Cited by 3,085Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychology of Social InfluenceCardiac Arrest and Resuscitation

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Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.

Darley, John M., Latane, Bibb·1968·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

Ss overheard an epileptic seizure. They believed either that they alone heard the emergency, or that 1 or 4 unseen others were also present. As predicted the presence of other bystanders reduced the individual's feelings of personal responsibility and lowered his speed of reporting (p < .01). In groups of size 3, males reported no faster than females, and females reported no slower when the 1 other bystander was a male rather than a female. In general, personality and background measures were not predictive of helping. Bystander inaction in real-life emergencies is often explained by apathy, alienation, and anomie. This experiment suggests that the explanation may lie more in the bystander's response to other observers than in his indifference to the victim.

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Background
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Method
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Background
Crime reporting as a function of bystander encouragement, surveillance, and credibility.
Bickman, L., & Rosenbaum, D. P. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.35.8.577 · Cited by 43
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Background
Etiquette and Effort
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Method
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Background
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Does the need for agreement among reviewers inhibit the publication controversial findings?
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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BackgroundResult
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Background
When prosocial behavior becomes altruistic: An attributional analysis
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Background
Humans Would Do Better Without Groups
Buys, C. J. (1978) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727800400126 · Cited by 37
Ruralness as a Psychological Construct
Melton, G. B. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3512-2_1 · Cited by 37
A social psychological view of morality: why knowledge of situational influences on behaviour can improve character development practices
Samuels, S. M., & Casebeer, W. D. (2005) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240500049349 · Cited by 36
“Darley and Latane's ( 1968 ) bystander effect showed that subjects were less likely to intervene in an emergency if there was another subject present than if they were alone.”
Background
Under what circumstances is helping an impulse? Emergency and prosocial traits affect intuitive prosocial behavior
Shi, R., Qi, W., Ding, Y., Liu, C., & Shen, W. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109828 · Cited by 40
Evaluation of a Bystander Education Program
Amar, A. F., Sutherland, M. A., & Kesler, E. (2012) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2012.709915 · Cited by 36
“The story of Kitty Genovese is often used as an example of a situation where bystanders did not act and to demonstrate research about bystander behavior (Darley & Latane, 1968).”
Method
Volunteer’s Dilemma. A Social Trap without a Dominant Strategy and some Empirical Results
Diekmann, A. (1986) · Physica-Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-95874-8_13 · Cited by 36
Personal Responsibility for Tornado Preparedness: Commitment or Choice?1
Mulilis, J., Duval, T. S., & ROMBACH, D. (2001) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02745.x · Cited by 36
Diffusion of responsibility on social networking sites
Martin, K. K., & North, A. C. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.049 · Cited by 33
Factors influencing childcare workers’ promotion of physical activity in children aged 0–4 years: a qualitative study
Wilke, S., Opdenakker, C., Kremers, S., & Gubbels, J. S. (2013) · Early Years Journal of International Research and Development · doi:10.1080/09575146.2013.810592 · Cited by 35
“…support, derived from social cognitive theory (Bandura 1986); habits (Verplanken, Aarts, and van Knippenberg 1997), perceived responsibility, i.e. ‘diffusion of responsibility’ (Darley and Latane 1968) and motivation, emphasised by self-determination theory (Amorose and Anderson-Butcher 2007).”
Background
Virtual Bystanders in a Language Lesson: Examining the Effect of Social Evaluation, Vicarious Experience, Cognitive Consistency and Praising on Students' Beliefs, Self-Efficacy and Anxiety in a Virtual Reality Environment
Qu, C., Ling, Y., Heynderickx, I. E. J., & Brinkman, W. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125279 · Cited by 35
“The probability that a person actually provides help is inversely related to the number of other bystanders [18].”
Do state traditions matter? Comparing deliberative governance initiatives for climate change adaptation in Dutch corporatism and British pluralism
Vink, M. J., Benson, D., Boezeman, D., et al. (2014) · Journal of Water and Climate Change · doi:10.2166/wcc.2014.119 · Cited by 35
Patterns of cooperation during collective emergencies in the help-or-escape social dilemma
Moussaïd, M., & Trauernicht, M. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep33417 · Cited by 40
The role of other customers during self-service technology failure
Yi, Y., & Kim, S. Y. (2016) · Service Business · doi:10.1007/s11628-016-0325-2 · Cited by 35
The assessment of bystander intervention in bullying: Examining measurement invariance across gender
Jenkins, L. N., Fredrick, S. S., & Nickerson, A. B. (2018) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2018.05.008 · Cited by 35
Bystanders’ affect toward bully and victim as predictors of helping and non‐helping behaviour
Trach, J., & Hymel, S. C. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12516 · Cited by 58
Benefit-Cost Analysis of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Large Ruminants in Cambodia
Young, J. R., Suon, S., Rast, L., et al. (2014) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1111/tbed.12292 · Cited by 35
When Might Peer Aggression, Victimization, and Conflict Have Its Largest Impact? Microcontextual Considerations
Nishina, A., & Bellmore, A. D. (2009) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431609350928 · Cited by 35
“Finally, given the social liabilities of being victimized (e.g., unpopularity), as well as research about bystander effects (e.g., Darley & Latané, 1968), we predicted that students would report rarely receiving help but that sixth graders would be more likely to receive help from adults than ninth…”
Background
A psychology perspective of energy consumption in organisations: The value of participatory interventions
Endrejat, P. C., Klonek, F. E., & Kauffeld, S. (2015) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x15598820 · Cited by 34
“In the context of nonresidential buildings, employees tend to argue that their energy-saving behaviours would not lead to the desired consequences(44) and thus do not ascribe responsibility to their action, ultimately leading to a diffusion of responsibility.(45) In offices, for instance, employees might not turn off…”
Background
Understanding the September 11 Terrorist Attack on America: The Role of Intergroup Theories of Normative Influence
Louis, W. R., & Taylor, D. M. (2002) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2002.00029.x · Cited by 35
“Specifically, urban norms for social behavior may lead bystanders to avoid excessive scrutiny of strangers, and urban norms regarding responsibility permit the bystanders to overlook what is happening in front of their eyes ( Darley & Latane, 1968 ).”
Background
Causal Thinking in Judgment under Uncertainty
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. J. (1977) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0837-1_11 · Cited by 35
Self-monitoring and self-protective biases in use of consensus information to predict one's own behavior.
Krosnick, J. A., & Sedikides, C. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.718 · Cited by 36

Authors: Darley, J. M., & Latane, B.
Affiliations: New York University (US)
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1968
Volume: 8
Issue: 4, Pt.1
Pages: 377-383
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/h0025589
OpenAlex: W2171602877
Semantic Scholar: a17d8ee9f157ebeb2f520406c1d79346ceb532c8
Cited by: 3,083
References: 7
Citations by year: 2026: 158 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 161 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 99
FWCI: 113.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
Keywords: bystander intervention, diffusion of responsibility, emergency situations, helping behavior, personal responsibility, group size, gender differences, apathy, anomie, alienation
MeSH terms: Character, Conflict, Psychological, Decision Making, Emergencies, Female, Group Processes, Group Structure, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Perception, Psychology, Social, Reaction Time, Sex Factors

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Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.

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