The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Studies of fear as an acquirable drive: I. Fear as motivation and fear-reduction as reinforcement in the learning of new responses.
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In the citing paper
“The research literature suggests that animals show response rate decreases when presented with competing approach and avoidance contingencies involving food and electric shock, respectively.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“For instance, in one study, Miller (1948) trained rats to run an alley in order to gain access to food in a box. The rats were then shocked while eating the food. On subsequent trials, the rats typically ran the alley to a specific point before halting just short of it. According to Miller, the approach and avoidance contingencies were equal at this point in time and space.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“Indeed, the relatively clear, consistent but varying responses observed across participants in the current experiments contrast with the effects observed using functionally analogous preparations with infrahumans.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“Miller found that this point of equilibrium could be altered by varying the intensity of food deprivation or shock.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
Citations
Cites
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Self-citationPsychology from the standpoint of a behaviorist.
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Self-citationFear as an intervening variable in avoidance conditioning.
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Motivation and Psychological Stress
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Self-citationConstructivist interpretation of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
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Eysenck's model of neurotigenesis
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The Persistence of Some Effects of Handling in Infancy on the Behaviour of the Adult Rat
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Conditioned punishment and conditioned negative reinforcement on a multiple schedule
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Neal E. Miller and His Research1
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“This model explains the occurrence of seizures as a patient’s response to fearful events which he/ she is unable to confront.[19] A 12‐session therapy module was developed that focused on eliminating positive reinforcers which triggered non‐epileptic seizures, along with graded exposure to the avoided stimuli.”
BackgroundExperimental and Theoretical Foundations of Behavior Modification
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“Active avoidance requires attentiveness, memory, and, arguably, anxiety (Mowrer, 1940; Miller, 1948; Solomon & Wynne, 1954; Hoffman & Fleshler, 1962; Dinsmoor, 1977).”
A simple and versatile fear-conditioning chamber requiring no shock scrambler☆
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“Miller (77) , by means of a paradigm from the animal laboratory, demonstrated that anxiety had drive prop erties which motivated organisms to learn new adjustments.”
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“A persistent empirical challenge to this, as it came to be known, two-factor theory of anxiety (see Mowrer 1940; Miller 1948; 1951) was the observation that many animals, not just humans, continued to react with fear to danger signals even if they were no longer followed by painful stimuli (see…”
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“A highly consolidated finding in the psychological literature is that fear is a powerful determinant of human behaviour [17].”
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Secondary Reinforcement and Avoidance Conditioning
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Metadata
- Authors
- Miller, N. E.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Miller, Neal E.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Published
- 1948
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 89-101
- ISSN
- 0022-1015 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2175609761
- Cited by
- 537
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 27.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- fear, fear conditioning, motivation, fear reduction, reinforcement, drive theory, avoidance learning
- MeSH terms
- Drive, Fear, Humans, Learning, Motivation, Psychoanalytic Theory, Reinforcement, Psychology
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