Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.

“Following the conversation tasks, participants completed two questionnaires: the empathy quotient (EQ; Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004; Groen et al., 2015) and the brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (Leary, 1983; Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“…the rule (Aldao et al., 2010; Gentes & Ruscio, 2011 ; McEvoy et al., 2019 ; Naragon-Gainey, uncertainty for generalized anxiety disorder (Freeston et al., 1994 ), anxiety sensitivity for panic disorder (Reiss, 1991), and a fear of negative evaluation for social anxiety (Watson & Friend, 1969 ).”

“Social avoidance and loneliness arise from non-self-determined motivation and are both associated with negative emotional experiences [20,21].”

“We assessed the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale – Revised (BFNE-R; Reichenberger et al., 2016; English original: Watson & Friend, 1969) to test the fear of negative evaluation as a cognitive characteristic of the social phobia.”

“Fear of negative evaluation is the concern about other people’s judgment, despair of their negative appraisal, avoidance of situations related to the evaluations, and the expectation that others would judge themselves negatively (Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“Se obtuvieron medias de 13.97 y 16.10 para hombres y mujeres, respectivamente, mostrando un coeficiente de consistencia interna de 0,94 y una fiabilidad test-retest al mes de 0.78 (Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“This scale is a brief version of the original 30-item Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) scale [22].”

“…from seven widely used shyness scales, including the Revised Shyness Scale (RCBS; Cheek & Buss, 1981), Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD; Watson & Friend, 1969), Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNS; Leary, 1983a), Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS; Leary, 1983b), Shyness…”

“Watson D, Friend R. Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.”

“To explore whether the impact of evaluative observation varies between subjects according to specific traits, we included the German version of the FNE (Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale) (29), called SANB (Skala Angst vor Negativer Bewertung; 30), which captures an individual’s fear of negative evaluation that is com…”

“As indicated by Vormbrock and Neuser [36], the SAP shows substantial correlations with the “Fear of Negative Evaluation “scale (FNE) and the “Social Avoidance and Distress” scale (SAD) by Watson & Friend [37].”

“…Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ; Chambless et al., 1984), the Mobility Inventory questionnaire (MI; Chambless, Caputo, Jasin, Gracely, & Williams, 1985), the Fear of Negative Evaluation scale (FNE; Watson & Friend, 1969), or the Social Avoidance and Distress scale (SAD; Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“…fear of negative evaluation , defined as concern about others’ negative judgments and reactions, particularly regarding disease-related changes in appearance or function [ 12 ], and lung involvement has been linked to anxiety, while overall SSc severity has been linked to depression [ 13 ].”

“As a specific cognitive-emotional component of this broader construct, fear of negative evaluation (FNE) refers to an individual’s excessive worry and apprehension about being unfavorably evaluated by others [6].”

“Developed by Watson and Friend (1969), the SAD is a 28-item scale that assesses subjective experiences of social avoidance and distress across a variety of social contexts, including unfamiliar situations, being observed by others, public speaking, and casual conversation (Hofmann et al., 2004).”

“Social avoidance (SAV) refers primarily to a behavioral tendency to reduce, withdraw from, or avoid social contact in situations perceived as uncomfortable or threatening [31].”

“Interestingly, a considerable number of empirical studies have demonstrated that individuals’ inherent self-confidence influences their thresholds for external exploration (e.g., [23], [26], [27], [28], [30], [45], [46]).”

“Accordingly, participants rated each item on a scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), rather than using the dichotomous true/false format of the original SADS.”

“Group × Time interactions were statistically significant for SIAS ( p = 0.003), SADS ( p = 0.006), and STAI-S ( p = 0.011).”

“Social avoidance refers to behavioral tendencies to avoid social interactions, with the aim of reducing the discomfort and stress that social encounters may bring (Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“…home: the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) ( Bobes et al., 1999, p. 199; Liebowitz, 1987), the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) Scale ( Watson & Friend, 1969; Zubeidat et al., 2007), the Self-Statements during Public Speaking Scale (SSPS) ( Hofmann & DiBartolo, 2000; Rivero et al.,…”

“FNE refers to an individual’s anxiety about negative evaluations in social situations, the resulting distress, and a tendency to avoid such situations (Watson & Friend, 1969/1970).”

“The Social Avoidance and Distress Scale 92 is a self-report which consists of 28 true-false items designed to assess social anxiety, specifically avoidance behaviours and subjective distress experienced in social situations.”

“However, the first and foremost aspect of cognition is assessed through a Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale developed by Watson and Friend (73) , which typically evaluates apprehension regarding evaluation from others.”

“The strong association between distress and FNE is particularly noteworthy, as fear of negative evaluation reflects concerns about social judgment and perceived incompetence (Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“Fear of negative evaluation refers to individuals’ concern about negative evaluation from others and fear of rejection in social situations (Watson and Friend, 1969) and has been identified as a primary factor underlying social anxiety (Rapee and Heimberg, 1997).”

“The public nature of social media interactions intensifies this anxiety, as individuals worry about negative feedback or lower engagement, a phenomenon known as fear of negative evaluation (FNE) [ 39–41 ].”

“Because of the public and evaluative nature of the language classroom, in addition to PSA and FLA, learners may also experience two additional performance anxieties: test anxiety (Sarason, 1978) and fear of negative evaluation (Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“This psychological trait can be measured using the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale proposed by Watson & Friend (1969).”

“Menurut Watson & Friend (1969), Fear of Negative Evaluation merupakan kecenderungan individu untuk memperhatikan dan mengkhawatirkan penilaian orang lain terhadap dirinya.”

“One such factor is the fear of negative evaluation, defined as students’ sense of dread about being judged unfavorably by others when participating in social situations (Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“This study utilized the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale compiled by Watson and Friend 34 and translated by Peng et al. 35 The scale consists of two dimensions: social avoidance and social distress, with a total of 28 items.”

“The fear of negative evaluation is defined as “apprehension about others’ evaluations, distress over their negative evaluations, avoidance of evaluative situations and the expectation that others would evaluate oneself negatively” [13].”

“SADS was included to assess social avoidance and distress because the program aimed to increase of fl ine social participation through cooperative tasks, role-play, and peer interaction (23, 34).”

“Fear of negative evaluation has been widely recognized as a central feature of social anxiety, with earlier work by Watson and Friend (1969) demonstrating its influence on how individuals perceive and internalize social judgments.”

“…Questionnaire [SQ]) [50], perceived social support (Perceived Social Support Scale [PSSS]) [51], loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale [UCLA-LS]) [52], interpersonal trust (Interpersonal Trust Scale [ITS]) [53], and social avoidance and distress (Social Avoidance and Distress Scale [SAD]) [54].”

“…associated with social anxiety, attachment anxiety, rejection sensitivity, neuroticism, and baseline smartphone dependence or problematic smartphone use may also shape how individuals interpret ambiguous social threats or independently influence subsequent phone-checking behavior [22, 23, 41–44].”

“Social anxiety refers to individuals’ excessive worry or panic about their interpersonal circumstances, a fear of negative evaluation from others, accompanied by behavioral and emotional reactions such as social avoidance, tension and inhibition, and self-denial (Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“Social avoidance behavior refers to a pattern of maladaptive behaviors and internal psychological processes aimed at avoiding social interactions, including negative self-evaluation in cognition, defensive withdrawal in behavior, and tension and anxiety in emotion (Watson & Friend, 1969 ).”

“It adopts the 5-point Likert scoring method; higher scores represent higher levels of social avoidance and distress, with the internal consistency reliability of 0.77[9].”

“The Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD; Watson & Friend, 1969) and the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE; Watson & Friend, 1969) were the most common measures, used in a third of the included studies.”

“…often exhibit heightened social avoidance motivations and diminished social approach motivations (Asnaani, Rinck, Becker, & Hofmann, 2014; Hengstler, Holland, van Steenbergen, & van Knippenberg, 2014), potentially resulting from fear of negative social evaluation (Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“Social avoidance refers to a behavioral tendency to deliberately refrain from social participation or interaction (Park and Choi, 2022; Watson and Friend, 1969).”

“This study adopts and extends Horwitz et al.’s (1986) (Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE), initially conceptualized by Watson et al. [14] in 1969, refers to an individual’s excessive preoccupation with potential negative judgments from others during interpersonal interactions — a pivotal construct further substantiated by Leary [15] and Weeks et al.…”

“To capture accountability, visibility, and evaluation pressure induced by our manipulations, we designed a four-item custom battery inspired by prior work on evaluation apprehension [38,59] and accountability in social loafing.”

“This investigation employed the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE), initially pioneered by Watson and Friend [29], streamlined by Leary [30], and later culturally adapted and psychometrically validated by Lee and Choi [31] to assess individual differences in apprehension toward negative…”

“Fear of negative evaluation has long been recognized as a core feature of social anxiety, reflecting individuals’ concerns about being negatively judged by others (Liu and Zhang, 2010; Watson and Friend, 1969; Weeks et al., 2008).”