Note on the drawing power of crowds of different size
Abstract
This study reports on the relationship between the size of stimulus crowd, standing on busy city street looking up at building, and the response of passersby. As the size of the stimulus crowd was increased greater proportion of passersby adopted the behavior of the crowd. The results of this study suggest modification of the Coleman and James model of the size of freeforming groups to include contagion assumption. Ill typical urban setting, when group of people engage in an action simultaneously, they have the capacity to draw others into the crowd. The actions of the initial group may serve as stimulus for others to imitate this action. A careful analysis of the details of crowd formation is of obvious interest to society in which collective action plays an increasingly important part in social life. One theoretical formulation that bears on this problem is that of Coleman and James (1961). Coleman and James assumed that there is natural process by which free-forming groups acquire and lose members and thus reach specific maximum sizes. They have developed model that generates size distribution that closely approximates the actually observed size distribution of many thousands of groups. The central assumption of their model of acquisition and loss are a constant tendency of group member to break away, independent of the group, thus producing
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Adjusting the response threshold based on the number of agents that look up would lead to an asymptotic curve between group size and imitation.
“Indeed, adjusting the response threshold based on the number of agents that look up would likewise lead to an asymptotic curve between group size and imitation (Milgram et al., 1969).”
From Automatic imitation of multiple agents: A computational model (2019) · cites this paper as Milgram et al., 1969
Cites
Effects of Group Pressure Upon the Modification and Distortion of Judgments
Asch, S. E. (1961) · Documents of Gestalt Psychology · doi:10.1525/9780520313514-017 · Cited by 2,644 · see citing works
Gerard, H. B., Wilhelmy, R. A., & Conolley, E. S. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025325 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The Equilibrium Size Distribution of Freely-Forming Groups
Coleman, J. S., & James, J. (1961) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2785927 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Unequal intervals and unequal n in trend analyses.
Gaito, J. (1965) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0021568 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Threshold models of collective behavior
Granovetter, M. (1978) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/226707 · Cited by 6,072 · see citing works
Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015 · Cited by 5,965 · see citing works
Cialdini, R. B., Kallgren, C. A., & Reno, R. R. (1991) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60330-5 · Cited by 3,143 · see citing works
The psychology of social impact
Latané, B. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.4.343 · Cited by 2,864 · see citing works
Gilbert, D. T., & Malone, P. S. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.21 · Cited by 1,897 · see citing works
Normative social influence is underdetected
Nolan, J. M., Schultz, P. W., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208316691 · Cited by 1,772 · see citing works
The principles of collective animal behaviour
Sumpter, D. J. T. (2005) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1733 · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works
Butler, B. S. (2001) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.12.4.346.9703 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Sumpter, D. J. T. (2010) · doi:10.1515/9781400837106 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
Descriptive Social Norms as Underappreciated Sources of Social Control
Cialdini, R. B. (2007) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-006-1560-6 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Zafarani, R., Abbasi, M. A., & Liu, H. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139088510 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Social modulators of gaze-mediated orienting of attention: A review
Dalmaso, M., Castelli, L., & Galfano, G. (2020) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01730-x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The Oxford Handbook of Pragmatics
Huang, Y. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.001.0001 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Cheng, J., Bernstein, M. S., Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, C., & Leskovec, J. (2017) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2998181.2998213 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Jha, A., & Yu, C. (2014) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-50878 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
The effects of subjective norms on behaviour in the theory of planned behaviour: A meta‐analysis
Manning, M. A. (2009) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466608x393136 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Using normative social influence to promote conservation among hotel guests
Schultz, W. P., Khazian, A. M., & Zaleski, A. C. (2008) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510701755614 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Quorum responses and consensus decision making
Sumpter, D. J. T., & Pratt, S. C. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0204 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Going along versus going alone: When fundamental motives facilitate strategic (non)conformity.
Griskevicius, V., Goldstein, N. J., Mortensen, C. R., Cialdini, R. B., & Kenrick, D. T. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.281 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
The focusing and informational effects of norms on pro-social behavior
Krupka, E. L., & Weber, R. A. (2008) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2008.11.005 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
The influence of in-store lighting on consumers' examination of merchandise in a wine store
Areni, C. S., & Kim, D. (1994) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/0167-8116(94)90023-x · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Social Norms and Identity Relevance: A Motivational Approach to Normative Behavior
Christensen, P. N., Rothgerber, H., Wood, W., & Matz, D. C. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264480 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Motivating Sustainable Consumption
Jackson, T. (2008) · Open Research (University of Surrey) · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Risko, E. F., Laidlaw, K., Freeth, M., Foulsham, T., & Kingstone, A. F. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00143 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Bond, R. (2005) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430205056464 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Attitudinal factors, financial literacy, and stock market participation
Sivaramakrishnan, S., Srivastava, M., & Rastogi, A. (2017) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-01-2016-0012 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Consensus Decision Making by Fish
Sumpter, D. J. T., Krause, J., James, R., Couzin, I. D., & Ward, A. J. W. (2008) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.064 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Social Trust and Corporate Misconduct: Evidence from China
Wang, D., Han, H., Ke, Y., & Chan, K. C. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3234-3 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Jimenez, P., & Iyer, G. S. (2016) · Advances in Accounting · doi:10.1016/j.adiac.2016.07.001 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Visual attention and the acquisition of information in human crowds
Gallup, A. C., Hale, J. J., Sumpter, D. J. T., Garnier, S., Kacelnik, A., Krebs, J. R., & Couzin, I. D. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1116141109 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Trending Norms: A Lever for Encouraging Behaviors Performed by the Minority
Mortensen, C. R., Neel, R., Cialdini, R. B., Jaeger, C. M., Jacobson, R. P., & Ringel, M. M. (2019) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617734615 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Collective Information Processing and Pattern Formation in Swarms, Flocks, and Crowds
Moussaïd, M., Garnier, S., Théraulaz, G., & Helbing, D. (2009) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2009.01028.x · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Integrating the study of conformity and culture in humans and nonhuman animals.
Claidière, N., & Whiten, A. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0025868 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Operationalizing the effect of the group on the individual: A self-attention perspective
Mullen, B. R. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(83)90025-2 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Followership, leadership and social influence
Oc, B., & Bashshur, M. R. (2013) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.10.006 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Direct and mediated impacts of social norms on pro-environmental behavior
Helferich, M., Thøgersen, J., & Bergquist, M. (2023) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102680 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Social influence on route choice in a virtual reality tunnel fire
Kinateder, M. T., Ronchi, E., Gromer, D., Müller, M., Jost, M., Nehfischer, M., Mühlberger, A., & Pauli, P. (2014) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2014.06.003 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Social Engineering in Cybersecurity: Effect Mechanisms, Human Vulnerabilities and Attack Methods
Wang, Z., Zhu, H., & Sun, L. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3051633 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Multibody interactions and nonlinear consensus dynamics on networked systems
Neuhäuser, L., Mellor, A., & Lambiotte, R. (2020) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.101.032310 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
THE IMPACT OF BESTSELLER RANK ON DEMAND: EVIDENCE FROM THE APP MARKET*
Carare, O. (2012) · International Economic Review · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2354.2012.00698.x · Cited by 151 · see citing works
TARGET ARTICLE: Basic Social Influence Is Underestimated
Cialdini, R. B. (2005) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1604_03 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Sweeny, T. D., & Whitney, D. C. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614544510 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Goldstein, N. J., Griskevicius, V., & Cialdini, R. B. (2007) · Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0010880407299542 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The Cultural Logic of Politics in Mainland China and Taiwan
Shi, T. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511996474 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Individual and Collective Behaviors Within Gatherings, Demonstrations, and Riots
McPhail, C., & Wohlstein, R. T. (1983) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.09.080183.003051 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Dynamics and drivers of customer engagement: within the dyad and beyond
Fehrer, J. A., Woratschek, H., Germelmann, C. C., & Brodie, R. J. (2018) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-08-2016-0236 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Chen, J., Taylor, J. E., & Wei, H.-H. (2011) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.12.026 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Knowledge and Knowledge Management in the Social Media Age
Hemsley, J. J., & Mason, R. (2013) · Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1080/10919392.2013.748614 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Social trust and corporate social responsibility: Evidence from China
Chen, X., & Wan, P. (2019) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.1814 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
A cross-cultural study on emotion expression and the learning of social norms
Hareli, S., Kafetsios, K. G., & Heß, U. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01501 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Sasaki, T., Granovskiy, B., Mann, R. P., Sumpter, D. J. T., & Pratt, S. C. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1304917110 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Mobilizing the Trump Train: Understanding Collective Action in a Political Trolling Community
Flores-Saviaga, C., Keegan, B., & Savage, S. (2018) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v12i1.15024 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Abelson, R. P. (1972) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407750-8.50009-1 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Perception of groups, size of opposition, and social influence
Wilder, D. A. (1977) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(77)90047-6 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Wise or mad crowds? The cognitive mechanisms underlying information cascades
Tump, A. N., Pleskac, T. J., & Kurvers, R. H. J. M. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb0266 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Al-Bayati, A. J., Rener, A. T., Listello, M. P., & Mohamed, M. (2023) · Journal of Safety Research · doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2023.02.008 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Insko, C. A., Smith, R. H., Alicke, M. D., Wade, J., & Taylor, S. (1985) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167285111004 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Responsibility Diffusion in Cooperative Collectives
Forsyth, D. R., Zyzniewski, L. E., & Giammanco, C. A. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202281005 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Saving energy at the workplace: The salience of behavioral antecedents and sense of community
Dixon, G., Deline, M. B., McComas, K. A., Chambliss, L., & Hoffmann, M. (2015) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2015.01.004 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The Assembling Process: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination
McPhail, C., & Miller, D. L. (1973) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094134 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Keiser, C. N., & Pruitt, J. N. (2014) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1424 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Coupling social norms and commitments: Testing the underdetected nature of social influence
Jaeger, C. M., & Schultz, P. W. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.03.015 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
When in Rome... An Evolutionary Perspective on Conformity
Coultas, J. C. (2004) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430204046141 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Anvari, F., Kievit, R., Lakens, D., Pennington, C., Przybylski, A., Tiokhin, L., Wiernik, B., & Orben, A. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221091565 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Behavioral Norms: Variants and Their Identification
Anderson, J. E., & Dunning, D. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12146 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Multi-agent simulation for crisis management
Murakami, Y., Minami, K., Kawasoe, T., & Ishida, T. (2003) · IEEE Workshop on Knowledge Media Networking (KMN) · doi:10.1109/kmn.2002.1115175 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The burden of social proof: Shared thresholds and social influence
MacCoun, R. J. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0027121 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The directional flow of visual information transfer between pedestrians
Gallup, A. C., Chong, A., & Couzin, I. D. (2012) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0160 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Social capital and corporate cash holdings
Habib, A., & Hasan, M. M. (2017) · International Review of Economics & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.iref.2017.09.005 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Leadership and social information use in human crowds
Faria, J. J., Dyer, J. R. G., Tosh, C. R., & Krause, J. (2010) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.12.039 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
When Online Harassment Is Perceived as Justified
Blackwell, L., Chen, T., Schoenebeck, S. Y., & Lampe, C. A. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v12i1.15036 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Levinson, S. C. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.22 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Nonlinear q -voter model with inflexible zealots
Mobilia, M. (2015) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.92.012803 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Stigma Toward Substance Dependence: Causes, Consequences, and Potential Interventions
Krendl, A. C., & Perry, B. L. (2023) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/15291006231198193 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The focusing and informational effects of norms on pro-social behavior
Krupka, E. L., & Weber, R. A. (2006) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e683162011-018 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The effects of information and hazard on evacuee behavior in virtual reality
Tucker, A., Marsh, K. L., Gifford, T. D., Lu, X., Luh, P. B., & Astur, R. S. (2018) · Fire Safety Journal · doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.04.011 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Knowles, E. S. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034464 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Mixed emotions: Sensitivity to facial variance in a crowd of faces
Haberman, J. M., Lee, P., & Whitney, D. C. (2015) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/15.4.16 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Bednar, M. K., & Westphal, J. D. (2006) · Research methodology in strategy and management · doi:10.1016/s1479-8387(06)03004-9 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Increasing Security Sensitivity With Social Proof
Das, S., Kramer, A. D. I., Dabbish, L., & Hong, J. (2014) · ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) · doi:10.1145/2660267.2660271 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Social trust and internal control extensiveness: Evidence from China
Liu, B., Huang, W., Chan, K. C., & Chen, T. (2022) · Journal of Accounting and Public Policy · doi:10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2022.106940 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Hogg, M. A. (2010) · Handbook of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002031 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Wilson, D. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.25 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ensemble Perception of Dynamic Emotional Groups
Elias, E., Dyer, M., & Sweeny, T. D. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616678188 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Brown, P. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.16 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The Role of Social Influence in Security Feature Adoption
Das, S., Kramer, A. D. I., Dabbish, L., & Hong, J. I. (2015) · Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work · doi:10.1145/2675133.2675225 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cat-Calls and Culpability: Investigating the Frequency and Functions of Stranger Harassment
Wesselmann, E. D., & Kelly, J. R. (2010) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9830-2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Incidental learning of group trust: Predictive gaze cue matters
Sun, Z., He, Z., Zhang, G., Li, X., & Yu, W. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64719-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Scenario description for multi-agent simulation
Murakami, Y., Ishida, T., Kawasoe, T., & Hishiyama, R. (2003) · Adaptive Agents and Multi-Agents Systems · doi:10.1145/860575.860635 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Motor simulation beyond the dyad: Automatic imitation of multiple actors.
Cracco, E., De Coster, L., Andres, M., & Brass, M. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/a0039737 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Positive and Negative Opinion Modeling: The Influence of Another's Similarity and Dissimilarity.
Hilmert, C. J., Kulik, J. A., & Christenfeld, N. J. S. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.44 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Social Capital and the Municipal Bond Market
Li, P., Tang, L., & Jaggi, B. L. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3355-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Wegner, D. M., & Giuliano, T. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9469-3_6 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Predicting emerging social conventions in online social networks
Kooti, F., Mason, W., Gummadi, K. P., & Cha, M. (2012) · ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM) · doi:10.1145/2396761.2396820 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Effect of Social Influence on Security Sensitivity
Das, S., Kim, T. H., Dabbish, L., & Hong, J. (2018) · Figshare · doi:10.1184/r1/6470504 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Secret Agents of Influence: Leveraging Social Norms for Good
Schultz, P. W. (2022) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214221109572 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Collective Locomotion as Collective Behavior
McPhail, C., & Wohlstein, R. T. (1986) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095580 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Information Cascades and Social Learning
Bikhchandani, S., Hirshleifer, D. A., Tamuz, O., & Welch, I. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28887 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Eidelman, S., & Crandall, C. S. (2014) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800284-1.00002-3 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Challenging conventional wisdom: Positive waiting
Ryan, G. A., Hernández-Maskivker, G., Valverde, M., & Pàmies, M. D. M. (2017) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2017.08.003 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
- Authors
- Milgram, S., Bickman, L., & Berkowitz, L.
- Affiliations
- City College of New York (US)
- ORCID
- Bickman, Leonard
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1969-10
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 79-82
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2075395993
- Cited by
- 479
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 5.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and sociocultural dynamics
- Keywords
- crowd size, passersby, imitation, contagion, group size distribution, collective action, urban crowds
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
