Peritraumatic dissociation and experiential avoidance as prospective predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms.
Open accessAbstract
Peritraumatic dissociation (PD) and experiential avoidance (EA) have been implicated in the etiology of posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS); however, the function of these two factors in the onset and maintenance of PTSS following a potentially traumatic event is unclear. The temporal relationships between EA, PD, and the four clusters of PTSS proposed by the Simms/Watson dysphoria model (Simms, Watson, & Doebbeling, 2002) were examined in a three-wave prospective investigation of 532 undergraduate women participating in an ongoing longitudinal study at the time of a campus shooting. Path analyses indicated that preshooting EA predicted greater PD, intrusions, and dysphoria symptoms approximately one month postshooting. PD was associated with increased symptomatology across all four clusters 1-month postshooting, while 1-month postshooting EA was associated with higher dysphoria and hyperarousal symptoms eight months postshooting. PD had a significant indirect effect on all four PTSS clusters eight months postshooting via 1-month postshooting symptom reports. The results suggest that both EA and PD show unique influences as risk factors for PTSS following a potentially traumatic event.
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“…difficulty, such as wars (Tol et al., 2020), school shootings, devastating storms, or violent crime (e.g. Brockman et al., 2016; Gold & Marx 2007; Kumpula et al., 2011), higher psychological flexibility can help people function effectively even when experiencing strong emotions such as fear and…”
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- Authors
- Kumpula, M. J., Orcutt, H. K., Bardeen, J. R., & Varkovitzky, R. L.
- Affiliations
- Northern Illinois University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 617-627
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC3170875
- OpenAlex
- W2167329218
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Joyce Foundation
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1R15HD049907-01A1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (5R21MH085436-02)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- peritraumatic dissociation, experiential avoidance, posttraumatic stress symptoms, campus shootings, dysphoria, hyperarousal, intrusion symptoms, risk factors, women, undergraduate students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Dissociative Disorders, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Students, Universities
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