock, R. L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.079 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Military Fathers Magnify Their Benefit from a Parenting Program
Zhang, J., Zhang, N., Piehler, T. F., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2021) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-021-01287-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
When State Violence Comes Home: From Criminal Legal System Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence in a Time of Mass Incarceration
McKay, T. E. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221106141 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Indeed, research with combat veterans finds that deployment-related trauma exposure promotes reactivity (a tendency to respond impulsively to stimuli) and avoidance in familial interactions (Brockman et al., 2016).”
Background
Parental Wartime Deployment and Socioemotional Adjustment in Early Childhood: The Critical Role of Military Parents’ Perceived Threat During Deployment
Hajal, N. J., Aralis, H. J., Kiff, C. J., Wasserman, M. M., Paley, B., Milburn, N. G., Mogil, C., & Lester, P. E. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22475 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Physiological Regulation of Emotion During Social Interactions: Vagal Flexibility Moderates the Effects of a Military Parenting Intervention on Father Involvement in a Randomized Trial
Zhang, N., Hoch, J. D., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2020) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-020-01122-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Experiential avoidance is an indicator of poor emotion regulation at an intrapersonal level and is associated with poor parenting behaviors (Brockman et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Prenatal negative affectivity and trauma-related distress predict mindful parenting during toddler age: Examining parent–infant bonding as a mechanism
Laifer, L. M., DiLillo, D., & Brock, R. L. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000894 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Leisure Experiences of Military Couples Postdeployment
Chandler, K. D., Dattilo, J., Taff, B. D., & Moeller, J. D. (2018) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12321 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Deployment-related PTSD symptomatology and social functioning: Probing the mediating roles of emotion regulation and mentalization in an outpatient veteran sample
Janssen, P. G. J., Stoltz, S. E. M. J., Cillessen, A. H. N., & van Ee, E. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.050 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Health correlates of experiential and behavioral avoidance among trauma-exposed veterans
Schwartz, E. K. C., Palmisano, A. N., Petrakis, I. L., Pietrzak, R. H., & Sofuoglu, M. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.06.014 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Protective Factors for Military Veteran Fathers’ Parenting Functioning and Satisfaction
Karre, J. K., Morgan, N. R., Bleser, J. A., & Perkins, D. F. (2021) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x21993852 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Experiential avoidance, another PTSD symptom, is related to family problems (Brockman et al., 2016).”
Background
Prediction of borderline personality disorder based on childhood trauma with the mediating role of experiential avoidance
Jiang, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1382012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Placing Fatherhood Back in the Study and Treatment of Military Fathers
DeGarmo, D. S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12556-5_4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Parenting Competence among Israeli Male Veterans: The Mediating Roles of Experiential Avoidance and Parental Reflective Functioning
Zerach, G. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02288-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Importantly, service members’ EA was associated with less observed positive engagement and with more distress avoidance during interaction with children, which may potentially serve as a mediator of the PTSS-Parenting link (Brockman et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Experiential Avoidance
Goodman, F. R., Larrazabal, M. A., West, J. T., & Kashdan, T. B. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108140416.010 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Social and Psychological Support for Military Personnel and Their Families in Connection with Military Deployment: A Scoping Review and Thematic Analysis
Ohlsson, A., Nilsson, S., & Larsson, G. (2024) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v10i1.533 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Conclusions and a Research Agenda for Parenting in Military Families
Gewirtz, A. H., & Youssef, A. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12556-5_17 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Post‐traumatic stress symptoms and parenting in military families: A systematic integrative review
Gupta, A., Gewirtz, A. H., & Borden, L. M. (2023) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12530 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reintegration challenges among post-9/11 veterans: The role of mental health symptoms and resilience- and avoidance-based coping strategies
Spencer, S. D., Zimmerman, M. B., Donis, N., Rodrigues, M. M., Jackson, D. O., & Dindo, L. N. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.09.007 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Kelly, M. M., Grigorian, H. L., Wolkowicz, N. R., & Zegel, M. (2025) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2025.02.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Vagal Suppression Buffers Against the Negative Effects of Psychological Inflexibility on Parenting Behaviors in Combat Deployed Fathers
Zhang, N., Hoch, J. D., Gewirtz, A. H., Barnes, A. J., & Snyder, J. J. (2020) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2020.1804250 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
“This Gradual Swing Back into Us”: Active Duty Army Spouses’ Experiences During Homecoming and Post-Deployment Family Reintegration
Drew, A. L., Blankenship, A. E., Kritikos, T. K., Jacoby, V. M., Dondanville, K. A., Yarvis, J. S., Sharrieff, A.-F. M., McGeary, C. A., Blount, T. H., Young‐McCaughan, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x211030023 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with prior research documenting that high levels of avoidance are associated with lower levels of engagement with children (Brockman et al., 2016).”
Result
Family Violence, PTSD, and Parent-Child Interactions: Dyadic Data Analysis with Mexican Families
Cooper, D. K., Erolin, K. S., Wieling, E., Durtschi, J., Aguilar, E., Higuera, M. O. D., & García-Huidobro, D. (2020) · Child and Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-020-09564-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Contribution of Empathy to the Adjustment of Military Veterans and Their Female Partners
Siegel, A., Dekel, R., & Svetlitzky, V. (2020) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12523 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Military Parent’s PTSD and Children’s Mental Health: A Scoping Review
Collins, T. A. (2018) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2018.3225 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Understanding and supporting parenting in parents seeking PTSD treatment: a qualitative study
Meijer, L., Thomaes, K., Karadeniz, B., & Finkenauer, C. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2468039 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Intergenerational links between parental trauma-related distress and child maladaptive emotion regulation: The role of emotion socialization
Laifer, L. M., DiLillo, D., Finch, J. E., & Brock, R. L. (2025) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942510103x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Emotion – Focused Therapy and Acceptance – Commitment Therapy on Self – Compassion in Women with Marital Conflict
Yaghoobi, H., Toozandehjani, H., & Zendedel, A. (2021) · Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences · doi:10.52547/nkums.13.3.113 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Parenting Programs for School-Aged Children
Youssef, A. M., Garr, A., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12556-5_13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Inhibitory Control Moderates the Intervention Effects of a Preventive Parenting Program on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Male Service Members
Zhang, J., Buchanan, G. J. R., Monn, A. R., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22724 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Promoting Resilience in Children Exposed to War and Political Violence by Strengthening Parenting
Gewirtz, A. H., Rahl-Brigman, H. A., & Senich, K. L. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874551.003.0015 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Innovative outpatient treatment for veterans and service members and their family members
Hoover, G. G., Teer, A. P., Lento, R. M., Ward, P., Zakarian, R. J., Tinney, W. J., Sanders, W., Echevarria, K., Bonvie, J. L., Dunford, K., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1377433 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress and Mentalization in Accounting for Veteran Parents' Use of Corporal Punishment: Parental Over‐Certainty Matters for Multiracial Children
Chang, O. D., & Wang, X. (2025) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.13269 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Executive Function and Experiential Avoidance in Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Shafiei, M., Sadeghi, M., & Ramezani, S. (2017) · مجله طب جانباز · doi:10.29252/acadpub.ijwph.9.4.169 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress symptoms and its association with rumination, thought suppression and experiential avoidance: A systematic review and meta-analysisPreprint
Miethe, S., Wigger, J., Wartemann, A., & Trautmann, S. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/egv6t · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Strengthening Parenting in Deployed Military Families
Gewirtz, A. H., & Simenec, T. S. (2021) · National symposium on family issues · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87759-0_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Emotional responses to potentially traumatic events: An interpretative qualitative analysis of high-risk professionals in relation to their social structures
Geuzinge, R., Visse, M. A., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Duyndam, J. (2025) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2025.100629 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Impact of Military Fathers’ Mental Health on the Well-Being of Their Children Postdeployment: Findings From National Guard Fathers
Farero, A. M., Kammes, R. R., Blow, A. J., Johnson, T., Kees, M. R., Ufer, L. G., & Guty, D. (2019) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2019.1644262 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Trauma Disrupts Reinforcement Learning in Rats—A Novel Animal Model of Chronic Stress Exposure
Bielawski, T., Drapała, J., Krowicki, P., Stańczykiewicz, B., & Frydecka, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.903100 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Emotion socialization profiles in military parents: Associations with post‐traumatic stress disorder
Giff, S. T., Renshaw, K. D., Denham, S. A., Martin, L., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2023) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12931 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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SLEEP QUALITY AND AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR IN COMBATANTS WITH POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Boiko, D. I., Mats, O. V., & Shkidchenko, O. I. (2024) · Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії · doi:10.31718/2077-1096.24.2.4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Також демонструються наслідки уникаючої поведінки у військовослужбовців на сімейні стосунки та ба-тьківство [15].”
Healing the Scars Within: Psychological Support for the War-Injured
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Determinants of Intergenerational Trauma Transmission: A Case of the Survivors of the 1994 Genocide Against Tutsi in Rwanda
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Moral Elevation Online Intervention for Veterans Experiencing Distress Related to PTSD and Moral Injury (MOVED): A pilot trial of a 4-week positive psychology web-based interventionPreprint
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PTSD and Dysfunctional Parenting: Emotional and Biological Mechanisms
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The influence of parental mental health on child health & development
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Military-Connected Fathers
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Modeling the Relationship Between Reality Testing and Object Relations with Psychological Well-being Through the Mediation of Defense Mechanisms in Grief Disorder
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Couples Coping Through Deployment: Findings From a Sample of National Guard Families
Blow, A. J., Bowles, R. P., Farero, A. M., Subramaniam, S., Lappan, S. N., Nichols, E. M., Gorman, L. A., Kees, M. R., & Guty, D. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22487 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Deficits in Inhibitory Control May Place Service Members at Risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Negative Parenting Behavior Following Deployment‐Related Trauma
Monn, A. R., Zhang, N., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22351 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Authors: Brockman, C., Snyder, J., Gewirtz, A., Gird, S. R., Quattlebaum, J., Schmidt, N., Pauldine, M. R., Elish, K., Schrepferman, L., Hayes, C., Zettle, R., & DeGarmo, D.
Affiliations: Wichita State University (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
University of Oregon (US)
ORCID: Gewirtz, Abigail
Zettle, Robert
DeGarmo, David
Venue: Journal of Family Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2016-02
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 52-62
ISSN: 0893-3200 (ISSN-L)
1939-1293
DOI: 10.1037/fam0000152
PMC: PMC4804869
OpenAlex: W2307874756
Cited by: 103
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10
FWCI: 13.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Journal of Family Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Holmes Museum Of Anthropology (Wichita State University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute for Drug Abuse (R01 DA030114; R21 DA034166)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Keywords: military deployment, post-traumatic stress disorder, experiential avoidance, social withdrawal, parent-child interaction, marital interaction, family resilience, military personnel, parenting, marital intervention
MeSH terms: Psychological Trauma, Adolescent, Adult, Avoidance Learning, Child, Child, Preschool, Combat Disorders, Family Relations, Father-Child Relations, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Military Personnel, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Videotape Recording, Spouses, Young Adult, Self Report

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Relationship of service members' deployment trauma, PTSD symptoms, and experiential avoidance to postdeployment family reengagement

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