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Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.
Abstract
Ss overheard an epileptic seizure. They believed either that they alone heard the emergency, or that 1 or 4 unseen others were also present. As predicted the presence of other bystanders reduced the individual's feelings of personal responsibility and lowered his speed of reporting (p < .01). In groups of size 3, males reported no faster than females, and females reported no slower when the 1 other bystander was a male rather than a female. In general, personality and background measures were not predictive of helping. Bystander inaction in real-life emergencies is often explained by apathy, alienation, and anomie. This experiment suggests that the explanation may lie more in the bystander's response to other observers than in his indifference to the victim.
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“Darley and Latan e (1968) showed that people in larger groups feel less responsible and less personally addressed, which creates a bystander effect.”
From Influencer Marketing on Instagram: Empirical Research on Social Media Engagement with Sponsored Posts (2022) · cites this paper as Darley and Latan e (1968)
In the citing paper
“Despite macroinfluencers' sponsored posts being exposed to a larger number of users (De Veirman, Cauberghe, and Hudders 2017), people in larger groups feel less responsible and addressed and then stand by rather than act (Darley and Latan e 1968).”
From Influencer Marketing on Instagram: Empirical Research on Social Media Engagement with Sponsored Posts (2022) · cites this paper as Darley and Latan e 1968
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“Procedure The procedur e, providing an apparent emergency within the context of a simulated group discussion . was modeled closely on that of Darley & Latane (1968); the only changes involved (1) making the E's location expl icit to Ss, (2) giving Ss the responsibility of switching their own…”
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“It should also be pointed out to field leaders and professors (who will get invited to the system earlier than others) that they serve as examples to others (especially students; Phillips, 1974) and that by not pursuing change for the better, they signal that nothing needs to be done and become a bad example (Darley a…”
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“This so-called “diffusion of responsibility” was offered as a possible explanation for bystander nonintervention by Darley and Latané (1968) in a spectacular series of experiments, which have since been replicated in a number of studies (Latané & Nida, 1981), including reports from real emergency situations, like call…”
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“This is also a common social occurrence—one that typically suppresses helping in general (Darley & Latane, 1968) and in interracial helping contexts (Gaertner et al., 1982).”
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“The more concentrated the ownership of nontradable shares, the less free-riding limited their shareholders’ ability to agree on and offer low levels of compensation (Darley and Latané, 1968; Jensen and Meckling, 1976).”
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“The Latané [15] theory rely on three experimentally proven [18–20] assumptions:”
MethodInfluentialThe Case for Nietzschean Moral Psychology
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“The work of Darley and Latané (1968) with respect to bystander intervention, or rather nonintervention, provides a good example of #11-inhibitory independence (DA/DA), with the experimental confederate/victim in need of help conceptualized as the influence source and the true participant…”
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“Exceptions might be that if someone visibly broke their leg – bystander effect (Darley and Latané, 1968) not withstanding – there would be an expectation on observers to call an ambulance without asking permission to do so.”
BackgroundModern Classics in Social Psychology
Devine, P. G., & Brodish, A. B. (2003) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2003.9682879 · Cited by 28
“For example, the choice to help or not in the Darley and Latane (1968) paradigm had important consequences for the construal of oneself as the kind of person who helps others in need.”
InfluentialArrow, H., & Crosson, S. (2003) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496403254585 · Cited by 24
“This prediction is in line with findings about the effect of number of bystanders on helping behavior (e.g., Darley & Latané, 1968).”
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Stone, W. S. (1986) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791209 · Cited by 24
“Earlier, Darley and Latane (1968) found that neither Authoritarianism nor Machiavellianism was related to helping (and thus by implication, differences in conservatism are unrelated to helping).”
BackgroundSuspicion in the psychological laboratory: Kelman's prophecy revisited.
MacCoun, R. J., & Kerr, N. L. (1987) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.42.2.199.a · Cited by 24
The Discomfort Index: How to Spot a Really Good Idea Whose Time Has Come
Fiske, S. T. (2003) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2003.9682880 · Cited by 24
“Who wanted to know that people would fail to help someone dying, simply because they were ready to let someone else do it (Darley & Latané, 1968).”
BackgroundOrganizational Productivity as a Function of Group Composition: A Self-Attention Perspective
Mullen, B. R., Johnson, D. A., & Drake, S. D. (1987) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1987.9713673 · Cited by 24
The predictive validity of peer review: A neglected issue
Bornstein, R. F. (1991) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00065717 · Cited by 24
Are many sex/gender differences really power differences?
Galinsky, A. D., Turek, A., Agarwal, G., Anicich, E. M., Rucker, D. D., Bowles, H. R., Liberman, N., Levin, C., & Magee, J. C. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae025 · Cited by 27
“…reveals that a great deal of helping behavior requires agency and risk-taking (e.g. overcoming bystander nonresponsiveness and taking assistive action, sometimes in the face of danger) (56, 57) and thus this construct also reflects a high degree of goal approach/disinhibition and risk-seeking.”
BackgroundMoore, C. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316225608.007 · Cited by 23
Land use as possible strategy for managing water table depth in flat basins with shallow groundwater
García, P. E., Menénendez, A. N., Podestá, G., et al. (2017) · International Journal of River Basin Management · doi:10.1080/15715124.2017.1378223 · Cited by 23
“Increasing group size results in greater likelihood of diffusion of responsibility (Darley and Latané 1968), such that the interdependency is essentially ignored (Budescu et al.”
BackgroundSidarus, N., Travers, E., Haggard, P., & Beyer, F. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103994 · Cited by 25
Cleaning up our acts: Psychological interventions to reduce engine idling and improve air quality
Abrams, D., Lalot, F., Hopthrow, T., Templeton, A., Steeden, B., Özkeçeci, H., Imada, H., Warbis, S., Sandiford, D., Meleady, R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101587 · Cited by 23
Diversity Interventions in the Classroom: From Resistance to Action
Thoman, D. B., Yap, M.-J., Herrera, F. A., & Smith, J. L. (2021) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.20-07-0143 · Cited by 23
“We assume that any given obstacle can stop the decision-making process at that step for a given faculty member, leading to inaction, but note that like the original model of helping, this process model can be, but is not necessarily, a linear process (Darley and Latane, 1968).”
BackgroundInfluentialKvalnes, Ø. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63318-3 · Cited by 30
“As we have seen, it is well documented that the likelihood of receiving help in a critical situation tends to increase when the number of bystanders goes down (Darley & Latané, 1968; Fischer, et al., 2011; Darley & Latané, 1976).”
BackgroundSerious Game-based Psychosocial Intervention to Foster Prosociality in Cyberbullying Bystanders
Ferreira, P. C., Simão, A. M. V., Paiva, A., Martinho, C., Prada, R., & Rocha, J. (2022) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2022a5 · Cited by 27
“The bystander effect (Darley & Latané, 1968) is a psychological phenomenon that occurs in individuals in severe situations where they do not help the victim because the presence of others hinders them from intervening.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialJaffe, Y., Shapir, N., & Yinon, Y. (1981) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022181121002 · Cited by 23
van Gelder, J., Martin, C., van Prooijen, J., de Vries, R. E., Marsman, M., Averdijk, M., Reynald, D. M., & Donker, T. (2018) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2017.1407106 · Cited by 23
The escalation dating abuse workshop for college students: Results of an efficacyRCT
Rothman, E. F., Paruk, J. K., & Banyard, V. L. (2018) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1431909 · Cited by 23
“Bystander interventions have been demonstrated to be effective at preventing sexual violence, stalking, and bullying through more than a dozen studies.34,35,39-50 Positive effects on bystander behavior related to sexual violence have been found up to one year post-intervention.51 Why and how bystander intervention wor…”
BackgroundReduced Sense of Agency in Human-Robot Interaction
Ciardo, F., Tommaso, D. D., Beyer, F., & Wykowska, A. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05204-1_43 · Cited by 23
Perpetrators of International Crimes
Smeulers, A., Weerdesteijn, M., & Holá, B. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198829997.001.0001 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Darley, J. M., & Latane, B.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1968
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4, Pt.1
- Pages
- 377-383
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2171602877
- Semantic Scholar
- a17d8ee9f157ebeb2f520406c1d79346ceb532c8
- Cited by
- 3,083
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 158 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 161 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 113.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
- Keywords
- bystander intervention, diffusion of responsibility, emergency situations, helping behavior, personal responsibility, group size, gender differences, apathy, anomie, alienation
- MeSH terms
- Character, Conflict, Psychological, Decision Making, Emergencies, Female, Group Processes, Group Structure, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Perception, Psychology, Social, Reaction Time, Sex Factors
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