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Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation: Three longitudinal experiments.
Open accessAbstract
= 170), participants played either Bad News (inoculation group) or Tetris (gamified control group) and rated the reliability of news headlines that either used a misinformation technique or not. We found that participants rate fake news as significantly less reliable after the intervention. In Experiment 1, we assessed participants at regular intervals to explore the longevity of this effect and found that the inoculation effect remains stable for at least 3 months. In Experiment 2, we sought to replicate these findings without regular testing and found significant decay over a 2-month time period so that the long-term inoculation effect was no longer significant. In Experiment 3, we replicated the inoculation effect and investigated whether long-term effects could be due to item-response memorization or the fake-to-real ratio of items presented, but found that this is not the case. We discuss implications for inoculation theory and psychological research on misinformation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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“Such an intervention, which employs gamification-based logic, incentives and scores, has the potential to foster resilience to dis/misinformation, which appears to persist over time (Maertens et al., 2021).”
From Countering dis/misinformation sharing by hindering moral disengagement in adolescence: the role of prosocial conversational modeling (2026) · cites this paper as Maertens et al., 2021
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“we were unable to study how long the inoculation effect remains significant (46, 47).”
From Psychological inoculation improves resilience against misinformation on social media (2022) · cites this paper as [46]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Maertens, R., Roozenbeek, J., Basol, M., & van der Linden, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-16
- ISSN
- 1076-898X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2192
- OpenAlex
- W3089476379
- Semantic Scholar
- 6099649830c65c02b4008f5e57a18ebd8332a2ee
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 34
- FWCI
- 52.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Cambridge Trust
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/V011960/1, 2268886)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- inoculation theory, misinformation, fake news, long-term effects, gamification, Tetris
- MeSH terms
- Communication, Humans, Deception, Reproducibility of Results
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