The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Studies of fear as an acquirable drive: I. Fear as motivation and fear-reduction as reinforcement in the learning of new responses.
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“The research literature suggests that animals show response rate decreases when presented with competing approach and avoidance contingencies involving food and electric shock, respectively.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“For instance, in one study, Miller (1948) trained rats to run an alley in order to gain access to food in a box. The rats were then shocked while eating the food. On subsequent trials, the rats typically ran the alley to a specific point before halting just short of it. According to Miller, the approach and avoidance contingencies were equal at this point in time and space.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“Indeed, the relatively clear, consistent but varying responses observed across participants in the current experiments contrast with the effects observed using functionally analogous preparations with infrahumans.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“Miller found that this point of equilibrium could be altered by varying the intensity of food deprivation or shock.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
Citations
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Self-citationFear as an intervening variable in avoidance conditioning.
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"A motivational theory of emotions… ."
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“Actually, this finding isn't too surprising for at least rwo rcxsons: (1) Ss were all females and Singer (1964) has shown, in one context ar any rate, hiach scores don't predict the manipulative behavior of females; ( 2 ) Ss knew that there were not to be repeated interviewer-subject sessions, a condition which, as Jo…”
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“…and Pavlovian studies of US-imminence (Fanselow and Lester, 1988; Mobbs and Kim, 2015; Waddell et al., 2006), but is inconsistent with two-factor “fear” theories of avoidance that assume avoidance positively correlates with threat intensity (Levis, 1989; Miller, 1948; Mowrer and Lamoreaux, 1946).”
BackgroundResultSome examples of psychophysiology and the unconscious
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“affected by the stimulus situations, drives, and previous history of reinforcement (Miller, 1959). With respect to the focusing of attention that is important for determining perception, Broadbent (1958) has shown that a person presented via earphones simultaneously with a number of different messages”
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“Upon encountering the feared stimulus, individuals with phobias experience cognitive distortions about its potential threat, (Jones & Menzies, 2000; Marshall et al., 1992), behavioral avoidance of the stimulus (Miller, 1948), and increased physiological activity (Nesse et al., 1985).””
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“Fear as an intervening variable in the interpretation of avoidance leaJ,'ning has been suggested by several investigators (Miller, 1948; Mowrer, 1960; Solomon, 1964).”
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“In this context, the self (system) differentiates this response into real dangers and acquired or conditioned fears (Freud, 1911/1958; Miller, 1948; Rado, 1969).”
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“Miller (1948) posited that animals perform the shuttle response during the signal because it prevents the occurrence of the US, and this reduces the experience of conditioned fear caused by the signal.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Miller, N. E.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Miller, Neal E.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Published
- 1948
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 89-101
- ISSN
- 0022-1015 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2175609761
- Cited by
- 537
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 27.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- fear, fear conditioning, motivation, fear reduction, reinforcement, drive theory, avoidance learning
- MeSH terms
- Drive, Fear, Humans, Learning, Motivation, Psychoanalytic Theory, Reinforcement, Psychology
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