Précis of Elements of episodic memory

Tulving, Endel

doi:10.1017/s0140525x0004440x

Cited by 809Memory Processes and InfluencesIdentity, Memory, and TherapyMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Précis of Elements of episodic memory

Tulving, Endel·1984·Behavioral and Brain Sciences

DOI 10.1017/s0140525x0004440x

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Abstract

Elements of episodic memory (Tulving 1983b) consists of three parts. Part I argues for the distinction between episodic and semantic memory as functionally separate albeit closely interacting systems. It begins with a review of the 1972 essay on the topic (Tulving 1972) and its shortcomings, presents a somewhat more complete characterization of the two forms of memory than the one that was possible in 1972, and proceeds to discuss empirical and theoretical reasons for a tentative acceptance of the functional distinction between the two systems and its possible extensions. Part II describes a framework for the study of episodic memory, dubbed General Abstract Processing System (GAPS). The basic unit in such study is an act of remembering. It begins with the witnessing of an event and ends with recollective experience of the event, with related memory performance, or both. The framework specifies a number of components (elements) of the act of remembering and their interrelations, classified under two broad categories of encoding and retrieval. Part III discusses experimental research under the label of “synergistic ecphory.” Ecphory is one of the central elements of retrieval; “synergistic” refers to the joint influence that the stored episodic information and the cognitively present retrieval information exert on the construction of the product of ecphory, the so-called ecphoric information. The concept of encoding specificity and the phenomenon of recognition failure of recallable words figure prominently in Part III. The final chapter of the book describes a model, named the synergistic ecphory model of retrieval, that relates qualitative characteristics of recollective experience and quantitative measures of memory performance in recall and recognition to the conjunction of episodic-memory traces and semantic-memory retrieval cues.

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THE STRUCTURE OF EPISODES IN MEMORY
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Memory for remote events in anterograde amnesia: Recognition of public figures from newsphotographs
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A propositional theory of recognition memory
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Learning theory and the new "mental chemistry."
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Recall and recognition as a function of primary rehearsal
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Memory and the theory of signal detection.
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The Structure of Human Memory
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Communication and Affect: Language and Thought
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Contemporary Behavior Therapy
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Uncertainty effects on time to access the internal lexicon.
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Organization of short-term verbal memory in language areas of human cortex: Evidence from electrical stimulation
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Effects of organization and semantic similarity on recall and recognition
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Editing misleading information from memory: Evidence for the coexistence of original and postevent information
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Recall of remote episodic memory in amnesia
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Validating computational models: A critique of Anderson's indeterminacy of representation claim.
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Richard Semon's theory of memory
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Verbal Learning and Memory
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A semantic interpretation of encoding specificity.
Reder, L. M., Anderson, J. R., & Bjork, R. A. (1974) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036115 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Recognition and free recall of organized lists.
Kintsch, W. (1968) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026462 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
A fragmentation hypothesis of memory: Cued recall of pictures and of sequential position.
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Synergistic ecphory in recall and recognition.
Tulving, E. (1982) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0080641 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
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Effects of prior free recall testing on final recall and recognition.
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Two kinds of response priming in tachistoscopic recognition.
Winnick, W. A., & Daniel, S. A. (1970) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028937 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Functional retrograde amnesia: A quantitative case study
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Foundations of psychology.
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An outline for the analysis of dementia
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Repetition between and within languages in free recall
Glanzer, M., & Duarte, A. (1971) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(71)80069-5 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Human Memory
Craik, F. I. M. (1979) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.30.020179.000431 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
State-dependent accessibility of retrieval cues in the retention of a categorized list
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Recognition and Recall
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Context effects in recognition memory
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EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis
Klimesch, W. (1999) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00056-3 · Cited by 6,889 · see citing works
Dimensions of Consumer Expertise
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A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats. 1: behavioral data
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Origins of the modern mind: three stages in the evolution of culture and cognition
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Episodic future thinking
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Neural ensembles in CA3 transiently encode paths forward of the animal at a decision point
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The Psychological and Social Origins of Autobiographical Memory
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Associations across time: The hippocampus as a temporary memory store
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Neural correlates of encoding in an incidental learning paradigm
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Hypnotic behavior: A social-psychological interpretation of amnesia, analgesia, and “trance logic”
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Episodic and semantic memory: an analysis in the EEG theta and alpha band
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Semantic memory in Alzheimer's disease.
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Theta synchronization and alpha desynchronization in a memory task
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Developmental changes in memory source monitoring
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The Hebbian paradigm reintegrated: local reverberations as internal representations
Amit, D. J. (1995) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00040164 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Event memory: A theory of memory for laboratory, autobiographical, and fictional events.
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The amnesic action of benzodiazepines in man
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Task Complexity and Second Language Narrative Discourse
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Hippocampal Activity Patterns Carry Information about Objects in Temporal Context
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Authors: Tulving, E.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
Corresponding author: Tulving, Endel
Venue: Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 1984-06
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 223-238
ISSN: 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
1469-1825
DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0004440x
OpenAlex: W2034470020
Cited by: 809
References: 338
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 28.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 9379 d)
Locations: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: episodic memory, semantic memory, recollection, encoding specificity, recognition failure, memory retrieval, memory encoding, Tulving

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