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Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.

Darley, John M., Latane, Bibb·1968·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

Ss overheard an epileptic seizure. They believed either that they alone heard the emergency, or that 1 or 4 unseen others were also present. As predicted the presence of other bystanders reduced the individual's feelings of personal responsibility and lowered his speed of reporting (p < .01). In groups of size 3, males reported no faster than females, and females reported no slower when the 1 other bystander was a male rather than a female. In general, personality and background measures were not predictive of helping. Bystander inaction in real-life emergencies is often explained by apathy, alienation, and anomie. This experiment suggests that the explanation may lie more in the bystander's response to other observers than in his indifference to the victim.

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McGloin, J. M., & Piquero, A. R. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1375/acri.42.3.336 · Cited by 105
“Indeed, in one of the first empirical investigations on the topic, Darley and Latane (1968) found that subjects were more prone to diffuse responsibility as the size of the group increased.”
Background
Freedom, Responsibility and the Challenge of Situationism
Nelkin, D. K. (2005) · Midwest Studies in Philosophy · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4975.2005.00112.x · Cited by 105
Bystander Intervention in Bullying: Role of Social Skills and Gender
Jenkins, L. N., & Nickerson, A. B. (2017) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431617735652 · Cited by 105
Understanding Virtue
Wright, J. C., Warren, M. T., & Snow, N. E. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190655136.001.0001 · Cited by 109
Bystander reactions to a violent theft: Crime in Jerusalem.
Schwartz, S. H., & Gottlieb, A. (1976) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.6.1188 · Cited by 105
The Social Psychology of Small Groups: Cooperative and Mixed-Motive Interaction
Davis, J. H., Laughlin, P. R., & Komorita, S. S. (1976) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.27.020176.002441 · Cited by 104
Pluralistic Ignorance Research in Psychology: A Scoping Review of Topic and Method Variation and Directions for Future Research
Sargent, R. H., & Newman, L. S. (2021) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/1089268021995168 · Cited by 104
“When introducing pluralistic ignorance—frequently in the context of describing bystander nonintervention in emergency situations (Darley & Latane, 1968)—researchers and instructors often provide two prototypical examples: the classroom and alcohol examples.”
Background
Three dimensions of naturalness: An expanded definition of field research.
Tunnell, G. B. (1977) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.84.3.426 · Cited by 108
Faculty Forum
Landrum, R. E. (2005) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15328023top3204_8 · Cited by 104
“Sources of Graphs Most Frequently Used in Introductory Psychology Textbooks Graph Frequency % Forgetting As a Function of Time (Ebbinghaus, 1885/1964) 22 76 Familial Relationships and Schizophrenia (Gottesman, 1991) 21 72 Latent Learning (Tolman & Honzik, 1930) 15 52 Sibling Relatedness and IQ Score (Bouchard, Lykken,…”
A child in distress: The influence of age and number of witnesses on children's attempts to help.
Staub, E. (1970) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028752 · Cited by 104
OPTIMISM BIAS ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION: THE ROLE OF THE RANGE OF IMPACT OF PRECAUTIONS
Hatfield, J., & Job, R. F. S. (2001) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1006/jevp.2000.0190 · Cited by 103
The Involvement/Exclusion Paradox of Spontaneous Volunteering
Harris, M., Shaw, D., Scully, J. W., Smith, C., & Hieke, G. (2016) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0899764016654222 · Cited by 107
“It is also conceptually distinct from interventions by “bystanders” who respond to an immediate situation because they happen to be there and who are involved only briefly (Darley & Latane, 1968).”
Background
Wine for the Table: Self-Construal, Group Size, and Choice for Self and Others
Wu, E. C., Moore, S. G., & Fitzsimons, G. J. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucy082 · Cited by 102
Responses to corporate versus individual wrongdoing.
Hans, V. P., & Ermann, M. D. (1989) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01055921 · Cited by 102
“Individual members of a group should benefit from diffusion of responsibility within the group ( Darley & Latane, 1968 ) and should receive fewer dispositional attributions (Wilder, 1987).”
Background
Promoting energy conservation behavior in public settings: The influence of social norms and personal responsibility
Dwyer, P. C., Maki, A., & Rothman, A. J. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.002 · Cited by 100
“Although the hypothesized influence of descriptive norms provides a plausible account for the observed pattern of behavior, it could also reflect a sense of personal responsibility, which has been shown to influence other instances of prosocial behavior (Berkowitz, 1972; Darley & Latane, 1968).”
Background
What Drives Whom? A Cultural Perspective on Human Agency
Hernández, M., & Iyengar, S. S. (2001) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.19.3.269.21468 · Cited by 107
An Empirical Exploration Into the Measurement of Rape Culture
Johnson, N. L., & Johnson, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517732347 · Cited by 101
“A long history of research (e.g., Brown, Banyard, & Moynihan, 2014; Brown & Messman-Moore, 2010; Darley & Latane, 1968; Gidycz, Orchowski, & Berkowitz, 2011; Leone, Parrott, & Swartout, 2017) demonstrates individual endorsement of willingness to engage in bystander behavior; however, limited…”

Authors: Darley, J. M., & Latane, B.
Affiliations: New York University (US)
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1968
Volume: 8
Issue: 4, Pt.1
Pages: 377-383
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/h0025589
OpenAlex: W2171602877
Semantic Scholar: a17d8ee9f157ebeb2f520406c1d79346ceb532c8
Cited by: 3,083
References: 7
Citations by year: 2026: 158 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 161 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 99
FWCI: 113.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
Keywords: bystander intervention, diffusion of responsibility, emergency situations, helping behavior, personal responsibility, group size, gender differences, apathy, anomie, alienation
MeSH terms: Character, Conflict, Psychological, Decision Making, Emergencies, Female, Group Processes, Group Structure, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Perception, Psychology, Social, Reaction Time, Sex Factors

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Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.

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