Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.

“For the assessment of social support and connectedness as well as social anxiety and avoidance, we consulted the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support [MSPSS; (67)], the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale [SIAS; (46, 68)], and the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale [SADS; (69)].”

“The Beck Anxiety Inventory [22], State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [23], Social Phobia Scale [24], Social Interaction Anxiety Scale [25], Brief-Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale [26], Internalized Shame Scale (ISS) [27], and Post-Event Rumination Scale (PERS) [28] were used.”

“Watson and Friend (1969) crafted the questions to capture the targeted trait, “fear of loss of social approval,” (p. 449) and its opposite, lack of anxiety about the evaluations of others, and not the presence of other traits such as the desire for positive evaluation.”

“The original scale consisted of 30 true/false statements (Watson and Friend 1969), but the short-form version of the FNE or BFNE consists of 12 items rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).”

“As indicated in Table 1, social distress and social avoidance scores were positively correlated with neuroticism (r = .25, p < .05; r = .21, p < .05), depression (r = .33, p < .01; r = .27, p < .01), and loneliness (r = .36, p < .01; r = .33, p < .01), but they were negatively correlated with extraversion (r = −.24, p…”

“Therefore, we included a measure of participants’ general concerns that they would be viewed negatively by others (their FNE; Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“The validity of the DBT was tested by examining correlations with the Fear of Negative Evaluation scale (FNE; Watson & Friend, 1969), and the correlation was reported as 0.34–0.61 (Cho & Won, 1997).”

“Watson and Friend (1969) defined FNE as the fear of other people’s opinions, the anguish over their unfavorable opinions, and the anticipation that other people will have unfavorable opinions.”

“Watson and Friend (1969) first introduced fear of negative evaluation (FNE), which was defined as the “apprehension about other’s evaluation, distress over their negative evaluations and the expectation that others would evaluate negatively.””

“The concept of social anxiety was originally thought to consist of evaluation anxiety and avoidance and distress, representing the individual’s fear of negative evaluation by others and the individual’s avoidance of social behavior in real social situations, respectively, (Watson and Friend, 1969).”

“Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation(BFNE) [48] concerns of being negatively evaluated by others 18.”

“…(Leary, 1983), Morris Shyness Scale (MS; Morris, 1984), Social Reticence Scale (SRS; Jones et al., 1986), and Social Avoidance Distress Scale (SADS; Watson & Friend, 1969) were essentially interchangeable as based on their strong correlations with one another (raverage D .77), but were less highly…”

“For this, self-reports are needed, and RDoC specifies several self-reports considered suitable for the evaluation of negative valence, potential threat (anxiety): the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (12-item version; Carleton et al., 2007), Behavioural Inhibition Scale (BIS; Carver and White, 1994), Fear of Negative…”

“…and European Americans, five measures (or their short forms) were used more than once, including the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS; Watson & Friend, 1969), the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNES; Watson & Friend, 1969) and its short form (BFNE; Leary, 1983), the Social…”

“The FNE has been shown to be a valid and reliable measure (Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“A „Félelem a negatív megítéléstől” kérdőív –FÉLNE Watson és Friend dolgozták ki az eredeti Félelem a negatív megítéléstől (FÉLNE) kérdőívet 1969-ben.”

“Psychometric validity of the SADS has been well supported (Oei, Kenna, & Evans, 1991; Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“[33] The scale has adequate psychometric properties and has been validated against the longer version.[34] The Beck’s Depression InventoryII-BDI- II;[36] a 21 item self-report rating scale was administered to assess severity of depression.”

“Furthermore, to better understand the underlying mechanism leading to the gender rating gap, we measured a potential mediator: fear of negative evaluation, referring to the experience of apprehension at the prospect of being negatively evaluated 46 .”

“As a result, some learners may develop anxiety regarding the evaluations from their teachers or peers and may even try to avoid such evaluative situations (Nijat et al., 2019; Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“Fear of negative evaluation is first defined as worrying about other people’s judgements, feeling stressed about their critical remarks, expecting others to criticize oneself and avoiding evaluative circumstances (Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“The Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, developed by Watson and Friend (1969) and revised by Wang et al. (1999), was used to measure middle school students’ levels of social avoidance and distress.”

“, 1985) and the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (Watson and Friend, 1969) that assess social comfort and social anxiety, respectively, rather than directly assessing SM.”

“Two studies measured social distress using the SADS (Watson and Friend, 1969).”

“In addition, introversion, which is a related concept with low sociability, is indicated to be positively correlated with embarrassment (Cheek and Buss, 1981; Pilkonis, 1977; Watson and Friend, 1969).”

“The first to be introduced, the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE) (4), is composed of 12 of the 30 original items and uses a 5-point response scale (where 1 = not at all characteristic of me and 5 = extremely characteristic of me).”

“In the first step of the hierarchical multiple regression for the angry-neutral pairs, significant main effects did not emerge for the BFNE or the SCI T-score (Table 4).”

“…study, the PSS was correlated with life-events (CSLES; Levine & Perkins, 1980), depression (CES-D; Radloff, 1977), physical symptoms (CHIPS; Cohen & Hoberman, 1983), and social anxiety (SADS: Watson & Friend, 1969), and was found to be a better predictor of these outcomes than life-events scores.”

“A total of 665 students responded to the mass email, who were then emailed a copy of the FNE (Watson and Friend, 1969) and were asked to report their age and gender.”

“The sample selection was carried out by screening 280 undergraduate student volunteers enrolled at the University of Giessen in Germany who completed the German version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE; Watson and Friend, 1969; Vormbrock and Neuser, 1983; M = 45.26, SD = 10.01).”

“Fear of negative evaluation– expectations of, distress from, and avoidance of negative evaluations from other people (Watson & Friend, 1969)– has received substantial empirical attention in social anxiety disorder (SAD) literature and consistently yields strong relationships with disorder severity…”

“54 Next, patients will be categorized according to the domains affected and the severity of the impairment (high, moderate, or low).”

“Social avoidance and distress scale is used to evaluate and analyze people’s attitudes and responses to social interaction (WatSon, 1969).”

“The Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) developed by Watson and Friend [53] was used to assess participants’ social anxiety.”

“The prevalence of social anxiety in AWS has been extensively studied using self-report measures such the Fear of Negative Evaluation 19 , Inventory of Interpersonal Situations 20 , Social Avoidance and Distress Scale 19 and Social Phobia Anxiety lnventory 21 .”

“…other outcome measures, such as the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS; Mattick & Clarke, 1998), the Brief Social Phobia Scale (Davidson et al., 1997), the Fear of Negative Evaluation scale (Weeks et al., 2005), and/or Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (Watson & Friend, 1969) were extracted.”

“They propose that cold call increases student anxiety through the mechanism “fear of negative evaluation”, the fear of being negatively evaluated that can arise while participating or anticipating participation in a social activity (Watson & Friend, 1969; Weeks et al., 2005).”

“Social Avoidance and Distress Scale The social avoidance and distress scale was used to assess people’s tendency to avoid social interactions and feelings of distress (Watson and Friend, 1969).”

“Negative evaluation anxiety was first defined by (Watson & Friend, 1969) as anxiety about others' appraisal, worrying about negative appraisals, and expecting to be negatively evaluated by others.”

“Fear of negative evaluation (FNE) involves experiencing apprehension and distress over others’ evaluations and is characterized by expectations of negative evaluation and subsequent avoidance of evaluative situations (Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“The Fear of Negative Evaluation scale (FNE; Watson & Friend, 1969) is a 30-item measure of apprehension and anxiety over anticipated social evaluations.”

“…model of social anxiety is fear of negative evaluation (FNE), which is defined as “apprehension about others' evaluations, distress over their negative evaluations, avoidance of evaluative situations and the expectation that others would evaluate oneself negatively” (Watson and Friend 1969, 449).”

“Social anxiety encompasses the emotional reactions (such as shyness, fear, and nervousness) and behavioral responses (like avoiding social interactions) that may arise when an individual finds themselves in a social scenario (Watson & Friend, 1969 ).”

“The Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) scale proposed by Watson and Friend (1969) is the most commonly used measure to determine the degree of fear of receiving negative evaluations from others, with social anxiety being an important indicator.”

“…of being judged, criticized, humiliated or just perceived negatively by others, “apprehension about others’ evaluations, distress over their negative evaluations, avoidance of evaluative situations and the expectation that others would evaluate oneself negatively” (Watson and Friend, 1969, p. 449).”

“The BFNE consists of 12 items, which are scored on a scale from 1 point (totally inconsistent) to 5 points (entirely consistent), including eight forward-scored items and four reverse-scored items, with total scores ranging from 12 to 60.”

“FNAE is an extension of a more general concept, that is, fear of negative evaluation, which could be understood as a fear of being negatively evaluated by others [28].”

“For instance, the questions regarding social avoidance were taken from the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, which is a set of questions used to measures social anxiety including distress and avoidance in social situations [9].”

“The fear of negative evaluation scale (FNE) (Watson & Friend, 1969) assesses fear of negative evaluation.”

“Originally, Watson and Friend (1969) divided social anxiety into two components: fear of negative evaluation by others (FNE) and social avoidance and distress (SAD).”

“Although these measures are often highly correlated with SAD diagnoses (Watson & Friend, 1969), each measure assesses distinct aspects of social anxiety and on their own may not adequately capture the full range of social anxiety symptoms.”

“Clinical variables: diagnosis (DSM-IV-TR), comorbidity and duration of the problem, and the existence of previous treatments were obtained through the clinical interview conducted by the therapist, and the diagnostic instruments appropriate to each case; for example: the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck, Ste…”

“The FNE scale consists of 30 items, and students respond to the measure using a true/ false format (Watson & Friend, 1969).”

“…in which I am the center of attention or acting, performing, or giving a talk in front of an audience”; α = 0.939) from the FNES, the LSAS, the FQ, and the SPI; the 19 items were changed to be opposite statements (Watson & Friend, 1969; Liebowitz, 1987; Marks & Mathews, 1979; Connor et al., 2000).”

“Fear of negative evaluation by other people involves a general concern about unfavorable assessments from others, avoiding evaluation situations, and an anticipation of negative evaluation from others [36].”

“Researchers studying social anxiety among students in China have translated and tested suitable instruments developed by Western scholars: Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD; [58]), Social Anxiety Scale (SAS; [59, 60]), and Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS; [61]).”

“FNE is defined as a sense of dread associated with being unfavorably evaluated in a social situation [11,12].”

“Because antiracism reflects a personal belief about White people’s role in social change, we predicted that external motivation to respond without prejudice, as well as appearance concerns more generally (i.e., fear of negative evaluation; Watson & Friend, 1969), would be unrelated to antiracism.”

“Specifically, Glickman and La Greca (2004) based the development of the DAS-A on two elements of social anxiety proposed by Watson and Friend (1969), namely (1) social avoidance and distress (SAD) that refers to the avoidance of social situations and distress and discomfort in social situations,…”