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Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.
Abstract
Ss overheard an epileptic seizure. They believed either that they alone heard the emergency, or that 1 or 4 unseen others were also present. As predicted the presence of other bystanders reduced the individual's feelings of personal responsibility and lowered his speed of reporting (p < .01). In groups of size 3, males reported no faster than females, and females reported no slower when the 1 other bystander was a male rather than a female. In general, personality and background measures were not predictive of helping. Bystander inaction in real-life emergencies is often explained by apathy, alienation, and anomie. This experiment suggests that the explanation may lie more in the bystander's response to other observers than in his indifference to the victim.
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“Darley and Latan e (1968) showed that people in larger groups feel less responsible and less personally addressed, which creates a bystander effect.”
From Influencer Marketing on Instagram: Empirical Research on Social Media Engagement with Sponsored Posts (2022) · cites this paper as Darley and Latan e (1968)
In the citing paper
“Despite macroinfluencers' sponsored posts being exposed to a larger number of users (De Veirman, Cauberghe, and Hudders 2017), people in larger groups feel less responsible and addressed and then stand by rather than act (Darley and Latan e 1968).”
From Influencer Marketing on Instagram: Empirical Research on Social Media Engagement with Sponsored Posts (2022) · cites this paper as Darley and Latan e 1968
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“…such as bystander intervention studies in which confederates feign seizures and researchers observe whether passersby step in to provide aid (e.g., Darley & Latané, 1968), it seems very important to debrief participants so that they understand no one was truly hurt and can be given the…”
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“Second, we reach our observations on the nature of classics in social psychology by studying what we consider to be some real classics: Milgram (1963), Asch (1952), Festinger and Carlsmith (1959), Schachter and Singer (1962), and Darley and Latané (1968).”
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“…in 1968, posits that individuals are less likely to intervene in an emergency situation in the presence of other bystanders, where the perceived responsibility is diffused on the assumption that their assistance is unwanted or that others would be more qualified to help (Darley & Latanè, 1968).”
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“Darley and Latane (1968) demonstrated that having four people present, but not helping, reduces the chances an agent will help someone audibly having an epileptic seizure in the next room from 85% to 31%.”
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“Similarly, the examination of the bystander effect (Darley & Latane 1968) started with questions about the murder of Kitty Genovese, when numerous witnesses observed a brutal crime but did not call the police for help.”
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“The studies of motivation to help (or – as in the most famous research by Darley and colleagues – not to help [Darley and Batson, 1973; Darley and Latane, 1968]) are one of the major topics in social psychology, and this tradition also takes into account both situational and personal factors of…”
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“However, psychological research suggests that indifference and apathy are not the key factors causing people to be slower or less likely to help a person who is in need of help when other, non-intervening bystanders are present (Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968, 1970).”
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“Diffusion of responsibility Diffusion of responsibility (Darley and Latané, 1968) occurs in groups that do not clearly assign accountability to their members for individual actions.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Rational Reconstruction of Misbehavior
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“Darley and Latané (1968) had a confederate simulate an epileptic seizure, which was overheard, though not seen, by a naive participant who believed to be the only witness or to be among a group of witnesses.”
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“In such situations, instead of giving the morally, legally, and professionally correct responses, untrained managers often freeze, avoid responsibility, or give impulsive reactions (Darley & Latané, 1968; Staw, Sandelands, & Dutton, 1981; Weick, 1995).”
BackgroundDiekmann, A., & Przepiorka, W. (2015) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sov107 · Cited by 45
“…and Scheuring 2011; Bliss and Nalebuff 1984; Bolle 2011; Palfrey and Rosenthal 1984; Weesie 1993, 1994) and has been shown to map many real-world situations relatively well (Barron and Yechiam 2002; Darley and Latané 1968; Eger, Kraft, and Weise 1992; Nelson 1959; Przepiorka and Berger 2015).”
BackgroundKomissarouk, S., Harpaz, G., & Nadler, A. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.019 · Cited by 45
First aid as an important traffic safety factor – evaluation of the experience–based training
Kurečková, V., Gabrhel, V., Zámečník, P., Řezáč, P., Zaoral, A., & Hobl, J. (2017) · European Transport Research Review · doi:10.1007/s12544-016-0218-4 · Cited by 45
“Axelsson, Herlitz & Fridlund [1] identified intuitive acting as one of the important factors in the process of first-aid giving but the well-known concept of diffusion of responsibility [9] is also often mentioned in connection with first-aid providing: The presence of other people reduces the initiative of the indivi…”
Consolation in the aftermath of robberies resembles post-aggression consolation in chimpanzees
Lindegaard, M. R., Liebst, L. S., Bernasco, W., Heinskou, M. B., Philpot, R., Levine, M., & Verbeek, P. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177725 · Cited by 42
“A recurring finding is the ’bystander effect’, the phenomenon that individual bystanders are less likely to intervene with increasing numbers of other bystanders present [41, 42].”
BackgroundBeyond reciprocity: The bystander effect of knowledge response in online knowledge communities
Yan, B., & Jian, L. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.040 · Cited by 45
“On the other hand, a competing hypothesis to H1a is suggested by the well-known bystander effect (Darley & Latan e, 1968; Latan e & Darley, 1968).”
Validity Threats in Quantitative Data Collection With Games: A Narrative Survey
Gundry, D., & Deterding, S. (2018) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878118805515 · Cited by 61
“…of e.g. standardised paper questionnaires to the richness of social psychological experiments like the famous bystander study in which confederates role-played a seizure during a discussion to assess whether the presence of other bystanders affected participants’ responses (Darley & Latané, 1968).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Darley, J. M., & Latane, B.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1968
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4, Pt.1
- Pages
- 377-383
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2171602877
- Semantic Scholar
- a17d8ee9f157ebeb2f520406c1d79346ceb532c8
- Cited by
- 3,083
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 158 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 161 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 113.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
- Keywords
- bystander intervention, diffusion of responsibility, emergency situations, helping behavior, personal responsibility, group size, gender differences, apathy, anomie, alienation
- MeSH terms
- Character, Conflict, Psychological, Decision Making, Emergencies, Female, Group Processes, Group Structure, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Perception, Psychology, Social, Reaction Time, Sex Factors
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