The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Decision-making framing in facial image comparison
Published version of a preprint
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is evidence of individual differences in criterion placement at the participant level.
“there is evidence of individual differences in criterion placement at the participant level (e.g., Baker et al., 2023;Baker & Bindemann, 2025)”
From A criterion-placement theory of face matching (2026) · cites this paper as Baker & Bindemann, 2025
Criterion is influenced by task difficulty and the relative frequency with which matches and mismatches occur.
“criterion is influenced by task difficulty and the relative frequency with which matches and mismatches occur (e.g., Baker & Bindemann, 2025;Stabile et al., 2024)”
From A criterion-placement theory of face matching (2026) · cites this paper as Baker & Bindemann, 2025
Criterion shifts in face matching have been observed under a range of conditions, including airport context, costs/payoffs/unequal base rates, and superficial image differences.
“Criterion shifts have been observed under a range of conditions, for example, when face matching is performed in an airport context (Bindemann et al., 2022), in response to costs, payoffs and unequal base rates (Baker & Bindemann, 2025;Stabile et al., 2024”
From A criterion-placement theory of face matching (2026) · cites this paper as Baker & Bindemann, 2025
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Do professional facial image comparison training courses work?
Towler, A., Kemp, R. I., Burton, A. M., Dunn, J. D., Wayne, T., Moreton, R., & White, D. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211037 · Cited by 111
Developmental Improvement and Age-Related Decline in Unfamiliar Face Matching
Megreya, A. M., & Bindemann, M. (2015) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p7825 · Cited by 53
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 69
- Abudarham, N., & Yovel, G. (2016). Reverse engineering the face space: Discovering the critical features for face identification. Journal of Vision, 16(3), 40-40. https://doi.org/10.1167/16.3.40 · DOI
- Abudarham, N., Shkiller, L., & Yovel, G. (2019). Critical features for face recognition. Cognition, 182, 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.09.002 · DOI
- Alenezi, H. M., & Bindemann, M. (2013). The effect of feedback on face-matching accuracy. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27(6), 735-753. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2968 · DOI · Paper page
- Alenezi, H. M., Bindemann, M., Fysh, M. C., & Johnston, R. A. (2015). Face matching in a long task: Enforced rest and desk-switching cannot maintain identification accuracy. PeerJ, 3, e1184. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1184 · DOI
- Aminoff, E. M., Clewett, D., Freeman, S., Frithsen, A., Tipper, C., Johnson, A., Grafton, S. T.,& Miller, M. B. (2012). Individual differences in shifting decision criterion: A recognition memory study. Memory & Cognition, 40(7), 1016-1030. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-012-0204-6 · DOI
- Baker, K. A., Laurence, S., & Mondloch, C. J. (2017). How does a newly encountered face become familiar? The effect of within-person variability on adults' and children's perception of identity. Cognition, 161, 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.12.012 · DOI · Paper page
- Baker, K. A., & Mondloch, C. J. (2019). Two sides of face learning: Improving between- identity discrimination while tolerating more within-person variability in appearance. Perception, 48(11), 1124-1145. https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006619867862 · DOI
- Baker, K. A., & Mondloch, C. J. (2022). Picture this: Photographers no better than controls for recognizing unfamiliar faces. Perception, 51(8), 591-595. https://doi.org/10.1177/03010066221098727 · DOI
- Baker, K. A., & Mondloch, C. J. (2023). Unfamiliar face matching ability predicts the slope of face learning. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 5248. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023- 32244-w · DOI · Paper page
- Baker, K. A., Stabile, V. J., & Mondloch, C. J. (2023). Stable individual differences in unfamiliar face identification: Evidence from simultaneous and sequential matching tasks. Cognition, 232, 105333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105333 · DOI
- Baldassari, M. J., Kantner, J., & Lindsay, D. S. (2019). The importance of decision bias for predicting eyewitness lineup choices: toward a lineup skills test. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 4, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-018-0150-3 · DOI
- Bang, J. W., & Rahnev, D. (2017). Stimulus expectation alters decision criterion but not sensory signal in perceptual decision making. Scientific reports, 7(1), 17072. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16885-2 · DOI
- Bindemann, M., Avetisyan, M., & Rakow, T. (2012a). Who can recognize unfamiliar faces? Individual differences and observer consistency in person identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 18(3), 277. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029635 · DOI · Paper page
- Bindemann, M., Brown, C., Koyas, T., & Russ, A. (2012b). Individual differences in face identification postdict eyewitness accuracy. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 1(2), 96-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.02.001 · DOI
- Bindemann, M., Fysh, M. C., Trifonova, I. V., Allen, J., McCall, C., & Burton, A. M. (2022). Face identification in the laboratory and in virtual worlds. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 11(1), 120. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/mac0000050 · DOI
- Bobak, A. K., Jones, A. L., Hilker, Z., Mestry, N., Bate, S., & Hancock, P. J. (2023). Data- driven studies in face identity processing rely on the quality of the tests and data sets. Cortex, 166, 348-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2023.05.018 · DOI · Paper page
- Bobak, A. K., Mileva, V. R., & Hancock, P. J. (2019). A grey area: how does image hue affect unfamiliar face matching?. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 4, 1- 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-019-0174-3 · DOI
- Bohil, C. J., & Maddox, W. T. (2001). Category discriminability, base-rate, and payoff effects in perceptual categorization. Perception & Psychophysics, 63(2), 361-376. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194476 · DOI
- Bruce, V., & Young, A. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77(3), 305-327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1986.tb02199.x · DOI
- Burton, A. M., White, D., & McNeill, A. (2010). The Glasgow Face Matching Test. Behavior Research Methods, 42(1), 286-291. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.1.286 · DOI · Paper page
- Burton, A. M. (2013). Why has research in face recognition progressed so slowly? The importance of variability. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(8), 1467- 1485. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2013.800125 · DOI
- Dale, G., & Arnell, K. M. (2015). Multiple measures of dispositional global/ local bias predict attentional blink magnitude. Psychological Research, 79, 534-547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-014-0591-3 · DOI
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 · DOI · Paper page
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149-1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149 · DOI · Paper page
- Feng, X., & Burton, A. M. (2019). Identity documents bias face matching. Perception, 48(12), 1163-1174. https://doi.org/10.1177/03010066198778 · DOI
- Feng, X., & Burton, A. M. (2021). Understanding the document bias in face matching. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74(11), 2019-2029. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211017902 · DOI
- Fysh, M. C., & Bindemann, M. (2018). The Kent Face Matching Test. British Journal of Psychology, 109(2), 219-231. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12260 · DOI · Paper page
- Fysh, M. C., & Bindemann, M. (2022). Molistic processing in facial image comparison. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 36(4), 830-841. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3975 · DOI
- Gentry, N. W., & Bindemann, M. (2019). Examples improve facial identity comparison. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 8(3), 376. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3975 · DOI
- Gong, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, Z., Huang, Y., Feng, J., & Zhang, W. (2013). The framing effect in medical decision-making: a review of the literature. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 18(6), 645-653. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2013.766352 · DOI
- Haarsma, J., Kaltenmaier, A., Fleming, S. M., & Kok, P. (2025). Expectations about presence enhance the influence of content-specific expectations on low-level orientation judgements. Cognition, 254, Article 105961. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105961 · DOI
- Homar, A. R., & Cvelbar, L. K. (2021). The effects of framing on environmental decisions: A systematic literature review. Ecological Economics, 183, 106950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.106950 · DOI · Paper page
- Jenkins, R., White, D., Van Montfort, X., & Burton, A. M. (2011). Variability in photos of the same face. Cognition, 121(3), 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2011.08.001 · DOI
- Kantner, J., Vettel, J. M., & Miller, M. B. (2015). Dubious decision evidence and criterion flexibility in recognition memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1320. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01320 · DOI
- Keren, G. (Ed.). (2011). Perspectives on Framing (1st ed.). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203854167 · DOI
- Kühberger, A. (1998). The influence of framing on risky decisions: A meta- analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 75(1), 23-55. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2781 · DOI
- Laurence, S., & Mondloch, C. J. (2016). That's my teacher! Children's ability to recognize personally familiar and unfamiliar faces improves with age. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 143, 123-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2015.09.030 · DOI
- Lecheler, S., & De Vreese, C. H. (2011). Getting real: The duration of framing effects. Journal of Communication, 61(5), 959-983. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460- 2466.2011.01580.x · DOI
- Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998). All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(2), 149-188. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2804 · DOI · Paper page
- Leynes, P. A. (2021). The effect of test query on recognition event-related potentials (ERPs). Brain and Cognition, 155, 105814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105814 · DOI
- Lindow, S., & Betsch, T. (2018). Child decision-making: On the burden of predecisional information search. Journal of Cognition and Development, 19(2), 137-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2018.1436057 · DOI
- Lynn, S. K., & Barrett, L. F. (2014). "Utilizing" signal detection theory. Psychological Science, 25(9), 1663-1673. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614541991 · DOI
- Lynn, S. K., Wormwood, J. B., Barrett, L. F., & Quigley, K. S. (2015). Decision making from economic and signal detection perspectives: development of an integrated framework. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 952. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00952 · DOI
- Macmillan, N. A. & Kaplan, H. L. (1985) Detection theory analysis of group data: Estimating sensitivity from average hit and false-alarm rates. Psychological Bulletin, 98(1), 185. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.1.185. · DOI
- Maddox, W. T., & Bohil, C. J. (2005). Optimal classifier feedback improves cost-benefit but not base-rate decision criterion learning in perceptual categorization. Memory & Cognition, 33(2), 303-319. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195319 · DOI
- Matthews, C. M., Maurer, D., & Mondloch, C. J. (2022). Recognizing Facial Identity: Prolonged Development During Infancy and Childhood. In K.C. Kadosh (Ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198827474.013. · DOI
- McCaffery, J. M., & Burton, A. M. (2016). Passport checks: Interactions between matching faces and biographical details. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(6), 925-933. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3281 · DOI · Paper page
- Miller, M. B., & Kantner, J. (2020). Not all people are cut out for strategic criterion shifting. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(1), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-018-0112-9 · DOI
- Mill, R. D., & O'Connor, A. R. (2014). Question format shifts bias away from the emphasised response in tests of recognition memory. Consciousness and Cognition, 30, 91-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.09.006 · DOI
- O'Toole, A. J., Castillo, C. D., Parde, C. J., Hill, M. Q., & Chellappa, R. (2018). Face space representations in deep convolutional neural networks. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(9), 794-809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.06.006 · DOI
- Papesh, M. H., Heisick, L. L., & Warner, K. A. (2018). The persistent low-prevalence effect in unfamiliar face-matching: The roles of feedback and criterion shifting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 24(3), 416. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000156 · DOI
- Ratcliff, R., Smith, P. L., Brown, S. D., & McKoon, G. (2016). Diffusion decision model: Current issues and history. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(4), 260-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.007 · DOI · Paper page
- Ritchie, K. L., & Burton, A. M. (2017). Learning faces from variability. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(5), 897-905. https:// doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2015.1136656 · DOI
- Stabile, V. J., Baker, K. A., & Mondloch, C. J. (2024). Criterion shifting in an unfamiliar face-matching task: Effects of base rates, payoffs, and perceptual discriminability. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 13(4), 569-581. https://doi.org/10.1037/mac0000157 · DOI · Paper page
- Stanislaw, H., & Todorov, N. (1999). Calculation of signal detection theory measures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(1), 137-149. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03207704 · DOI · Paper page
- Stantic, M., Brewer, R., Duchaine, B., Banissy, M. J., Bate, S., Susilo, T., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2022). The Oxford Face Matching Test: A non biased test of the full range of individual differences in face perception. Behavior Research Methods, 54(1), 158-173. https://doi.org/10.3758/ s13428-021-01609-2 · DOI
- Stein, T., & Peelen, M. V. (2015). Content-specific expectations enhance stimulus detectability by increasing perceptual sensitivity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(6), 1089-1104. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000109 · DOI · Paper page
- Summerfield, C., & Koechlin, E. (2008). A neural representation of prior information during perceptual inference. Neuron, 59(2), 336-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.021 · DOI
- Summerfield, C., & Tsetsos, K. (2012). Building bridges between perceptual and economic decision-making: Neural and computational mechanisms. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 6, 70. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2012.00070 · DOI · Paper page
- Summerfield, C., & Egner, T. (2014). Attention and decision-making. In A.C. Nobre & S. Kastner (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Attention (pp.837-864). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.018 · DOI
- Towler, A., White, D., & Kemp, R. I. (2017). Evaluating the feature comparison strategy for forensic face identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 23(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000108 · DOI · Paper page
- Towler, A., Keshwa, M., Ton, B., Kemp, R. I., & White, D. (2021). Diagnostic feature training improves face matching accuracy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 47(8), 1288. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000972 · DOI · Paper page
- Tummon, H. M., Allen, J., & Bindemann, M. (2019). Facial identification at a virtual reality airport. i-Perception, 10(4), 2041669519863077. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041669519863077 · DOI
- Tyler, R., Towler, A., Kemp, R. I., & White, D. (2022). Let's talk about faces: Identifying faces from verbal descriptions. British Journal of Psychology, 114(1), 262-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12610 · DOI
- Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453-458. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7455683 · DOI · Paper page
- Valentine, T. (1991). A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43(2), 161-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640749108400966 · DOI
- White, D., Burton, A. M., Kemp, R. I., & Jenkins, R. (2013). Crowd effects in unfamiliar face matching. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27(6), 769 777. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2971 · DOI · Paper page
- White, D., Kemp, R. I., Jenkins, R., Matheson, M., & Burton, A. M. (2014). Passport officers' errors in face matching. PloS one, 9(8), e103510. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103510 · DOI · Paper page
- Wirth, B. E., & Carbon, C. C. (2017). An easy game for frauds? Effects of professional experience and time pressure on passport-matching performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 23(2), 138-157. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000114 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A criterion-placement theory of face matching
Baker, K. A., Mondloch, C. J., Hancock, P. J. B., & Bindemann, M. (2026) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106319 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Baker, K. A., & Bindemann, M.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
- Published
- 2026-06
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 213-224
- ISSN
- 2211-369X
- 2211-3681
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 2
- Language
- en
- Funders
- The Royal Society (221754)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review