Cited by 3,467Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Testing and AssessmentPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.

Watson, David, Friend, Ronald·1969·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/h0027806

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Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
A personality scale of manifest anxiety
Taylor, J. A. (1953) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0056264 · Cited by 3,131

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“Opinion expression avoidance may be regarded as a form of social avoidance—where an individual escapes communicating or being with others (Watson & Friend, 1969).”
Background
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE IN REDUCING ENGLISH LANGUAGE ANXIETY IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Avhustiuk, M. (2021) · Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University: Psychology Series · doi:10.25264/2415-7384-2021-12-26-34 · Cited by 3
“One should also take into account “Fear of Negative Evaluation” questionnaire (Watson & Friend, 1969) that helps measure person’s confidence with other people [21].”
Background
Research on the Association Between Emotional Perception Bias and Deteriorated Visuospatial Attention Allocation Ability in Increasing the Level of Social Phobia
Kim, S., Jung, J., & Nam, K. (2020) · Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility · doi:10.14695/kjsos.2020.23.2.35 · Cited by 3
Flushing propensity predicts fear of blushing
Drummond, P. D. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-020-09839-1 · Cited by 2
The Longitudinal Association Between Body Image Dissatisfaction, Social Anxiety, and Fear of Negative Evaluation in Adolescents
Gerada, A. (2020) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-24566 · Cited by 4
“Individuals who scored high on rejection sensitivity were nervous when being evaluated and desired social approval (Watson & Friend, 1969), felt alone (when participants were asked to think about ‘un-liked’ aspects of their appearance; Park, 2007), and were more likely to withdraw from social…”
Background
Student perspective of GTA strategies to reduce feelings of anxiousness with cold-calling
Doty, C. M., Geraets, A., Wan, T., Saitta, E. K. H., & Chini, J. J. (2020) · Physics Education Research Conference Proceedings · doi:10.1119/perc.2019.pr.doty · Cited by 3
“In a classroom setting, fear of negative evaluation is students’ fear of being negatively judged by their instructor or their peers when they participate in a classroom activity or share their ideas [12].”
Background
Prospective Teachers’ Perceptions of Oral Presentations: An Exploration of Challenges Involved
Iqbal, Z., Alvi, E., & Shafi, F. (2019) · Pakistan Journal of Education · doi:10.30971/pje.v36i2.509 · Cited by 3
“Watson and Friend (1969) argued that the “apprehension of other’s evaluations, distress over their negative evaluations, avoidance of evaluative situations, and the expectations that others would evaluate oneself negatively” affects oral presentations.”
Background
Evaluation of the psychosocial impact of a Social Interaction Skills Training (SIST) workshop for patients with vitiligo: A pilot study.
Tan, A., Schuster, L., Robbins, M. A., Holavanahalli, R., & Pandya, A. (2019) · Journal of American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.11.037 · Cited by 3
The use of reputation in repeated dyadic interactions
Inaba, M., & Takahashi, N. (2017) · Rationality and Society · doi:10.1177/1043463117717232 · Cited by 3
“This would be consistent with past studies concerning the psychological tendency to focus on reputational concerns (e.g. MacDonald and Leary, 2005; Watson and Friend, 1969).”
Result
New Evidence on the Construct Validity of the ASI-3 and the Dimensional Conceptualization of Trait Anxiety Sensitivity From IRT Modeling
Kemper, C., & Hock, M. (2017) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000284 · Cited by 3
“The FNE is a well-established measure of the fear of potential negative evaluation in social situations containing 20 items (Watson & Friend, 1969).”
Background
Treatment Response of Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: Indicators of Treatment Response and Process of Change
임수지, Kwon, J., & 김소정 (2016) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2016.35.2.001 · Cited by 3
Implications of fear of negative evaluation, state anxiety, and implied level of target-dominance on perceptions of personality traits
Letzring, T. D., Rone, C., & Colman, D. E. (2016) · Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2016.1140117 · Cited by 3
“The FNES has demonstrated adequate reliability in a sample of over 200 individuals, based on biserial correlations between each item and the total scale score, and high test-retest reliability, across 1 month, with a sample of 154 college students (Watson & Friend, 1969).”
The Effect of Mindfulness Instruction on Anxiety and Post-event Rumination in Socially Anxious Undergraduate Students
Lee, G., & Kim, E.-J. (2016) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2016.35.1.009 · Cited by 3
Effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy(ACT) on Social Anxiety, Rejection Sensitivity and Acceptance of Social Anxiety Disorder-prone College Students
Kim, D.-H., & Son, C. (2016) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2016.35.1.006 · Cited by 3
Augmentation de la psychothérapie par amorçage préconscient (APAP) : étude d’un cas
Zidani, M., Borgeat, F., O'Connor, K. P., & Aardema, F. (2015) · Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive · doi:10.1016/j.jtcc.2015.06.001 · Cited by 3
Factors associated with prolonging psychological treatment for anxiety disorders.
Bernaldo-de-Quirós, M., Labrador, F., García-Fernández, G., Fernández-Arias, I., Estupiñá, F., & Labrador-Méndez, M. (2015) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2014.264 · Cited by 3
“Clinical characteristics: diagnosis and comorbidity (according to the DSM-IV-TR criteria were established by the therapists through semi-structured interview and validated instruments for the assessment depending on the disorder under consideration; for instance: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Br…”
Background
Stigma-Related Stress and Its Correlates Among Men with Pedophilic Sexual Interests
Jahnke, S., Schmidt, A. F., Geradt, M., & Hoyer, J. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0503-7 · Cited by 147
“Lending validity to the scale Watson and Friend (1969) found that " individuals high on [fear of negative evaluation] became nervous in evaluative conditions, and seemed to seek social approval " and that the scale " showed correlations with other relevant measures " (p. 456).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Gotta Catch them all: the modes of SycophancyPreprint
Jain, S., Yost, A., & Abdullah, A. (2026) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.20146 · Cited by 2
“…and relational harmony (Baumeister and Leary, 1995), strategically conforming or flattering to manage impressions and secure advantage (Cialdini and Goldstein, 2004; Leary and Kowalski, 1990), or yielding publicly to avoid anticipated rejection (Watson and Friend, 1969; Downey et al., 1998).”
Does avatar's role reflect your personality? A network analysis among players in league of legends
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The impact of internet addiction on non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: a moderated chain mediation model
Wei, C., & Dong, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1735137 · Cited by 3
“Later definitions emphasize the intense fear and anxiety that individuals feel in social situations (Watson and Friend, 1969).”
Current status and associated factors of social avoidance in postoperative breast cancer patients: a cross-sectional study
Chen, X., Yang, X.-L., Zhang, Q., Chu, T., Zhang, J., Ma, L., Chen, L., & Zhao, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1679997 · Cited by 2
The indirect associations of academic self-efficacy and brief fear of negative evaluation in the relationship between neurotic personality traits and test anxiety of medical sciences students
Lin, L., Yu, H., Jiang, X., Ma, Y., Zixuan, L., & Tingting, L. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03790-x · Cited by 3
“Brief fear of negative evaluation refers to the apprehension and worry about receiving negative and pessimistic assessments from others, as well as the anticipation that others will hold negative views about oneself [17].”
The Relationship Between Autistic Traits and Depression: The Chain Mediating Roles of Interpersonal Competence and Social Avoidance and Distress
Wang, Y., Lv, G., Liu, D., Li, X., Li, P., & Gao, X.-L. (2025) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs15121658 · Cited by 2
“The Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD), developed by Watson and Friend (1969) and revised by Wang et al. (1999), consists of 28 items, using a yes/no scoring format.”
The moderated mediation effect of cognitive flexibility on fear of negative evaluation in the relationship between social comparison orientation and social interaction anxiety among nursing students
Seo, Y., & Cho, K. A. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-04051-3 · Cited by 2
“First, the link between FNE and social interaction anxiety is well-established, as FNE is a core cognitive mechanism underlying social anxiety symptoms [15, 16].”
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Self-Esteem and Social Anxiety Among Generation Z Social Media Users: a Literature Review
Husna, A., Yufiarti, & Akbar, Z. (2025) · Proceedings of The International Conference on Psychology and Education · doi:10.26740/icpe.v4i1.5583 · Cited by 2
“According to Watson and Friend (1969), social anxiety is defined as anxiety that arises in social situations.”
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Cui, L.-C., Qin, Y., Feng, L.-L., Li, H., Huang, Z.-Q., Zhu, Y., Shen, S., Li, J.-N., Zhang, H.-P., & Tang, X.-F. (2025) · British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcaf191 · Cited by 2
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Does ethics matter in spreading negative word-of-mouth on social networking sites? A cross-cultural study
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“To measure social anxiety, the German adaption of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (SANB-5; Kemper et al., 2012; Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, Watson & Friend, 1969) was used, which includes ﬁ ve items (e.g., “ When I talk to someone, I am afraid of what the other person thinks of me ” ).”
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“25,26 Patients responded with either “ Yes ” (0) or “ No ” (1), which yielded scores from 0 to 14 points.”
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“The BFNE is a 12-item self-report instrument devel - oped as a shortened version of the original 30-item scale by Watson & Friend (1969 ).”
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“Fear of negative evaluation refers to the apprehension toward, distress over, and desire to avoid evaluative experiences (Watson & Friend, 1969).”
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“This suggests that individuals with high FNE take longer to pull the ﬁsh providing evaluative feedback, possibly due to self-doubt and anxiety in social settings (Watson and Friend, 1969; Van Der Molen et al., 2013).”
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“…fear of negative evaluation, primarily due to experiencing pain, discomfort, fear, anxiety, and other negative emotions in society or the workplace, which can lead individuals to intentionally avoid social interactions and develop a fear of negative evaluation from others (Watson & Friend, 1969).”
Analysis fear of negative evaluation (FNE) level in physical education based on gender and age
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“FNE is defined as 'concerns about others' evaluations, distress over their negative evaluation situations, and expectations that others will evaluate oneself negatively' (Watson & Friend, 1969).”
Impact of face trustworthiness on approach-avoidance behavior of adolescents with varied social anxiety traits
Yao, Y., & Wang, Z. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02212-8 · Cited by 2
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Zhan, S., & Hiraishi, K. (2024) · Journal of Poverty · doi:10.1080/10875549.2024.2379767 · Cited by 3
“A higher overall SAD score indicates a higher severity of social avoidance and distress.”
Influential
Development and validation of the positive evaluation core beliefs scale for social anxiety.
Cook, S. I., Bryant, C., & Phillips, L. J. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102890 · Cited by 2
Exploring the influence of appearance evaluation apprehension: How fear of negative evaluation affects quality of life in people with Vestibular Schwannoma
Nowacka, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., & Miles, A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2024.03.011 · Cited by 2
“Watson and Friend [28] first termed this construct which refers to the apprehension that some individuals feel towards other people ’ s evaluation due to an internal expectation that others will share a negative evaluation of them.”
Background
English extracurriculars and anxiety levels: a quantitative examination among first-year university students
Dieu, H. N. T., Nhu, N. N. T., & Minh, Q. K. (2024) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2024.2317501 · Cited by 11
“Fear of negative evaluation (FNE) refers to the fear of being evaluated by others (Watson & Friend, 1969).”
Penerimaan Diri Sebagai Prediktor Fear of Negative Evaluation Pada Emerging Adulthood di Indonesia
Damri, R. (2024) · Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah · doi:10.31599/89tz4250 · Cited by 2
“Sementara itu, FNE juga dapat berhubungan dengan ketakutan akan pendapat orang lain, penderitaan akibat pikiran negatif mereka, dan harapan bahwa orang lain akan berpikir negatif tentang orang lain (Watson & Friend, 1969).”
Background
Examining the feasibility and effectiveness of PEERS for adolescents via telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic
Lee, C.-M., Petricek, C., Haga, M. R., Smalley, S., Pelletier, K., Essa, N., & Hudock, R. L. (2023) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102279 · Cited by 4
“The Social Anxiety Scale for Children Revised (SASC-R) is adapted by Watson and Friend (1969) from the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale for assessing social phobia in children.”
Method
Reliability (or lack thereof) of smartphone ecological momentary assessment of visual dot probe attention bias toward threat indices
Zainal, N. H., & Jacobson, N. C. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101918 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, the SPDQ has strong convergent validity (e.g., r = 0.66 with another SAD measure; Watson & Friend, 1969) and good discriminant validity (e.g., r = 0.28 with the GAD-Q-IV; Newman et al., 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
Online Language Anxiety in Higher Education: Evidence from Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses
Hongnaphadol, W. (2023) · rEFLections · doi:10.61508/refl.v30i2.267213 · Cited by 2
Beğenilme Arzusunun Yordayıcıları: Lüks Tüketim Eğilimi ve Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusu
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The Effect of Intervention for Improving Colonoscopy Quality Is Associated with the Personality Traits of Endoscopists
Choi, H. H., Sung, S., Lee, B., Cho, H., Jung, Y., Park, J. M., Cho, Y., Lee, K., Kim, S. W., Choi, H., et al. (2023) · Gut and Liver · doi:10.5009/gnl220280 · Cited by 2
“26,27 FNES is a commonly used test to assess FNE.”
Background
Neuronal signatures of anger and fear in patients with psychosis
Shen, J., Kim, W., Tsogt, U., Odkhuu, S., Liu, C., Kang, N., Lee, K., Sui, J., Kim, S., & Chung, Y. (2023) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111658 · Cited by 2
“Sentences representing SA and OA were extracted and modified from the PI, whereas those representing SF and OF were obtained from an FNE scale consisting of 30 items (Watson and Friend, 1969).”
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Nason, E. E., Trahan, M. H., & Cash, D. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-022-00292-0 · Cited by 2
“The Social Anxiety and Distress Scale (SAD; Watson & Friend, 1969) was again administered 1 month and 3 months after the exposure data to ask questions related to social anxiety.”
BackgroundMethod
Does prediction error during exposure relate to clinical outcomes in cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder? A study protocol
Winkler, C., Koval, P., Phillips, L., & Felmingham, K. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1000686 · Cited by 3
Eldercare demand may inhibit workplace social courage through fear of negative evaluation: moderating role of family supportive supervisory behavior
Mariam, S., Qaisar, M. N., Ahmad, F., Khan, H. G. A., & Shafique, A. (2022) · Review of Managerial Science · doi:10.1007/s11846-022-00606-9 · Cited by 3
“Fear of negative evaluation is defined as a trait related to one’s distress that others will negatively evaluate and avoid such situations (Watson and Friend 1969).”
Background
The Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Foreign Students Stranded from Chinese Universities
Abbas, S., Tan, Q., Safdar, A., & Teng, L. (2022) · Quality in Sport · doi:10.12775/qs.2021.08.02.002 · Cited by 2
Factors Predicting Mental Effort Associated With Verbal Fluency: Cue Types, Switching, and Fear of Negative Evaluation.
Lam, B.-J. P. W., & Marquardt, T. (2022) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00563 · Cited by 2
On the Generalized S − X 2 –Test of Item Fit: Some Variants, Residuals, and a Graphical Visualization
Ranger, J., & Brauer, K. (2021) · Journal of educational and behavioral statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986211050304 · Cited by 2
“The data set contained the real-life responses of N ¼ 280 participants to the 20-item German-language version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNES; Watson & Friend, 1969; German: Vormbrock & Neuser, 1983).”
Method
Intervención con Jóvenes NiNi en Centros de Inserción Socio Laboral: Mejora de la Autoestima y el Miedo a la Evaluación Negativa
Ruiz-Mosquera, A. C., Vázquez-Fernández, M. J., & Barrera-Algarín, E. (2021) · doi:10.15366/riejs2021.10.1.010 · Cited by 2
PSİKOLOJİ, PDR VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN DUYGU STİLLERİ, OLUMSUZ DEĞERLENDİRİLME KORKUSU VE ALGILANAN SOSYAL YETKİNLİK DÜZEYLERİNİN ÇEŞİTLİ DEĞİŞKENLERE GÖRE İNCELENMESİ
ERİŞEN, M. A., Kesen, N. F., & Daşbaş, S. (2020) · Toplum ve sosyal hizmet(Online)/Toplum ve sosyal hizmet · doi:10.33417/tsh.754868 · Cited by 5
The Levels of Examination’s Phobia in English Subject: Students’ Perceptions in the Secondary Schools of Pakistan
Ali, N., Shah, M., & Hamid, A. (2020) · doi:10.47067/real.v3i2.51 · Cited by 6
Pain scales as placebos: Can pain scales change reported pain across measurements?
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Investigating the relationship between early maladaptive schemes and fear of negative evaluation in students with test anxiety
Ahangari, E., Tahan, M., Syadabadi, Z., & Sadeghifar, A. (2020) · Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.52547/shenakht.7.2.1 · Cited by 2
Identification des raisons de non-fréquentation des centres d’aide en français du postsecondaire au Québec
Cabot, I., & Facchin, S. (2020) · Revue internationale de pédagogie de l’enseignement supérieur · doi:10.4000/ripes.2406 · Cited by 2
Exam Phobia and Gender - A Case Study on Government High School Students, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Podila, S. P., & Sultana, N. (2019) · International Journal of Scientific Research in Science Engineering and Technology · doi:10.32628/ijsrset196147 · Cited by 2
“The students feel uneasiness, helplessness and severe stress (Watson and Friend, 1969).”
Background
Exam Phobia in Government High School Students, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Podila, S. P., & Thottempudi, A. (2019) · International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology · doi:10.32628/ijsrst196118 · Cited by 2
The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Brief Social Phobia Scale
Cengiz, G. F., Gürü, M., Şafak, Y., Kuru, E., Özdemir, İ., Özdel, K., Örsel, S., & Özkula, G. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2018.1471881 · Cited by 3
Role of Cognitive Drill Therapy in Treatment of Evaluation Anxiety: A Case Study
Arya, B., Verma, S., Kumar, R., & Mishra, R. (2018) · International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications · doi:10.29322/ijsrp.8.5.2018.p7743 · Cited by 2
Cognitive Risk Factors of Social Anxiety
Yuniardi, M. S., Roberts, M., Blowfield, H., Freeston, M. H., & Rodgers, J. (2018) · ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH) · doi:10.2991/acpch-17.2018.15
“One of those is Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) which was proposed over forty years ago to explain social anxiety (Watson & Friend, 1969).”
Background
Gender Role Strain and the Psychological Health of Filipino Gay Men
Cabrera, R. (2017) · IAFOR Journal of Psychology & the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.22492/ijpbs.3.2.04 · Cited by 2
“Social anxiety was measured using the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS: Watson & Friend, 1969).”
Method
The Moderating Effect of Self-Compassion in the Relationship between Self-Focused Attention and Social Anxiety
Shim, E., & Lee, B.-K. (2016) · doi:10.17547/kjsr.2016.24.2.65 · Cited by 2
The Sorting Effect of Ex Post Discretionary Adjustment in Employment ContractsPreprint
Dierynck, B., & van Pelt, V. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2645351 · Cited by 2
SCAFFOLDING IN INTERPROFESSIONAL EDUCATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION
Anderson, J. (2015) · IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) · doi:10.7912/c2bs40 · Cited by 2
Typology of Gay Consumers’ Interaction Styles on Complaining Propensity
Olson, E. D., & Ro, H. (2014) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2014.988541 · Cited by 2
“Negative evaluation (from Watson & Friend, 1969): α = .75, 1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree.”
Method
Effects of fear of negative social evaluation in interaction with potential partners: experimental study of first encounters / Efectos del temor a la evaluación social negativa en interacción con parejas potenciales: estudio experimental de los primeros encuentros
Cruz-Torres, C., Díaz-Loving, R., Padilla-Bautista, J., Díaz-Rivera, P.-E., González-Rivera, I., & Oropeza-Lozano, R.-E. (2015) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1080/02134748.2014.987502 · Cited by 2
“…de ser juzgado por otros, pudiendo causar un malestar exagerado en algunos individuos, al grado de llevarlos a evitar los estímulos que les parecen amenazantes e incluso dejar de realizar algunas actividades cotidianas (Carleton, McCreary, Norton, & Asmundson, 2006; Watson & Friend, 1969).”
Background
The impact of a mixed exercise intervention on the physical and mental health of left-behind children: a randomized controlled trial combining sports games and ball sports
Fang, T., Wang, A., Wang, Y., & Li, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1829202 · Cited by 2
“Interpersonal Anxiety and Self-Blame Tendency are closely related to peer relationships, social evaluation, failure experiences, and self-related emotional responses (Chiu et al., 2021; Higgins, 1987; Watson and Friend, 1969).”
Quality of life and its influencing factors in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Lei, Z.-Y., Li, H.-P., Yang, Q., Zhang, X.-P., Wang, L.-X., & Liu, Z.-Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1797747 · Cited by 1
“It specifically evaluates avoidance behaviors and subjective distress in social situations, with higher scores indicating greater social avoidance and inter-personal discomfort (28, 29).”
The need to be seen: social approval and evaluative fears as psychological pathways to FOMO
Akbay, S. E., Kurt, A. A., Aygar, B., & Yaman, Ş. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1840811 · Cited by 1
“It is important to note, however, that FNE is not solely a marker of evaluative threat: FNE is also closely tied to rejection sensitivity and social anxiety more broadly (Watson and Friend, 1969; Leary, 1983), constructs that link evaluative concern to fears of social exclusion.”
Latent profiles of cross-cultural adaptation among African international students in China: integrating identity recognition, social avoidance, cultural intelligence, and perceived discrimination
Zhu, W., & Zhao, Y. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04698-w · Cited by 1
“Social avoidance Social avoidance was measured using an adapted version of the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS; [74]).”
The Relationship Between Chinese College Students’ Upward Social Comparison and Involution: Fear of Negative Evaluation as a Mediator and Self-Construal as a Moderator
Dong, L., Maimaiti, M., & Chen, H. (2026) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs16050624 · Cited by 1
“Watson and Friend (1969) defined fear of negative evaluation as apprehension about others’ evaluations, distress at their negative evaluations, avoidance of evaluative situations, and the expectation that others will evaluate oneself negatively.”
Matematik Kaygısının Aracılık Rolü: Ortaokul Öğrencilerinde Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumu ve Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusu Arasındaki İlişki
Yücel, G., Yazlık, D. Ö., & İlhan, O. (2026) · Journal of Computer and Education Research · doi:10.18009/jcer.1783844 · Cited by 1
Pathogen Stress Theory in Business Ethics: Bio-ecological Influences on Firms’ Environmental Sustainability Practices
Brieger, S. A., Jasinenko, A., & Feyzabadi, J. G. (2026) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-026-06315-7 · Cited by 1
Turning buzz into behavior: Shopping companions as buffers against ambivalence in novelty marketing
Bi, H., Huang, Y., Hu, X., & Pan, Y. (2026) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2026.104745 · Cited by 1
Unraveling the dynamic interaction with psychological resilience and social sensitivity in the development of Internet Gaming Disorder: a cross-lagged panel network analysis
Zhong, S., Liu, J., Turel, O., He, Q., & Zhao, H. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101079 · Cited by 1
The mediating role of psychological inflexibility and social avoidance in relationship between body image disturbance and depression among young adults with acne in China
Xu, F., Chong, M. C., Zhou, Y., Chen, J., Ruan, J., Sun, Y., Tang, J., & Yahaya, N. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1771242 · Cited by 1
Japanese Language Learning Anxiety Among Students of the Department of Japanese Studies, University of Dhaka
Hridoy, M. R. I., & Ahmed, S. M. (2026) · Japanese Studies · doi:10.1080/10371397.2026.2649889 · Cited by 1
“Fear of negative evaluation is considered a core cognitive feature of social anxiety disorder, as investigated by Watson and Friend (1969) and Weeks et al. (2005).”
The Effect of Parental Psychological Control on Real-Life Social Avoidance in College Students: A Moderated Chain Mediation Model
Ye, P., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Lu, F., & Bian, Y. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16010034 · Cited by 2
“Social avoidance refers to negative behavioral tendencies in interpersonal contexts, typically manifested as avoiding contact or conversation with others, withdrawing from social situations, and experiencing negative affect during interactions (Watson & Friend, 1969).”
The Experiences of Students with Concealable Muslim Identities During Peer Interactions in Undergraduate Biology Courses
Edwards, B. A., Granados, A., Mohammed, T. F., Aini, R. Q., Cooper, K. M., Barnes, M. E., & Brownell, S. E. (2025) · CBE - Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.24-10-0249 · Cited by 1
“…and burdensome for students (Robinson, 2013; Walkington, 2017; Dortch et al. , 2024) and may exacerbate factors such as their fears of negative evaluation, or their sense of dread associated with being unfavorably evaluated in a social situation (Watson and Friend, 1969; Weeks et al. , 2005).”
Audiovisual integration of faces and voices in Chinese individuals with social anxiety.
Yuan, J., Liu, X.-H., Chen, X., Li, M., Liu, Z., & Li, B. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115905 · Cited by 1
Status and influence of parental rearing style and social psychology process on social adaptability of medical students: using college students in Jilin Province, China, as an example
Du, J., Ge, H., Nie, W., Feng, X.-R., & Shao, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1617863 · Cited by 1
“The social avoidance and distress scale (SADS) compiled by Watson and Friend (1969) was used to measure the social avoidance and distress feelings of individuals in their daily lives (Watson and Friend, 1969).”
Exploring Social Avoidance and Psychosocial Factors in Young Adults with Acne in East China
Xu, F., Yahaya, N. A., Zhou, Y.-X., Chen, J.-Y., Ruan, J.-Y., Sun, Y., & Chong, M. C. (2025) · Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s549119 · Cited by 1
Measuring Ostracism: A Psychometric Examination of the Need-Threat Scale in Adolescence
Brook, C. A., Schmidt, L. A., Tang, A., Lahat, A., & Crowley, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-025-10241-9 · Cited by 1
“The EFNE was measured on a Likert scale ranging from 1 = not at all to 5 = extremely , with higher scores reflecting higher levels of the construct.”
Influential
Validation of the Russian version of the Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (A-RSQ): Factor structure and associations with psychological constructs
Iurina, E., & Kosonogov, V. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104703 · Cited by 1
Parent‐Child Relationships and Fear of Evaluation in Preadolescents: The Mediating Role of Sensory Processing Sensitivity
Lu, Y., Liu, Q., & Wang, Z. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.70072 · Cited by 2
“Researchers have defined FNE as apprehension about others' evaluations, distress about the possibility of unfavorable judgment, avoidance of situations involving evaluations, and anticipation that one would be unfavorably evaluated (Watson and Friend 1969).”
Development of the Movement Disorders Interpretation Bias Scale and psychometric evaluation in adults with Huntington's disease
Gibson, J. S., Eberle, J. W., Werntz, A. J., Harrison, M. B., Manning, C. A., Yan, G., & Teachman, B. A. (2025) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2025.107971 · Cited by 2
Predictors of Test Anxiety in Students Preparing for University Examination: Helicopter Parental Attitude, Fear of Negative Evaluation and Competence Expectancy
Zorlu, M., & Seki, T. (2025) · Adıyaman Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.17984/adyuebd.1605408 · Cited by 1
Development and initial validation of the Interaction Anxiety in Group Work (IAGWS) Scale
Xethakis, L., Rupp, M., Plummer, B. R. B., & Kawagoe, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1602748 · Cited by 1

Authors: Watson, D., & Friend, R.
Affiliations: University of Hawaii System (US)
ORCID: Watson, David
Friend, Ronald
Venue: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1969
Volume: 33
Issue: 4
Pages: 448-457
ISSN: 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
1939-2117
DOI: 10.1037/h0027806
OpenAlex: W2065589549
Cited by: 3,467
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 90 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 109 · 2014: 116 · 2013: 111 · 2012: 102
FWCI: 10.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2006-03-29)
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: anxiety assessment, psychometric assessment, social anxiety
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Humans, Psychological Tests, Social Behavior

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Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.

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