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Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.
Abstract
Ss overheard an epileptic seizure. They believed either that they alone heard the emergency, or that 1 or 4 unseen others were also present. As predicted the presence of other bystanders reduced the individual's feelings of personal responsibility and lowered his speed of reporting (p < .01). In groups of size 3, males reported no faster than females, and females reported no slower when the 1 other bystander was a male rather than a female. In general, personality and background measures were not predictive of helping. Bystander inaction in real-life emergencies is often explained by apathy, alienation, and anomie. This experiment suggests that the explanation may lie more in the bystander's response to other observers than in his indifference to the victim.
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“Darley and Latan e (1968) showed that people in larger groups feel less responsible and less personally addressed, which creates a bystander effect.”
From Influencer Marketing on Instagram: Empirical Research on Social Media Engagement with Sponsored Posts (2022) · cites this paper as Darley and Latan e (1968)
In the citing paper
“Despite macroinfluencers' sponsored posts being exposed to a larger number of users (De Veirman, Cauberghe, and Hudders 2017), people in larger groups feel less responsible and addressed and then stand by rather than act (Darley and Latan e 1968).”
From Influencer Marketing on Instagram: Empirical Research on Social Media Engagement with Sponsored Posts (2022) · cites this paper as Darley and Latan e 1968
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“Bystander behavior has been extensively studied starting with the work of Darley and Latané (1968); see also Latane and Darley (1968), who put forward the hypothesis that the greater the number of bystanders to an event, the less the likelihood that any would intervene— since verified in many other…”
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“Work on the bystander effect has shown that the presence of others can lead to a diffusion of responsibility, so that people fail to help because they assume others should/will do so (Darley & Latane, 1968; Garcia et al., 2002; Latane & Nida, 1981).”
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“One of the central lessons of social psychology, illustrated by Solomon Asch's early experiments on conformity (Asch, 1951), Stanley Milgram's studies of obedience to authority (Milgram, 1963), the Darley and Latane (1968) studies of bystander intervention, and many others, is that the characteristics of the person ar…”
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“…1986), disinhibitory contagion (e.g. Levy & Nail, 1993), various compliance techniques (e.g. Cialdini, 2001), bystander non-intervention (e.g. Darley & Latané, 1968), cultural norms (e.g. Nisbett & Cohen, 1996), pluralistic ignorance (e.g. Prentice & Miller, 1996), and politeness (Brown and…”
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Desouza, K. C. (2009) · International Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/01900690903344718 · Cited by 32
“While we might have two agencies that are stepping on each other’s toes in a given domain, there might be other domains that are ignored due to the bystander effect (Darley & Latané, 1968).”
Hust, S. J. T., Marett, E. G., Lei, M., Chang, H., Ren, C., McNab, A. L., & Adams, P. M. (2012) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2012.688241 · Cited by 29
“The witnesses’ lack of action to help Genovese prompted a notable study in individuals’ willingness to help others (e.g., Darley & Latane, 1968).”
BackgroundNishi, T., Maeda, T., Takase, K., et al. (2012) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.05.026 · Cited by 29
“Finally, the diffusion of responsibility among family members [27] and bureaucracy and/or patriarchal system in Japanese families [28] may be a reason for the lack of beneficial effects of multiple rescuers.”
BackgroundOnline Responsibility: Bad Samaritanism and the Influence of Internet Mediation
Polder-Verkiel, S. E. (2010) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-010-9253-z · Cited by 29
“If people believe (whether rightly or wrongly) that there are other spectators, this lowers the chance of them taking action (Darley and Latané 1968).”
BackgroundThe implicit identity effect: Identity primes, group size, and helping
Levine, M., Cassidy, C., & Jentzsch, I. (2010) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466609x480426 · Cited by 29
“…Levine, Prosser, Evans, & Reicher, 2005; Manning, Levine, & Collins, 2007; Reicher, Cassidy, Hopkins, & Levine, 2006) have produced a range of evidence which questions some of the key assumptions of the classic bystander effect (Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968; Latané & Nida, 1981).”
Religious harassment in the workplace: An examination of observer intervention
Ghumman, S. S., Ryan, A. M., & Park, J. S. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2044 · Cited by 35
Color Bind: Lessons from the Failed Homeland Security Advisory System
Shapiro, J. N., & Cohen, D. K. (2007) · International Security · doi:10.1162/isec.2007.32.2.121 · Cited by 29
Green segmentation: a cross-national study
Yilmazsoy, B., Schmidbauer, H., & Rösch, A. (2015) · Marketing Intelligence & Planning · doi:10.1108/mip-12-2013-0201 · Cited by 29
Experiences of Women Coping With Catcalling Experiences in New York City: A Pilot Study
Farmer, O., & Jordan, S. S. (2017) · Journal of Feminist Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/08952833.2017.1373577 · Cited by 29
“Finally, in public arenas, the possibility for bystanders to intervene is low (Darley & Latané, 1968).”
BackgroundBystander intervention: Experimental test of a formal model.
Morgan, C. J. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.36.1.43 · Cited by 29
Helping behavior: The cry for help
Yakimovich, D., & Saltz, E. (1971) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03332651 · Cited by 29
We and It: An Interdisciplinary Review of the Experimental Evidence on Human-Machine InteractionPreprint
Chugunova, M., & Sele, D. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000442053 · Cited by 30
The Killing of Kitty Genovese: What Else Does This Case Tell Us?
Kassin, S. M. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616679465 · Cited by 33
“…a stranger in need of help— in one experiment, for example, a confederate pretended to have a seizure within earshot of varying numbers of subjects (Darley & Latané, 1968); in another, a testing room filled with smoke in the presence of a subject who was alone or in the company of others (Latané…”
BackgroundBetter policy interventions through intersectionality
Cole, E. R., & Duncan, L. E. (2022) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12090 · Cited by 38
Nguyen, H. V., Do, L. T., & Le, M. T. T. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04569-2 · Cited by 30
“However, the information seems to encourage self-fish motivation rather than altruistic motivation. others are acting to protect the environment and their action is, therefore, unnecessary (Darley & Latane, 1968; Fischer et al., 2011; Schultz et al., 2008).”
Effects of Group Status and Victim Sex on Female Bystanders’ Responses to a Potential Party Rape
Katz, J., Colbert, S., & Colangelo, L. (2015) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00099 · Cited by 28
“In classic studies, bystanders in groups were slower than lone bystanders to report an overheard seizure (Darley & Latané, 1968) and less likely to intervene after witnessing a theft (Howard & Crano, 1974).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Darley, J. M., & Latane, B.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1968
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4, Pt.1
- Pages
- 377-383
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2171602877
- Semantic Scholar
- a17d8ee9f157ebeb2f520406c1d79346ceb532c8
- Cited by
- 3,083
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 158 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 161 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 113.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
- Keywords
- bystander intervention, diffusion of responsibility, emergency situations, helping behavior, personal responsibility, group size, gender differences, apathy, anomie, alienation
- MeSH terms
- Character, Conflict, Psychological, Decision Making, Emergencies, Female, Group Processes, Group Structure, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Perception, Psychology, Social, Reaction Time, Sex Factors
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