Cited by 3,467Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Testing and AssessmentPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.

Watson, David, Friend, Ronald·1969·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/h0027806

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Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
A personality scale of manifest anxiety
Taylor, J. A. (1953) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0056264 · Cited by 3,131

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The influences of virtual social feedback on social anxiety disorders
Kishimoto, T., & Ding, X. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465819000377 · Cited by 31
“The present study found no significant changes in the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE).”
Method
C2C value creation: social anxiety and retail environment
Becker, L., & dos Santos, C. P. (2017) · Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1108/jrim-10-2016-0106 · Cited by 23
Simultaneous synthesis of treatment effects and mapping to a common scale: an alternative to standardisation
Ades, A., Lu, G., Dias, S., Mayo-Wilson, E., & Kounali, D. (2015) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1130 · Cited by 23
“…and Mathews, 1979), the 30-point Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE; Watson and Friend, 1969), the 28-point Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS; Watson and Friend, 1969), the 192-point Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory — Social Phobia (SPAI-SP; Turner et al ., 1996), the 30-point Sheehan…”
Background
Dysfunctional attitude mediates the relationship between psychopathology and Internet addiction among Korean college students: A cross‐sectional observational study
Noh, D., & Kim, S. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12220 · Cited by 23
Designing a brief measure of social anxiety: Psychometric support for a three-item version of the Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS-3)
Nichols, A. L., & Webster, G. D. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.043 · Cited by 22
The relationship between self-esteem and social avoidance among university students: chain mediating effects of resilience and social distress
Shang, A.-L., Feng, L., Yan, G.-L., & Sun, L. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02444-2 · Cited by 22
“People with high levels of social distress experience discomfort in social situations and prefer to be alone [29, 30].”
Unpacking the relationship between adolescents’ perceived school climate and negative emotions: the chain mediating roles of school belonging and social avoidance and distress
Chen, W.-S., Huang, Z.-M., Peng, B., & Hu, H. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02364-1 · Cited by 22
“Social avoidance and distress Measured using the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale developed by Watson and Friend (1969) [62].”
A Vicious Cycle: The Reciprocal Longitudinal Relationship Between Social Rejection, Social Avoidance, and Smartphone Addiction Among Adolescents
Li, Y., Lin, S., Yang, X., Sheng, J., Wang, L., Han, Y., Cao, Y., & Chen, J. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01007-z · Cited by 23
“Social avoidance was measured using the avoidance subscale of the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (Watson & Friend, 1969), which consists of 14 items (e.g., “I often think up excuses to avoid social engagements.”) that provide two possible responses (1 = “ yes ” or 0 = “ no ”).”
"I've talked without intending to": Self-disclosure and Reciprocity via Embodied Avatar
Ichino, J., Ide, M., Yokoyama, H., Asano, H., Miyachi, H., & Okabe, D. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555583 · Cited by 22
Cultural Differences in Fear of Negative Evaluation After Social Norm Transgressions and the Impact on Mental Health
Vaswani, M., Esses, V., Newby-Clark, I., & Giguère, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.804841 · Cited by 22
“Fear of negative evaluation includes expectations of, and concern and distress over, being evaluated negatively (Watson and Friend, 1969; Smith and Sarason, 1975; Leary, 1983).”
Background
Measuring the Scale and Scope of Social Anxiety among Students in Pakistani Higher Education Institutions: An Alternative Social Anxiety Scale
Ejaz, B., Muazzam, A., Anjum, A., Pollock, G., & Nawaz, R. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12062164 · Cited by 29
“The Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) Scale [13] and The Social Avoidance and Distress Scale [13] are two of the earliest developed scales.”
Background
The Mediating Effect of Specific Social Anxiety Facets on Body Checking and Avoidance
Radix, A. K., Rinck, M., Becker, E. S., & Legenbauer, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02661 · Cited by 26
“The Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (BFNE; Leary, 1983) is the short version of the original FNE Scale (Watson and Friend, 1969).”
Background
Peer Victimization and Social Anxiety: An Exploration of Coping Strategies as Mediators
Lee, K. M., Shellman, A. B., Osmer, S. C., Day, S. X., & Dempsey, A. G. (2015) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2015.1061944 · Cited by 21
“TheBrief Fear of Negative Evaluation (BFNE) scale is a 12-item, self-report measure derived from the Fear of Negative Evaluation scale (Watson & Friend, 1969).”
Method
Fear of Positive Evaluation and Social Anxiety
Kocijan, L., & Harris, L. M. (2016) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2015.17 · Cited by 19
“…negative evaluation (FNE) refers to distress due to expectation of unfavourable evaluations from others about one’s appearance or social performance (Watson & Friend, 1969), and FNE has long been understood to characterise social anxiety (Fergus et al., 2009; Heimberg et al., 2005; Kocovski &…”
Background
Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale-Brief (BFNE) and the BFNE-Straightforward for Middle School Students
Wei, J., Zhang, C., Li, Y., Xue, S., & Zhang, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115948 · Cited by 27
“According to the previous studies, the expected correlation between the BFNE and BFNE-S and the SAS should be moderately or highly positive [14–16]but slightly negative with the RSES [10] and BIDR [1].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
The efficacy of psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder, a systematic review and meta-analysis
de Ponti, N., Matbouriahi, M., Franco, P., Harrer, M., Miguel, C., Papola, D., Sicimoğlu, A., Cuijpers, P. J., & Karyotaki, E. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102881 · Cited by 30
Self-Consciousness, Self-Objectification, and Social Anxiety as Predictors of Photo Editing Behavior among Emerging Adults
Mustafa, S., & Akram, M. (2022) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/2022/6609752 · Cited by 25
“Individual factors such as social approval [27], worrying about judged which leads to the need to make a good impression on others [28], have a high potential for social anxiety.”
Background
High-Fidelity Simulation to Assess Task Load Index and Performance: A Prospective Observational Study
Favre-Félix, J., Dziadzko, M. A., Bauer, C., Duclos, A., Lehot, J.-J., Rimmele, T. R., & Lilot, M. (2022) · Türk anesteziyoloji ve reanimasyon derneği dergisi · doi:10.5152/tjar.2022.21234 · Cited by 25
“Cardiogenic shock You admit in the ICU a young man with acute hypotension, tachycardia, and moderate fever context 5, n = 4 2/2 64 [63-75] 56 [47-62] 33 [21-38] 41 [36-62]”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Self-focused attention vs. negative attentional bias during public speech task in socially anxious individuals
Lin, M., Xu, W., Qian, M., He, D., & Zlomuzica, A. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103766 · Cited by 19
Seeking safer spaces: The mitigating impact of young adults’ Facebook and Instagram audience expectations and posting type on fear of negative evaluation
Kelly, L., Keaten, J. A., & Millette, D. M. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106333 · Cited by 32
Stress Management Training Improves Overall Performance during Critical Simulated Situations
Sigwalt, F., Petit, G., Evain, J., Claverie, D., Bui, M., Guinet, A., Trousselard, M., Canini, F., CHASSARD, D., Duclos, A., et al. (2020) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000003287 · Cited by 42
Unveiling the needs of students who stutter in the language skills - a study on anxiety and stuttering in EFL learning
Pastor, M. D. G., & Miller, R. (2019) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2019.1581400 · Cited by 26
“Fear of negative evaluation is ‘an apprehension about others’ evaluations, avoidance of evaluative situations, and the expectation that others would evaluate oneself negatively’ (Watson and Friend 1969, 449).”
Background
Metacognitive Therapy Applications in Social Anxiety Disorder: An Exploratory Study of the Individual and Combined Effects of the Attention Training Technique and Situational Attentional Refocusing
Vogel, P. A., Hagen, R., Hjemdal, O., Solem, S., Smeby, M. C. B., Strand, E. R., Fisher, P., Nordahl, H. M., & Adrian Wells, A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.054716 · Cited by 28
“The following self-report questionnaires were administered at pre-treatment: Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE: Watson & Friend, 1969), 30 situations of social evaluation dichotomously scored as present or absent, the MetaCognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30: Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004), 30…”
Method
Measuring Evaluation Fears in Adolescence
Vagos, P., Salvador, M. C., Rijo, D., Santos, I., Weeks, J. W., & Heimberg, R. (2016) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1177/0748175615596781 · Cited by 21
“The construct of fear of negative evaluation has been assessed using the Fear of Negative Evaluation scale (FNE; Watson & Friend, 1969).”
Method
Fear of negative evaluation, avoidance and mental distress among hearing-impaired employees.
Williams, K. C., Falkum, E., & Martinsen, E. W. (2015) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000028 · Cited by 24
The Appraisal of Social Concerns Scale: Psychometric Validation With a Clinical Sample of Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder
Schultz, L. T., Heimberg, R. G., Rodebaugh, T. L., Schneier, F. R., Liebowitz, M. R., & Telch, M. J. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.06.001 · Cited by 21
Academic social comparison: a promising new target to reduce fear of negative evaluation in large-enrollment college science courses
Pigart, C. J., MacKinnon, D. P., & Cooper, K. M. (2024) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-024-00501-7 · Cited by 24
“Fear of negative evaluation (FNE), defined as a sense of dread associated with being unfavorably evaluated in a social situation (Watson & Friend, 1969; Weeks et al., 2005), is a prominent emotion among undergraduates enrolled in science courses with opportunities to engage in one-on-one, small…”
Background
Exploring the Nexus between Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity, Self-Disclosure, Social Anxiety, and Adolescent Social Avoidance: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study in Central China
Chen, S., Jing, L., Li, C., & Wang, H. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11010056 · Cited by 23
“It involves avoiding and refraining from normal social interactions, leading to interpersonal distancing, social loneliness, and anxiety [41].”
BackgroundMethod
Individualism, Competitiveness, and Fear of Negative Evaluation in Pre-adolescents: Does the Teacher’s Controlling Style Matter?
Salazar-Ayala, C. M., Gastélum-Cuadras, G., Hernández, E. H., Enríquez, O. N., Luján, J. C. B., & Murcia, J. A. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626786 · Cited by 26
“The fear of negative evaluation is an unfounded fear toward the evaluations of others, considering that these will be negative (Watson and Friend, 1969), and may imply a feeling of anguish and concern for fear of social disapproval, which leads the person to try to avoid evaluative situations (Hartmann et al.”
Background
Candidate Factors Maintaining Social Anxiety in the Context of Psychotic Experiences: A Systematic Review
Aunjitsakul, W., McGuire, N., McLeod, H. J., & Gumley, A. I. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab026 · Cited by 28
When the victim becomes vicious: Combined effects of pseudo transformational leadership and epistemic motivation on contempt and deviant behaviors
Syed, F., Naseer, S., Nawaz, J., & Shah, S. Z. A. (2020) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2020.07.005 · Cited by 20
360 Video: A prototyping process for developing virtual reality interventions
Metsis, V., Lawrence, G., Trahan, M. H., Smith, K. S., Tamir, D. E., & Selber, K. (2019) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2019.1604291 · Cited by 23
“…25% of veterans suffering from some form of mental health diagnosis (Trivedi et al., 2015), with potentially 3.6% of military populations meeting diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder (SAD; Grant et al., 2005; Kashdan, Frueh, Knapp, Hebert, & Magruder, 2006; Watson & Friend, 1969).”
Influential
Social Comparison Orientation and Social Adaptation Among Young Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Academic Self-Concept
Miao, H., Li, Z.-X., Yang, Y.-K., & Guo, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01067 · Cited by 20
“, depression, resentment, or loneliness) is treated as an indirect measurement index of social adaptation (Watson and Friend, 1969; Kahle, 1984).”
Background
Systematic Review of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder in Psychosis
Michail, M., Birchwood, M., & Tait, L. (2017) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci7050045 · Cited by 20
“In addition, the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation [32] (BFNE) was used in the study by Kingsep et al. [28].”
Method
Internet child pornography offenders: An examination of attachment and intimacy deficits
Armstrong, J., & Mellor, D. (2016) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/lcrp.12028 · Cited by 20
Use of Morita Therapy in Shyness Counseling in the West: Promoting Clients' Self‐Acceptance and Action Taking
ISHIYAMA, F. I. (1987) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1987.tb00705.x · Cited by 18
A feasibility study of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of individual cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder in a Japanese clinical setting: an uncontrolled pilot study
Seki, Y., Nagata, S., Shibuya, T., Yoshinaga, N., Yokoo, M., Ibuki, H., Minamitani, N., Kusunoki, M., Inada, Y., Kawasoe, N., et al. (2016) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2262-5 · Cited by 19
“This was a short-form version adapted from the original 30-item scale [37].”
Method
Psychological interventions for pre-event and post-event rumination in social anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Donohue, H. E., Modini, M., & Abbott, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102823 · Cited by 21
Repeated stage exposure reduces music performance anxiety
Candia, V., Kusserow, M., Margulies, O., & Hildebrandt, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1146405 · Cited by 19
“, 2012), we avoided making explicit references to physiological symptoms and commenting on performance quality because any explicit mention would risk triggering an internal attentional focus (Mornell and Wulf, 2019), and fear of negative evaluation (Watson and Friend, 1969), both of which have the potential to increa…”
Background
Body talk on social networking sites and restrained eating among adolescents: A test of a multiple mediation model
Wang, Y., Wang, J., Geng, J., Wang, H., & Lei, L. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.002 · Cited by 20
Measurement invariance of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale‐Self‐Report
Baroni, D., Caccico, L., Ciandri, S., Gesto, C. D., Leonardo, L. D., Fiesoli, A., Grassi, E., Lauretta, F., Lebruto, A., Marsigli, N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23413 · Cited by 22
How depressive symptoms and fear of negative evaluation affect feedback evaluation in social decision-making
Weiss, M. H., Rodrigues, J., Boschet, J. M., Pittig, A., Mussel, P., & Hewig, J. S. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100004 · Cited by 22
The second pugilist’s plight: Why people believe they are above average but are not especially happy about it.
Davidai, S., & Deri, S. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000580 · Cited by 20
Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents and School Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties in French adolescents
Delgado, B., García-Fernández, J. M., Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C., Inglés, C. J., Marzo, J. C., Greca, A. M. L., & Hugon, M. (2018) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0818-4 · Cited by 19
“The conceptual basis of the SAS-A [22, 24, 28] was originated from a model of social anxiety derived from studies of adults [29, 30] that identified two components of social anxiety: Social Evaluative Anxiety, and Social Avoidance and Distress.”
Method
Relaxation before Debriefing during High-fidelity Simulation Improves Memory Retention of Residents at Three Months
Lilot, M., Evain, J., Bauer, C., Cejka, J., Faure, A., Balança, B., Vassal, O., Payet, C., Xuan, B. B., Duclos, A., et al. (2018) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000002045 · Cited by 30
Improving Psychosocial Functioning in Mastectomized Women Through a Mindfulness-Based Program: Flow Meditation.
Franco, C., Amutio, A., Mañas, I., Sánchez-Sánchez, L. C., & Mateos-Pérez, E. (2020) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000120 · Cited by 21
Higher emotional synchronization is modulated by relationship quality in romantic relationships and not in close friendships
Chen, Y., Liu, S., Hao, Y., Zhao, Q., Ren, J., Piao, Y., Wang, L., Yang, Y., Jin, C., Wang, H., et al. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120733 · Cited by 21
“…questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Beck et al., 1996), Interpersonal Trust Scales (ITS) (Rotter, 1967), Self-esteem Scale (SES) (Rosenberg, 1965), Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) (Watson and Friend, 1969), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) (Taylor et al., 1985).”
Method
Social Media Addiction, Personality Factors and Fear of Negative Evaluation in a Sample of Young Adults
Piko, B. F., Krajczár, S. K., & Kiss, H. (2024) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth4010025 · Cited by 22
Parental Burnout and Adolescents’ Development: Family Environment, Academic Performance, and Social Adaptation
Wang, W., Chen, S., Wang, S.-N., Shan, G., & Li, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20042774 · Cited by 18
“High social distress is related to uncomfortable feelings in social situations [15] and a lower level of self-confidence, need for dominance, need for affiliation, and need for change [16].”
Background
Investigation of factors underlying foreign language classroom anxiety in Chinese university English majors
Zhang, S., & Lai, C. (2023) · Applied Linguistics Review · doi:10.1515/applirev-2021-0062 · Cited by 25
Different drives of herding: An exploratory study of motivations underlying social conformity
Chen, X., Li, S., Zhang, Y., Zhai, Y., Zhang, Z., & Feng, C. (2022) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.515 · Cited by 20
The relationship between dental anxiety and other kinds of anxiety: a naturalistic, cross-sectional and comparative study
Valdés‐Stauber, J., & Hummel, K. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00684-6 · Cited by 18
The self-reference effect in memory: an implicit way to assess affective self-representations in social anxiety
Kalenzaga, S., & Jouhaud, V. (2018) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2018.1430833 · Cited by 18
“Moreover, in Mansell and Clark’s (1999) study, participants were selected on the basis of their score on the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNES, Watson & Friend, 1969).”
Method
The Double Meaning of Online Social Space: Three-Way Interactions Among Social Anxiety, Online Social Behavior, and Offline Social Behavior
Koo, H. J., Woo, S., Yang, E., & Kwon, J. H. (2015) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0396 · Cited by 17
“Social anxiety was assessed using the Korean-Social Avoidance and Distress Scale 31 (K-SADS), which was originally developed by Watson and Friend.”
Inverse effects of lipopolysaccharides on anxiety in pregnant mice and their offspring.
Solati, J., Kleehaupt, E., Kratz, O., Moll, G., & Golub, Y. (2015) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.016 · Cited by 18
Specific facial signals associate with categories of social actions conveyed through questions
Nota, N., Trujillo, J. P., & Holler, J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288104 · Cited by 21
“io/u59kb/), as well as the Dutch version of the Empathy Quotient [53, 54], the Fear of Negative Evaluation scale [55], and an assessment of explicit awareness of the experimental aim.”
Using 360-degree immersive videos to assess multiple transdiagnostic symptoms: A study focusing on fear of negative evaluation, paranoid thoughts, negative automatic thoughts, and craving
Libera, C. D., Simon, J., Larøi, F., Quertemont, É., & Wagener, A. (2023) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-023-00779-y · Cited by 27
“Social anxiety was assessed with the French version (Douillez et al. 2008) of the Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE; Watson and Friend 1969).”
Method
Nomophobia and relationships with latent classes of solitude
Lu, X., Liu, T., Liu, X., Yang, H., & Elhai, J. D. (2022) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2022.86.1.1 · Cited by 17
“Self-determined theory”
Increased Conformity to Social Hierarchy Under Public Eyes
Kim, D., Kim, J., & Kim, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.636801 · Cited by 18
Feeling authentic serves as a buffer against rejection
Gino, F., & Kouchaki, M. (2020) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.03.006 · Cited by 24
Culturally Sensitive Adaptations to Evidence-Based Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Case Paper
Graham-LoPresti, J. R., Gautier, S. W., Sorenson, S. M., & Hayes‐Skelton, S. A. (2017) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.12.003 · Cited by 19
A psychometric evaluation of the Loss of Face Scale.
Leong, F. T. L., Byrne, B. M., Hardin, E. E., Zhang, H., & Chong, S. (2017) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000492 · Cited by 22
“…4 (Hardin & Leong, 2005; n 334) completed three measures of affective distress: the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977), the Fear or Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE; Watson & Friend, 1969) and the Social Avoidance and Anxiety Scale (SAD; Watson & Friend, 1969).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Eye Can Tell: On the Correlation Between Eye Movement and Phishing Identification
Miyamoto, D., Blanc, G., & Kadobayashi, Y. (2015) · International Conference on Neural Information Processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26555-1_26 · Cited by 17
“The methods might also leverage the collected information regardless of the Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) [11]; observations are often affected by FNE, in which some people will attempt to conceal their errors.”
Method
Sex offending and social anxiety: a systematic review
Porter, S., Newman, E., Tansey, L., & Quayle, E. (2015) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.04.005 · Cited by 17
“Psychometrics: *SADS: Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (Watson & Friend, 1969) to assess anxiety in, and avoidance of social situations.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
(Trans)Gender Role Expectations and Child Care in Samoa
VanderLaan, D., Petterson, L. J., Mallard, R. W., & Vasey, P. (2015) · Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.884210 · Cited by 17
“The possibility of being negatively evaluated may lead individuals to circumvent such an outcome (Leary, 1983; Watson & Friend, 1969).”
Background
The relationship between teaching styles and NNPSETs' anxiety levels
Briesmaster, M., & Briesmaster-Paredes, J. (2015) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2015.01.012 · Cited by 28
Programa de telepsicología para el tratamiento de la fobia a hablar en público en población mexicana
Cárdenas López, G., Botella Arbona, C., Quero Castellano, S., De la Rosa Gómez, A., & Baños Rivera, R. M. (2014) · Psicología Iberoamericana · doi:10.48102/pi.v22i1.145 · Cited by 16
Concomitant treatment with sertraline and social skills training improves social skills acquisition in social anxiety disorder: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial
Bernik, M., Corregiari, F., Savoia, M. G., Barros Neto, T. P. D., Pinheiro, C., & Neto, F. L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205809 · Cited by 16
Eyes on me: how social media use is associated with urban Chinese adolescents’ concerns about their physical appearance
Jin, R., & Le, T.-T. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1445090 · Cited by 19
“Additionally, fear of negative evaluation (here, through social media interactions) also increases the sensitivity toward concerns about self-perceptions, including physical appearance (50).”
Background
Low-intensity mindfulness and cognitive–behavioral therapy for social anxiety: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Noda, S., Shirotsuki, K., & Nakao, M. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05651-0 · Cited by 16
“The Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE) is a self-report scale comprising 30 true/false items to assess fear of negative evaluation by others [47].”
Background
Advantaged groups misperceive how allyship will be received
Birnbaum, H. J., Wilson, D., & Waytz, A. G. (2024) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2024.104309 · Cited by 22
Clarifying the association of social anxiety with cognitive variables: The role of self‐esteem, self‐perception, fears of positive and negative evaluation, and post‐event processing
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“Watson and Friend (1969) provide support for a unidimensional scale which was supported in factor analytic work by García-López et al. (2001).”
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“Anxiety-related risk factors such as intolerance of uncertainty (Dugas et al., 2004), anxiety sensitivity (McNally, 1994), and fear of negative evaluation (Watson & Friend, 1969) have been implicated in generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety, respectively.”
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“However, self-reported FNE, a hallmark characteristic of SAD, was strongly re-lated to mismatch biases.”
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“BFNE is a brief, self-report version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (Watson & Friend, 1969) which assesses the degree to which individuals experience worry or fear about negative evaluation from others.”
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“Higher total scores on the BFNES-R are reflective of high concern with other people’s social evaluation, high approval seeking, avoiding other people’s disapproval, and avoiding social-evaluative situations (Watson & Friend, 1969).”
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“If participants have a higher score in SAD, they may exhibit higher social avoidance and anxiety in social interactions [43].”
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“It is a revised version of original FNE[41] with a 5‐point Likert scale and correlates highly (r = 0.”
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“…such as extraversion, openness to experience, and sensation seeking (John & Srivastava, 1999; Zuckerman, 1979), whereas protective motives should be aligned with dispositional factors such as trait social anxiety and the fear of negative evaluation (Mattick & Clarke, 1998; Watson & Friend, 1969).”
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“It further draws on Asch’s [4] concept of “yielding at the level of action,” where individuals conform despite recognizing the inaccuracy of the group’s judgment, and Watson and Friend’s [89] construct of fear of negative evaluation.”
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“Tomeasure FNE, Watson and Friend created a psychological scale [41], which is frequently used in the social anxiety literature (e.”
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“Furthermore, from the deciders’ perspective, in view of the potential appeal, they may experience “fear of negative evaluation” (Watson & Friend, 1969) that could impact their use of discretion.”
Background
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Authors: Watson, D., & Friend, R.
Affiliations: University of Hawaii System (US)
ORCID: Watson, David
Friend, Ronald
Venue: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1969
Volume: 33
Issue: 4
Pages: 448-457
ISSN: 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
1939-2117
DOI: 10.1037/h0027806
OpenAlex: W2065589549
Cited by: 3,467
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 90 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 109 · 2014: 116 · 2013: 111 · 2012: 102
FWCI: 10.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2006-03-29)
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: anxiety assessment, psychometric assessment, social anxiety
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Humans, Psychological Tests, Social Behavior

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Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.

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