Poverty and adolescent depressive symptoms.
Abstract
Longitudinal data on non-Hispanic White children from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (N = 1,056) were used to examine whether the relationship between poverty (early childhood poverty, poverty persistence, and current poverty) and adolescent depressive symptoms (measured by the Children's Depression Inventory and the Internalizing Index) can be explained by the mother's own childhood depression and family characteristics measured during the child's first year of life. Associations between poverty and depressive symptoms among adolescents were explained by mother's childhood depression and whether the adolescent had lived with both parents during the first year of life. The findings highlight the need for appropriate treatment of childhood depression so as to reduce the adverse consequences in adulthood and for the next generation.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The family stress model maintains that lower income may put stress on parents and thus put families in a turbulent state that leads to children's emotional problems.
“In addition, the family stress model maintains that lower income may put stress on parents and thus put families in a turbulent state that leads to children’s emotional problems [14].”
From Socioeconomic status impacts Chinese late adolescents’ internalizing problems: risk role of psychological insecurity and cognitive fusion (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
The family investment model maintains that parents with low SES face difficulties in affording adequate housing in safe communities, and their limited time and energy create challenges in accompanying their children, which may increase the risk of children's psychological problems.
“The family investment model maintains that parents with low SES face difficulties in affording adequate housing in safe communities, and their limited time and energy create challenges in accompanying their children [14]. These limitations in resources may increase the risk of children’s psychological problems [13].”
From Socioeconomic status impacts Chinese late adolescents’ internalizing problems: risk role of psychological insecurity and cognitive fusion (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Cites
(1969) · Cited by 18,340 · see citing works
Screening for serious mental illness in the general population
Kessler, R. C., Barker, P. R., Colpe, L. J., Epstein, J. F., Gfroerer, J. C., Hiripi, E., Howes, M. J., Normand, S.-L. T., Manderscheid, R. W., Walters, E. E., et al. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184 · Cited by 5,692 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and child development
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233 · Cited by 5,484 · see citing works
Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis
Lorant, V. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf182 · Cited by 2,603 · see citing works
Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.458 · Cited by 2,493 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood
Chapman, D. P., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.013 · Cited by 2,267 · see citing works
Economic Stress, Coercive Family Process, and Developmental Problems of Adolescents
Conger, R. D., Ge, X., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., & Simons, R. L. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00768.x · Cited by 2,005 · see citing works
An interactionist perspective on the socioeconomic context of human development
Conger, R. D., & Donnellan, M. B. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085551 · Cited by 1,935 · see citing works
Economic Deprivation and Early Childhood Development
Duncan, G. J., Brooks‐Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P. K. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00752.x · Cited by 1,888 · see citing works
How Much Does Childhood Poverty Affect the Life Chances of Children?
Duncan, G. J., Yeung, W. J., Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., & Smith, J. R. (1998) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657556 · Cited by 1,616 · see citing works
Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Brody, G. H. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.179 · Cited by 1,471 · see citing works
The Victimization of Children and Youth: A Comprehensive, National Survey
David Finkelhor, B., Ormrod, R. K., Turner, H. A., & Hamby, S. L. (2004) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559504271287 · Cited by 1,411 · see citing works
Social consequences of psychiatric disorders, I: Educational attainment
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.7.1026 · Cited by 1,370 · see citing works
Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey
KESSLER, R. C., DAVIS, C. G., & KENDLER, K. S. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797005588 · Cited by 1,298 · see citing works
Marital Disruption, Parent-Child Relationships, and Behavior Problems in Children
Peterson, J. L., & Zill, N. (1986) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/352397 · Cited by 1,209 · see citing works
Relationships Between Poverty and Psychopathology: A Natural Experiment
Costello, E. J., Compton, S. N., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.15.2023 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
Measuring Poverty: A New Approach
Citro, C. F., Michael, R. T., Poverty, P. O., & Assistance, F. (1995) · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression?
Jane Costello, E., Erkanli, A., & Angold, A. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01682.x · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Gershoff, E. T., Aber, J. L., Raver, C. C., & Lennon, M. C. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00986.x · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Poverty, Parenting, and Children's Mental Health.
McLeod, J., & Shanahan, M. (1993) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095905 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Richters, J. E. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.485 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
The Effect of Income on Child Development
Blau, D. M. (1999) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/003465399558067 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Miech, R. A., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Wright, B. R. E., & Silva, P. A. (1999) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/210137 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Weissman, M. M. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800220009002 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Depressive Symptoms in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
Rushton, J. L., Forcier, M. M., & Schectman, R. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200202000-00014 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
The social consequences of psychiatric disorders, III: probability of marital stability
Kessler, R. C., Walters, E. E., & Forthofer, M. S. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.8.1092 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Effects of Parental Divorce on Mental Health Throughout the Life Course
Cherlin, A. J., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., & McRae, C. (1998) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657325 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Family economic stress and adjustment of early adolescent girls.
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R. L., & Whitbeck, L. B. (1993) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.2.206 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Trajectories of Poverty and Children's Mental Health
McLeod, J. D., & Shanahan, M. J. (1996) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137292 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Family Structure, Father Involvement, and Adolescent Behavioral Outcomes
Carlson, M. J. (2006) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00239.x · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P. R., Dohrenwend, B. P., Link, B. G., & Brook, J. S. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.108.3.490 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Economic Stress in Lives: Developmental Perspectives
Elder, G. H., & Caspi, A. (1988) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02090.x · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Bolger, K. E., Patterson, C. J., Thompson, W., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00926.x · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Adolescent depression: diagnosis, treatment, and educational attainment
Fletcher, J. M. (2008) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.1319 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Developmental trajectories of adolescents' depressive symptoms: Predictors of change.
Garber, J., Keiley, M. K., & Martin, N. C. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.1.79 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Developmental trajectories of adolescents' depressive symptoms: predictors of change
Garber, J., Keiley, M. K., & Martin, N. C. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.1.79 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Social consequences of psychiatric disorders, II: Teenage parenthood
(1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.10.1405 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Recall of Psychiatric History in Cross-sectional Surveys: Implications for Epidemiologic Research
Simon, G. E., & VonKorff, M. (1995) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036180 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Methods for Improving Regression Analysis for Skewed Continuous or Counted Responses
Afifi, A. A., Kotlerman, J. B., Ettner, S. L., & Cowan, M. J. (2006) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.082206.094100 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Lost human capital from early-onset chronic depression
Berndt, E. R., Koran, L. M., Finkelstein, S. N., Gelenberg, A. J., Kornstein, S. G., Miller, I. M., Thase, M. E., Trapp, G. A., & Keller, M. B. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.940 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Dysphoria-related bias in maternal ratings of children.
Youngstrom, E. A., Izard, C. E., & Ackerman, B. P. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.6.905 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Father absence and child wellbeing: a critical review
Sigle‐Rushton, W., & McLanahan, S. (2004) · Russell Sage Foundation eBooks · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Poverty, Race/Ethnicity, and Psychiatric Disorder: A Study of Rural Children
Costello, E. J., Keeler, G. P., & Angold, A. C. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.9.1494 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Wadsworth, M. E., Raviv, T., Compas, B. E., & Connor-Smith, J. K. (2005) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-005-5056-2 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Spence, S. H., Najman, J. M., Bor, W., O'Callaghan, M. J., & Williams, G. M. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00037 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Child psychopathology: A developmental-systems perspective.
Mash, E. J., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2003) · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Gene-environment interactions in mental disorders.
Tsuang, M. T., Bar, J. L., Stone, W. S., & Faraone, S. V. (2004) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Depression in African Americans: breaking barriers to detection and treatment.
Das, A. K., Olfson, M., McCurtis, H. L., & Weissman, M. M. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Improving accuracy of major depression age‐of‐onset reports in the US National Comorbidity Survey
Knäuper, B., Cannell, C. F., Schwarz, N., Bruce, M. L., & Kessler, R. C. (1999) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.55 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
McLeod, J. D., & Nonnemaker, J. M. (2000) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676302 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Persisting Decline in Depression Treatment After FDA Warnings
Libby, A. M., Orton, H. D., & Valuck, R. J. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.46 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Children and Welfare Reform: A View from an Experimental Welfare Program in Minnesota
Gennetian, L. A., & Miller, C. K. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00426 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Social Psychological Aspects of Reporting Behavior: Lifetime Depressive Episode Reports
Aneshensel, C. S., Estrada, A. L., Hansell, M. J., & Clark, V. A. (1987) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136843 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Estabrooks, P. A., Boyle, M., Emmons, K. M., Glasgow, R. E., Hesse, B. W., Kaplan, R. M., Krist, A. H., Moser, R. P., & Taylor, M. V. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000576 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Relationships, Development, and Psychopathology
Sroufe, L. A., Duggal, S., Weinfield, N. S., & Carlson, E. A. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4163-9_5 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Glasgow, R. E., Kaplan, R. M., Ockene, J. K., Fisher, E. B., & Emmons, K. M. (2012) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.1295 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Use of the Children's Depression Inventory
Sitarenios, G., & Stein, S. J. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610621-1 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Eamon, M., & Zuehl, R. M. (2001) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.71.2.218 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Influences and Mediators of the Effect of Poverty on Young Adolescent Depressive Symptoms
Eamon, M. K. (2002) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1015089304006 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Poverty Duration, Maternal Psychological Resources, and Adolescent Socioemotional Outcomes
Goosby, B. J. (2007) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x07300712 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Salafia, E. H. B., Gondoli, D. M., & Grundy, A. M. (2008) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-008-9199-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Increasing the Percentage of Children Living in Two-Parent Families. KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief.
Shore, R., & Shore, B. (2009) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Childhood social adversity and risk of depressive symptoms in adolescence in a US national sample
Björkenstam, E., Pebley, A. R., Burström, B., & Kosidou, K. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.035 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Tao, Z., Wang, Z., Lan, Y., Zhang, W., & Qiu, B. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22628-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The family investment model maintains that parents with low SES face difficulties in affording adequate housing in safe communities, and their limited time and energy create challenges in accompanying their children [14].”
Influential
- Authors
- Butler, A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Butler, Amy C.
- ORCID
- Butler, Amy C.
- Venue
- American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 82-94
- ISSN
- 0002-9432 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0025
- OpenAlex
- W2326839041
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- poverty, adolescent depressive symptoms, child poverty, poverty persistence, family factors, parental co-residence, early childhood, depression treatment, intergenerational transmission of depression
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Mothers, Poverty, United States, Child of Impaired Parents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review