The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Studies of fear as an acquirable drive: I. Fear as motivation and fear-reduction as reinforcement in the learning of new responses.
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In the citing paper
“The research literature suggests that animals show response rate decreases when presented with competing approach and avoidance contingencies involving food and electric shock, respectively.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“For instance, in one study, Miller (1948) trained rats to run an alley in order to gain access to food in a box. The rats were then shocked while eating the food. On subsequent trials, the rats typically ran the alley to a specific point before halting just short of it. According to Miller, the approach and avoidance contingencies were equal at this point in time and space.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“Indeed, the relatively clear, consistent but varying responses observed across participants in the current experiments contrast with the effects observed using functionally analogous preparations with infrahumans.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“Miller found that this point of equilibrium could be altered by varying the intensity of food deprivation or shock.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
Citations
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Forschungsansätze und Emotionstheorien
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Effect of Static Background Cues on Classical Fear Conditioning
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Avoidance theory: Old wine, older bottles, a few new labels
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“The conflict between defensive and exploratory behavior has been overlooked as a factor in the "escape from fear" paradigm of Miller (1948), Brown and Jacobs (1949), and McAllister and McAllister (1962), in which animals are given the opportunity to escape from a box in which they have been…”
Establishment of a Secondary Drive Based on Thirst: A Replication
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A Note on the Use of Electric Shock in Acquired Drive Experiments
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“Several contexts within which to view emotion have also arisen, including: motivation (Miller, 1948; 1951; 1959); arousal (Malmo, 1957); activation (Lindsley, 1951) and as a response (Freud, 1936; Leeper, 1948; Duffy, 1948; Hebb, 1949; Pribram, 1963; Simon, 1967).”
BackgroundAutonomic Classical and Operant Conditioning
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BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF THE SELF
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“In three ingenious experiments Miller demonstrated the existence of displacement in rats and showed that it is substantially identical with the generalization of a learned response, a familiar phenomenon in learned experiments.”
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Avoidance is in the head, not the genes
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Role of Spatial Variables in Conditioned Conflict
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Some Operational Distinctions between Acquired Drive Conditioning and Avoidance Conditioning
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Given the chance, the normal brain can casually avoid what it would otherwise intensely fear
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Reinforcement of avoidance behavior
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“Prepared fears” and the theory of conditioning
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Anticipated Frustration as a Determinant of Anxiety
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SOME MECHANISMS IN PRODUCING AND REDUCING STRESS AND FEAR
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ON THE DISCRIMINATION OF AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING IN THE WHITE RAT
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Conditioned alpha fear responses and protection from extinction
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Reflections on the conditioning model of neurosi
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Implications of recent research in conditioning for the conditioning model of neurosis
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Journey into the interior of the organism
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Avoidance theory: Solutions or more problems?
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Conditioning theory and neurosis
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The Relationship between Fear and Stereotyped versus Non-Stereotyped Tasks
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Metadata
- Authors
- Miller, N. E.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Miller, Neal E.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Published
- 1948
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 89-101
- ISSN
- 0022-1015 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2175609761
- Cited by
- 537
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 27.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- fear, fear conditioning, motivation, fear reduction, reinforcement, drive theory, avoidance learning
- MeSH terms
- Drive, Fear, Humans, Learning, Motivation, Psychoanalytic Theory, Reinforcement, Psychology
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