The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Studies of fear as an acquirable drive: I. Fear as motivation and fear-reduction as reinforcement in the learning of new responses.
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In the citing paper
“The research literature suggests that animals show response rate decreases when presented with competing approach and avoidance contingencies involving food and electric shock, respectively.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“For instance, in one study, Miller (1948) trained rats to run an alley in order to gain access to food in a box. The rats were then shocked while eating the food. On subsequent trials, the rats typically ran the alley to a specific point before halting just short of it. According to Miller, the approach and avoidance contingencies were equal at this point in time and space.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“Indeed, the relatively clear, consistent but varying responses observed across participants in the current experiments contrast with the effects observed using functionally analogous preparations with infrahumans.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
In the citing paper
“Miller found that this point of equilibrium could be altered by varying the intensity of food deprivation or shock.”
From A derived relations analysis of approach-avoidance conflict: Implications for the behavioral analysis of human anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Miller (1948)
Citations
Cites
New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis.
(1935) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1935.02250170221019 · Cited by 3,091
Miller, N. E., & Dollar, D. (1944) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-194402000-00051 · Cited by 1,536
Self-citationPsychology from the standpoint of a behaviorist.
Watson, J. B. (1919) · J B Lippincott Company eBooks · doi:10.1037/10016-000 · Cited by 1,095
A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent.
Mowrer, O. H. (1939) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0054288 · Cited by 728
(1937) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1937.02780170078033 · Cited by 472
Theory and experiment relating psychoanalytic displacement to stimulus-response generalization.
Miller, N. E. (1948) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0056728 · Cited by 295
Self-citationFear as an intervening variable in avoidance conditioning.
Mowrer, O. H., & Lamoreaux, R. R. (1946) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/h0060150 · Cited by 217
Gault, R. H., & Shaffer, L. F. (1936) · Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1931-1951) · doi:10.2307/1137527 · Cited by 129
Experimentally acquired drives.
May, M. A. (1948) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0063003 · Cited by 69
The Externalization of Drive: III. Maze Learning by Non-Rewarded and by Satiated Rats
Anderson, E. E. (1941) · The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/08856559.1941.10534615 · Cited by 24
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–536 of 536
Becker‐Carus, C., & Wendt, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53006-1_11
Gossop, M. (1981) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-88473-3_11
Strian, F. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-93245-8_9
Psychophysiologische Grundlagen des Verhaltens
Janke, W. (1974) · Heidelberger Taschenbücher · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-96203-5_1
Logue, A. W. (1982) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00014187
Eysenck, M. W. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-68390-9_10
(1968) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4831-9895-8.50016-9
Forschungsansätze und Emotionstheorien
Brandstätter, V., Schüler, J., Puca, R. M., & Lozo, L. (2018) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-56685-5_12
Effect of Stress on an Extinguished Fear Response
Griffiths, W. J. (1955) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.122.3183.1267.b
Active Avoidance and Escape Learning
Cain, C. K. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.00250-9
Effect of Stress on an Extinguished Fear Response
Griffiths, W. J. (1955) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.122.3183.1267-b
The australian psychological society 13th annual conference
(1978) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067808254319
Conflict and Conditioned Aversive Stimuli in the Development of Experimental Neurosis
Smart, R. G. (1979) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-023725-1.50016-1
(1994) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)61305-9
Experimental and Theoretical Foundations of Behavior Modification
Levis, D. J. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7278-7_2
Consumer curiosity: A bibliometric and bibliographic synthesis
Beck, M. (2024) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) · doi:10.1177/20515707241243156
“Miller (1948) then distinguishes between primary sources of motivation, namely, biological needs, and secondary sources of motivation, to which curiosity belongs, according to Fenouillet (2003) in his book on the theories of motivation.”
BackgroundÄngste an Schulen – ein Überblick
Weber, P., Baumgarten, M., Haagen, M., & Metzler, E. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-46278-9_1
Situative Determinanten des Verhaltens
Beckmann, J., & Heckhausen, H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-69368-1_4
Entwicklungslinien der Motivationsforschung
Heckhausen, H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-69368-1_2
Historical Trends in Motivation Research
Heckhausen, H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87947-0_2
Alfano, V., Capasso, S., & Ercolano, S. (2025) · Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics · doi:10.1111/apce.70023
Evans, I. M. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197825808.003.0011
Evans, I. M. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197825808.003.0007
Pleasure and Pain, Rewards and Punishments, Approach and Avoidance
Evans, I. M. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197825808.003.0004
Evans, I. M. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197825808.003.0002
Development of Children’s Feelings
Evans, I. M. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197825808.003.0005
Evans, I. M. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780197825808.001.0001
Evans, I. M. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197825808.003.0009
Evans, I. M. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197825808.003.0006
Evans, I. M. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197825808.002.0004
Evans, I. M. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197825808.003.0001
Interference and Contradictions
Evans, I. M. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197825808.003.0008
The Challenge of Changing Intense Feelings
Evans, I. M. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197825808.003.0010
Evans, I. M. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197825808.003.0003
Anxiety in Schools—An Overview
Weber, P., Baumgarten, M., Haagen, M., & Metzler, E. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-51024-4_1
Metadata
- Authors
- Miller, N. E.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Miller, Neal E.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Published
- 1948
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 89-101
- ISSN
- 0022-1015 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2175609761
- Cited by
- 537
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 27.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- fear, fear conditioning, motivation, fear reduction, reinforcement, drive theory, avoidance learning
- MeSH terms
- Drive, Fear, Humans, Learning, Motivation, Psychoanalytic Theory, Reinforcement, Psychology
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