Cited by 323Misinformation and Its ImpactsDeception detection and forensic psychologySocial and Intergroup Psychology

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Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation: Three longitudinal experiments.

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Maertens, Rakoen, Roozenbeek, Jon, Basol, Melisa, van der Linden, Sander·2021·Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

DOI 10.1037/xap0000315

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Abstract

= 170), participants played either Bad News (inoculation group) or Tetris (gamified control group) and rated the reliability of news headlines that either used a misinformation technique or not. We found that participants rate fake news as significantly less reliable after the intervention. In Experiment 1, we assessed participants at regular intervals to explore the longevity of this effect and found that the inoculation effect remains stable for at least 3 months. In Experiment 2, we sought to replicate these findings without regular testing and found significant decay over a 2-month time period so that the long-term inoculation effect was no longer significant. In Experiment 3, we replicated the inoculation effect and investigated whether long-term effects could be due to item-response memorization or the fake-to-real ratio of items presented, but found that this is not the case. We discuss implications for inoculation theory and psychological research on misinformation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

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Authors: Maertens, R., Roozenbeek, J., Basol, M., & van der Linden, S.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
ORCID: Maertens, Rakoen
Roozenbeek, Jon
Basol, Melisa
van der Linden, Sander
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2021-03
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-16
ISSN: 1076-898X (ISSN-L)
1939-2192
DOI: 10.1037/xap0000315
OpenAlex: W3089476379
Semantic Scholar: 6099649830c65c02b4008f5e57a18ebd8332a2ee
Cited by: 321
References: 97
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 34
FWCI: 52.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
Apollo
Funders: Cambridge Trust
Economic and Social Research Council (ES/V011960/1, 2268886)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: inoculation theory, misinformation, fake news, long-term effects, gamification, Tetris
MeSH terms: Communication, Humans, Deception, Reproducibility of Results

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Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation: Three longitudinal experiments.

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