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Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.
Abstract
Ss overheard an epileptic seizure. They believed either that they alone heard the emergency, or that 1 or 4 unseen others were also present. As predicted the presence of other bystanders reduced the individual's feelings of personal responsibility and lowered his speed of reporting (p < .01). In groups of size 3, males reported no faster than females, and females reported no slower when the 1 other bystander was a male rather than a female. In general, personality and background measures were not predictive of helping. Bystander inaction in real-life emergencies is often explained by apathy, alienation, and anomie. This experiment suggests that the explanation may lie more in the bystander's response to other observers than in his indifference to the victim.
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“Darley and Latan e (1968) showed that people in larger groups feel less responsible and less personally addressed, which creates a bystander effect.”
From Influencer Marketing on Instagram: Empirical Research on Social Media Engagement with Sponsored Posts (2022) · cites this paper as Darley and Latan e (1968)
In the citing paper
“Despite macroinfluencers' sponsored posts being exposed to a larger number of users (De Veirman, Cauberghe, and Hudders 2017), people in larger groups feel less responsible and addressed and then stand by rather than act (Darley and Latan e 1968).”
From Influencer Marketing on Instagram: Empirical Research on Social Media Engagement with Sponsored Posts (2022) · cites this paper as Darley and Latan e 1968
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“…factors that support or prevent people from acting on behalf of others in emergencies or other problematic situations across various age groups including adults and adolescents; this phenomenon is sometimes referred to as pro-social bystander behavior (Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1970).”
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“This could be interpreted as the bystander effect [24], where one is less likely to take action”
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“…bystan-ders into two types: passive bystanders who witness the emergencies but do not take any actions, and responsive bystanders who step up to intervene in harassment incidents, which is also known as bystander intervention (Darley and Latané 1968; McDonald, Char-lesworth, and Graham 2016).”
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Rowan, Z., Kan, E., Frick, P. J., & Cauffman, E. E. (2021) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00224278211046256 · Cited by 22
“The salience of others in shaping decision-making of individual behavior has piqued the interest of scholars for some time (Asch 1951; Darley and Latane 1968; Le Bon 1896).”
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“This construct developed in response to the Kitty Genovese murder and the subsequent construction of the theory of diffusion of responsibility (Darley and Latane 1968).”
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“In past research, bystanders in groups were slower than lone bystanders to report an overheard seizure (Darley & Latané, 1968) and less likely to intervene after witnessing a theft (Howard & Crano, 1974).”
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“Of course, distress is often a typical and honest signal of need that should promote aid in emergency situations, like those studied in the bystander apathy (Darley and Latané, 1968; Latané and Rodin, 1969) or empathy-altruism (Batson, 2011) paradigms.”
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Calling on Male Allies to Promote Gender Equity in I-O Psychology
Cheng, S. K., Ng, L. C., Trump-Steele, R. C. E., Corrington, A. R., & Hebl, M. R. (2018) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2018.88 · Cited by 18
“…example, in group settings, the bystander effect may prevent men from speaking up if they expect that someone else will instead, and they may be even less likely to speak up if they believe that their peers endorse sexism (Darley & Latane, 1968; Kilmartin, Semelsberger, Dye, Boggs, & Kolar, 2015).”
BackgroundBystander Apathy and Intervention in the Era of Social Media
Lytle, R. D., Bratton, T. M., & Hudson, H. K. (2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211052 · Cited by 20
Kistler, T., Stuart, G. L., & Cornelius, T. L. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211023491 · Cited by 18
“This could be due to a range of factors including the diffusion of responsibility that occurs when individuals displace the burden of responsibility unto others in the area (Darley & Latane, 1968).”
BackgroundMatsumoto, H., Igarashi, A., Sakka, M., Takaoka, M., Kugai, H., Ito, K., & Yamamoto‐Mitani, N. (2022) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igac023 · Cited by 18
“In particular, we could not examine the influence of factors that can inhibit helping behaviors, such as the diffusion of responsibility, which has previously been highlighted in relation to the bystander intervention process (Darley & Latane, 1968).”
BackgroundSituationism, Moral Improvement, and Moral Responsibility
Waggoner, M., Doris, J. M., & Vargas, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198871712.013.32 · Cited by 18
Charitable maximizers: The impact of the maximizing mindset on donations to human recipients
Ma, J., Lin, Y., & Ein‐Gar, D. (2022) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2022.12.003 · Cited by 19
The social perceptual salience effect.
Inderbitzin, M., Betella, A., Lanatà, A., Scilingo, E. P., Bernardet, U., & Verschure, P. F. M. J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0028317 · Cited by 19
Models of dyadic social interaction
Griffin, D., & Gonzalez, R. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1263 · Cited by 18
“…of the fear and affiliation studies of Schachter (1959), or the unconcerned and distracted onlookers of the bystander intervention studies of Darley & Latane (1968), the social contexts—that is, the other people—are constrained to uniformity to provide a controlled experience for the ‘real’…”
BackgroundWho’s Who in Introductory Psychology Textbooks
Griggs, R. A., & Christopher, A. N. (2016) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628316636276 · Cited by 18
“…and Koelling (1966) 75 75 Hobson and McCarley (1977) 70 54 Craik and Lockhart (1972) 65 75 Cannon (1927) 60 58 Breland and Breland (1961) 60 58 Darley and Latané (1968) 60 58 Tolman and Honzik (1930) 55 67 Asch (1956) 55 58 Gibson and Walk (1960) 50 71 Brown and Kulik (1977) 50 67 Zajonc…”
BackgroundBellamy, L. J., Chambon, M., & van Guldener, V. (2017) · Reliability Engineering & System Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ress.2017.12.005 · Cited by 22
Ventura, R. B., Nakayama, S., Raghavan, P., Nov, O., & Porfiri, M. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/12708 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Darley, J. M., & Latane, B.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1968
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4, Pt.1
- Pages
- 377-383
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2171602877
- Semantic Scholar
- a17d8ee9f157ebeb2f520406c1d79346ceb532c8
- Cited by
- 3,083
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 158 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 161 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 113.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
- Keywords
- bystander intervention, diffusion of responsibility, emergency situations, helping behavior, personal responsibility, group size, gender differences, apathy, anomie, alienation
- MeSH terms
- Character, Conflict, Psychological, Decision Making, Emergencies, Female, Group Processes, Group Structure, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Perception, Psychology, Social, Reaction Time, Sex Factors
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