The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Quantifying explained variance in multilevel models: an integrative framework for defining R-squared measures
Abstract
that computes all measures in our framework to help researchers in considering effect size and conveying practical significance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Given the issues quantifying explained variance in multilevel models (86, 87)”
From Predicting Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using Smartphone and Wearable Data (2021) · cites this paper as [86]
Citations
Cites
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,870
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Longford, N. T., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075823 · Cited by 18,773
Multilevel analysis : an introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling
Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. (1999) · Cited by 6,830
Hox, J., Moerbeek, M., & van de Schoot, R. (2010) · doi:10.4324/9780203852279 · Cited by 3,469
Introducing Multilevel Modeling
Kreft, I., & de Leeuw, J. (1998) · doi:10.4135/9781849209366 · Cited by 2,997
(2011) · Cited by 2,025
(2018) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781506326139.n404 · Cited by 1,538
Kelley, K., & Preacher, K. J. (2012) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0028086 · Cited by 1,084
(2010) · Cited by 1,013
Kvålseth, T. O. (1985) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.1985.10479448 · Cited by 992
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chong, S., Huang, Y., & Chang, C.-H. D. (2020) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000843 · Cited by 407
Predicting Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using Smartphone and Wearable Data
Moshe, I., Terhorst, Y., Opoku Asare, K., Sander, L. B., Ferreira, D., Baumeister, H., Mohr, D. C., & Pulkki-Råback, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.625247 · Cited by 261
Same-sex marriage legalization associated with reduced implicit and explicit antigay bias
Ofosu, E. K., Chambers, M. K., Chen, J. M., & Hehman, E. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1806000116 · Cited by 264
A systematic study of microdosing psychedelics
Polito, V., & Stevenson, R. J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211023 · Cited by 235
Catching Up on Multilevel Modeling
Hoffman, L., & Walters, R. W. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-103525 · Cited by 138
Liu, R., Gu, Y., Shen, M., Li, H., Zhang, K., Wang, Q., Wei, X., Zhang, H., Wu, D., Yu, K., et al. (2020) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.15000 · Cited by 110
Building psychosocial safety climate in turbulent times: The case of COVID-19.
Dollard, M. F., & Bailey, T. S. (2021) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000939 · Cited by 119
r2mlm: An R package calculating R-squared measures for multilevel models
Shaw, M., Rights, J. D., Sterba, S. K., & Flake, J. K. (2022) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-022-01841-4 · Cited by 98
Self-citationTeacher emotional support in relation to social competence in preschool classrooms
Pakarinen, E., Lerkkanen, M., & von Suchodoletz, A. (2020) · International Journal of Research & Method in Education · doi:10.1080/1743727x.2020.1791815 · Cited by 124
So You Want to Do ESM? 10 Essential Topics for Implementing the Experience-Sampling Method
Fritz, J., Piccirillo, M. L., Cohen, Z. D., Frumkin, M. R., Kirtley, O. J., Moeller, J., Neubauer, A. B., Norris, L. A., Schuurman, N. K., Snippe, E., et al. (2024) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459241267912 · Cited by 106
New Recommendations on the Use of R-Squared Differences in Multilevel Model Comparisons
Rights, J. D., & Sterba, S. K. (2019) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2019.1660605 · Cited by 89
Self-citationDistinct roles of state-like and trait-like patient–therapist alliance in psychotherapy
Zilcha‐Mano, S., & Fisher, H. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00029-z · Cited by 98
Eco-anxiety in daily life: Relationships with well-being and pro-environmental behavior
Lutz, P. K., Zelenski, J. M., & Newman, D. B. (2023) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100110 · Cited by 87
Proctor, C. P., Silverman, R. D., Harring, J. R., Jones, R. L., & Hartranft, A. M. (2019) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.258 · Cited by 94
Lutz, P. K., Newman, D. B., Schlegel, R. J., & Wirtz, D. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12753 · Cited by 92
Schlotz, W. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.038 · Cited by 85
Parrisius, C., Gaspard, H., Zitzmann, S., Trautwein, U., & Nagengast, B. (2021) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000680 · Cited by 73
Facial Impressions Are Predicted by the Structure of Group Stereotypes
Xie, S. Y., Flake, J. K., Stolier, R. M., Freeman, J. B., & Hehman, E. (2021) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976211024259 · Cited by 68
Moriarity, D. P., Kautz, M. M., Giollabhui, N. M., Klugman, J., Coe, C. L., Ellman, L. M., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620917458 · Cited by 69
The Influence of Daily Events on Emotion Regulation and Well-Being in Daily Life
Newman, D. B., & Nezlek, J. B. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167220980882 · Cited by 65
Correll, J., Mellinger, C., & Pedersen, E. J. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01687-2 · Cited by 60
Oppermann, E., & Lazarides, R. (2021) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103351 · Cited by 76
Reporting Practice in Multilevel Modeling: A Revisit After 10 Years
Luo, W., Li, H., Baek, E., Chen, S., Lam, K. H., & Semma, B. (2021) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654321991229 · Cited by 70
Willingness to purchase counterfeit luxury brands: A cross‐cultural comparison
Tunçel, N. (2021) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12696 · Cited by 59
Nipping Temptation in the Bud: Examining Strategic Self-Control in Daily Life
Williamson, L. Z., & Wilkowski, B. M. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219883606 · Cited by 57
Bayes Factors for Mixed Models
van Doorn, J. B., Aust, F., Haaf, J. M., Stefan, A. M., & Wagenmakers, E. (2021) · Computational Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1007/s42113-021-00113-2 · Cited by 56
Conducting and Evaluating Multilevel Studies: Recommendations, Resources, and a Checklist
González‐Romá, V., & Hernández, A. (2022) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/10944281211060712 · Cited by 57
Martins, J. S., Fogelman, N., Wemm, S., Hwang, S., & Sinha, R. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109253 · Cited by 51
Parrisius, C., Gaspard, H., Trautwein, U., & Nagengast, B. (2020) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101891 · Cited by 58
Fuentes, A., Lüdtke, O., & Robitzsch, A. (2021) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2021.1925521 · Cited by 55
Development of a rapid point-of-care test that measures neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2
Lake, D. F., Roeder, A. J., Kaleta, E. J., Jasbi, P., Pfeffer, K., Koelbela, C., Periasamy, S., Kuzmina, N. A., Bukreyev, A. A., Grys, T. E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2021.105024 · Cited by 49
Lindner, M. A. (2020) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2020.101345 · Cited by 60
Song, H., Markowitz, D. M., & Taylor, S. H. (2022) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqac017 · Cited by 41
Is green the new sexy? Romantic of conspicuous conservation
Vélez, G. F. P., Tybur, J. M., & van Vugt, M. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101530 · Cited by 51
Multilevel mediation analysis in R: A comparison of bootstrap and Bayesian approaches
Falk, C. F., Vogel, T. A., Hammami, S., & Miočević, M. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02079-4 · Cited by 50
Southward, M. W., & Cheavens, J. S. (2020) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2020.1797637 · Cited by 45
Khojasteh, N., & Won, A. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.643331 · Cited by 45
Schillings, C., Meißner, E., Erb, B., Bendig, E., Schultchen, D., & Pollatos, O. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/50454 · Cited by 50
Kuklick, L., & Lindner, M. A. (2021) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.102001 · Cited by 42
Harp, N. R., Freeman, J. B., & Neta, M. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001173 · Cited by 38
“We report 95% CIs and effect sizes when possible, but note that linear mixed effects models do not have an agreed upon method for calculating effect sizes (see Rights & Sterba, 2019, for a discussion).”
MethodThe dynamics of prayer in daily life and implications for well-being.
Newman, D. B., Nezlek, J. B., & Thrash, T. M. (2023) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000454 · Cited by 46
Rights, J. D., Preacher, K. J., & Cole, D. A. (2019) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bmsp.12194 · Cited by 39
Self-citationDetecting Consensus Emergence in Organizational Multilevel Data: Power Simulations
Lang, J. W. B., Bliese, P. D., & Runge, J. M. (2019) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428119873950 · Cited by 37
Schulz, S. M., Ritter, O., Zniva, R., Nordbeck, P., Wacker, C., Jack, M., Groschup, G., Deneke, T., Puppe, F., Ertl, G., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz134 · Cited by 35
Hassani, F., Kouhkord, A., Golshani, A., Amirmahani, M., Moghanlou, F. S., Naserifar, N., & Beris, A. T. (2024) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2024.123638 · Cited by 34
Examining individual differences in personality trait changes after negative life events
Haehner, P., Bleidorn, W., & Hopwood, C. J. (2023) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070231156840 · Cited by 34
Rafiq, K., Hayward, M. W., Wilson, A. M., Meloro, C., Jordan, N. R., Wich, S. A., McNutt, J. W., & Golabek, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12781 · Cited by 35
Schielzeth, H., & Nakagawa, S. (2022) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.13856 · Cited by 33
Statistics in the Service of Science: Don’t Let the Tail Wag the Dog
Singmann, H., Kellen, D., Cox, G. E., Chandramouli, S., Davis‐Stober, C. P., Dunn, J. C., Gronau, Q. F., Kalish, M. L., McMullin, S. D., Navarro, D., et al. (2022) · Computational Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1007/s42113-022-00129-2 · Cited by 34
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on environmental values
Sneddon, J., Daniel, E., Fischer, R. D., & Lee, J. A. (2022) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-022-01151-w · Cited by 32
R-squared Measures for Multilevel Models with Three or More Levels
Rights, J. D., & Sterba, S. K. (2022) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2021.1985948 · Cited by 35
Self-citationKuklick, L., & Lindner, M. A. (2022) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2022.102146 · Cited by 34
Brysbaert, M., & Debeer, D. (2025) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.409 · Cited by 32
Are There Unconscious Visual Images in Aphantasia? Development of an Implicit Priming Paradigm
Purkart, R., Delem, M., Ranson, V., Andrey, C., Versace, R., Cavalli, E., & Plancher, G. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106059 · Cited by 30
Giasson, H. L., & Chopik, W. J. (2020) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2707 · Cited by 32
INVESTIGATING TEXTUAL ENHANCEMENT AND CAPTIONS IN L2 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
Cintrón-Valentín, M., & García-Amaya, L. (2021) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263120000492 · Cited by 18
The Effects of a 3-Week Heartbeat Perception Training on Interoceptive Abilities
Schillings, C., Karanassios, G., Schulte, N., Schultchen, D., & Pollatos, O. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.838055 · Cited by 34
Newman, D. B., Schneider, S., & Stone, A. A. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211030383 · Cited by 29
Crop-specific effectiveness of birds as agents of pest control
Mayne, S. J., King, D. I., Andersen, J. C., & Elkinton, J. S. (2023) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2023.108395 · Cited by 28
misty: Miscellaneous Functions 'T. Yanagida'
Yanagida, T. (2020) · doi:10.32614/cran.package.misty · Cited by 28
Rights, J. D., & Sterba, S. K. (2021) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20387 · Cited by 27
Self-citationThe SAFE Model: State Authenticity as a Function of Three Types of Fit
Aday, A. E., Guo, Y., Mehta, S., Chen, S., Hall, W. M., Götz, F. M., Sedikides, C., & Schmader, T. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231223597 · Cited by 27
Kelty‐Stephen, D. G., Lee, J.-H., Cole, K. R., Shields, R. K., & Mangalam, M. (2023) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125221149147 · Cited by 29
Spring Break or Heart Break? Extending Valence Bias to Emotional Words
Harp, N. R., Brown, C., & Neta, M. (2020) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550620972296 · Cited by 28
Artificial scaffolding: Augmenting social cognition by means of robot technology
Ghiglino, D., Floris, F., Tommaso, D. D., Kompatsiari, K., Chevalier, P., Priolo, T., & Wykowska, A. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2906 · Cited by 25
Elmousalami, H. H., Elshaboury, N., & Elyamany, A. H. (2024) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2024.123789 · Cited by 25
Endogenous opioids contribute to the feeling of pain relief in humans
Sirucek, L., Price, R. C., Gandhi, W., Hoeppli, M., Fahey, E., Qu, A., Becker, S., & Schweinhardt, P. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002285 · Cited by 24
Promoting energy sources as environmentally friendly: does it increase public acceptability?
Vélez, G. F. P., Perlaviciute, G., Contzen, N., & Steg, L. (2021) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ac32a8 · Cited by 24
Kirtley, O. J., Lafit, G., Vaessen, T., Decoster, J., Derom, C. A., Gülöksüz, S., Binder, M. D., Jacobs, N., Menne‐Lothmann, C., Rutten, B. P. F., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.915007 · Cited by 25
Aberg, K. C., Kramer, E. E., & Schwartz, S. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15542-z · Cited by 25
Pickren, S. E., Stacy, M. E., Tufo, S. N. D., Spencer, M., & Cutting, L. E. (2021) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.431 · Cited by 32
Alrusaini, O. A., & Beyari, H. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14159388 · Cited by 23
Keller, B. T., & Enders, C. K. (2023) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2022.2147049 · Cited by 24
Wang, P., Miller, M. R., Han, E., DeVeaux, C., & Bailenson, J. N. (2023) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/j.destud.2023.101237 · Cited by 23
A worldwide test of the predictive validity of ideal partner preference matching.
Eastwick, P. W., Sparks, J., Finkel, E. J., Meza, E. M., Adamkovic, M., Adu, P., Ai, T., Akintola, A. A., Al-Shawaf, L., Apriliawati, D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000524 · Cited by 23
Asbrand, J., Heinrichs, N., Schmidtendorf, S., Nitschke, K., & Tuschen‐Caffier, B. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00954-w · Cited by 23
Enhanced memory for negative social information in borderline personality disorder.
Niedtfeld, I., Renkewitz, F., Mädebach, A., Hillmann, K., Kleindienst, N., Schmahl, C., & Schulze, L. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000540 · Cited by 22
Bauer, D. J., McNeish, D., Baldwin, S. A., & Curran, P. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316995808.039 · Cited by 22
Newman, D. B., Gordon, A. M., & Mendes, W. B. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001025 · Cited by 22
Intuitive joint priors for Bayesian linear multilevel models: The R2D2M2 prior
Aguilar, J. E., & Bürkner, P. (2023) · Electronic Journal of Statistics · doi:10.1214/23-ejs2136 · Cited by 28
A multimedia effect for multiple-choice and constructed-response test items.
Lindner, M. A., Schult, J., & Mayer, R. E. (2020) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000646 · Cited by 22
Christensen, Z. P., Freedman, E. G., & Foxe, J. J. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108479 · Cited by 22
Lafit, G., Sels, L., Adolf, J., Loeys, T., & Ceulemans, E. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221080128 · Cited by 24
Korda, Ž., Annerer‐Walcher, S., Körner, C., & Benedek, M. (2023) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-023-02688-3 · Cited by 26
Mezouary, L. E., Hadri, A., Kharrou, M. H., Fakır, Y., Elfarchouni, A., Bouchaou, L., & Chehbouni, A. (2024) · Applied Water Science · doi:10.1007/s13201-024-02162-x · Cited by 21
Stark, R. A., Harker, A., Salamanca, S., Pellis, S. M., Li, F., & Gibb, R. L. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21933 · Cited by 21
Affective priming with musical chords is influenced by pitch numerosity
Lahdelma, I., Armitage, J. O., & Eerola, T. (2020) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864920911127 · Cited by 24
Wettstein, M., Wahl, H., & Schlomann, A. (2022) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-022-00552-z · Cited by 20
Ruminative Variability Predicts Increases in Depression and Social Anxiety
Bean, C. A. L., & Ciesla, J. A. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10451-z · Cited by 20
Kouhkord, A., & Naserifar, N. (2025) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0243667 · Cited by 20
Rights, J. D., & Cole, D. A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1528550 · Cited by 20
Self-citationSchlegelmilch, R., & von Helversen, B. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000747 · Cited by 21
Belief in a just world and well-being: A daily diary perspective
Lutz, P. K., Newman, D. B., & Zelenski, J. M. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112886 · Cited by 19
Variation in bittersweet nostalgic feelings and their divergent effects on daily well-being.
Newman, D. B., & Sachs, M. E. (2022) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001137 · Cited by 20
The role of lay beliefs about willpower and daily demands in day-to-day pro-environmental behavior
Jankowski, J. M., & Job, V. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102024 · Cited by 22
Age Differences in Physiological Reactivity to Daily Emotional Experiences
Park, Y., Gordon, A. M., & Mendes, W. B. (2023) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-023-00207-z · Cited by 18
A Neuroimmune Modulator for Alcohol Use Disorder
Ray, L. A., Meredith, L. R., Grodin, E. N., Belnap, M. A., Nieto, S. J., Baskerville, W., Donato, S., SHOPTAW, S. J., Gillis, A. J., Irwin, M. R., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.7523 · Cited by 17
Bleses, D., Moos, M., Purpura, D. J., & Dale, P. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Developmental Psychology · doi:10.3389/fdpys.2023.1279691 · Cited by 17
Cognitive flexibility in autism: How task predictability and sex influence performances
Lacroix, A., Torija, E., Logemann, H. N. A., Baciu, M., Cserjési, R., Dutheil, F., Gomot, M., & Mermillod, M. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3281 · Cited by 18
Fales, J. L., Murphy, L. K., Rights, J. D., & Palermo, T. M. (2019) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.05.016 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Rights, J. D., & Sterba, S. K.
- ORCID
- Rights, Jason D.
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 309-338
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2823644790
- Cited by
- 413
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 18
- FWCI
- 22.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- explained variance, multilevel models, effect size, practical significance, variance partitioning
- MeSH terms
- Data Interpretation, Statistical, Educational Measurement, Humans, Psychology, Students, Models, Statistical, Multilevel Analysis, Biostatistics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review