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“Whilst other studies looking at sex differences and immunity suggest that females typically display stronger immune responses and reduced pathogen load compared to males (Klein 2000), greater sociality in females (Macdonald 1979, 1983) may increase viral transmission opportunities.”
From Red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes (2020) · cites this paper as Macdonald 1979
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Silk, J. B. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1994 · Cited by 842
“Although red fox (Vulpes vulpes) are primarily solitary, they sometimes form pairs or larger groups (Macdonald 1979; Zabel & Taggart 1989; Baker et al. 1998, 2004).”
BackgroundCooperative Breeding and Human Cognitive Evolution
Burkart, J. M., Hrdy, S. B., & Van Schaik, C. P. (2009) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.20222 · Cited by 646
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“In some species, alpha animals of each sex are apparently able to suppress reproduction in other group members (wolves: Zimen 1976; Packard et al. 1983; red foxes, Vulpes vulpes: Macdonald 1979; wild dogs: Frame et al. 1979; dwarf mongooses: Rasa 1973; Rood 1980).”
BackgroundA comparative analysis of non-offspring nursing
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“Adoption has also been recorded in red foxes, Vulpes vulpes (Macdonald 1979).”
The Evolution of Helping. II. The Role of Behavioral Conflict
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Intra-sex and inter-sex sibling interactions as sex ratio determinants
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“Subordinate individuals of cooperative breeding species such as marmosets, foxes, meerkats and wolves may not reproduce for years after becoming sexually mature (Macdonald, 1979; Digby, 1995; Burkart et al., 2009).”
BackgroundAllomaternal care, life history and brain size evolution in mammals
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Group size, survival, reproduction, and routes to breeding in dwarf mongooses
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Sociality, Group Size, and Reproductive, Suppression among Carnivores
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Self-citationDrifting Territoriality in the Red Fox Vulpes vulpes
Doncaster, C. P., & Macdonald, D. W. (1991) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/5288 · Cited by 202
“A likely outcome would be disruption of social mechanisms which in the suburban population prevent sub ordinate vixens from breeding (Macdonald 1979), hence the small proportion of city vixens found to be barren.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDen Site Can Determine Shape and Size of Badger Territories: Implications for Group-Living
Doncaster, C. P., & Woodroffe, R. (1993) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3545199 · Cited by 237
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Geffen, E., Gompper, M., Gittleman, J., Luh, H., Macdonald, D., & Wayne, R. (1996) · American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285844 · Cited by 162
Self-citationWhite, P. C. L., & Harris, S. (1994) · The Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/5550 · Cited by 161
Role of rabies in recent demographic changes in Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations in Europe
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Intraspecific Variation in Canid Social Systems
Moehlman, P. D. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0855-3_6 · Cited by 118
Summer food composition and food niche overlap of the raccoon dog, red fox and badger in Finland
Kauhala, K., Laukkanen, P., & von Rége, I. (1998) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1998.tb00436.x · Cited by 135
Canid Reproductive Biology: an Integration of Proximate Mechanisms and Ultimate Causes'
Asa, C. (1998) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1093/icb/38.1.251 · Cited by 124
“The occasional occurrence of polygyny in areas of overlapping female red fox (Vulpes vulpes) territories and very dense prey {e.g., Zabel and Taggart, 1989; Macdonald, 1979 ), suggests that monogamy is less important to the female than is paternal care.”
BackgroundPolygynandry in a red fox population: implications for the evolution of group living in canids?
Baker, P. J., Funk, S. M., Bruford, M. W., & Harris, S. (2004) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arh077 · Cited by 106
“Generally, fox groups are thought to be extended families, with subordinates being the philopatric offspring of one or both of the dominant breeding pair (Baker et al., 1998; Macdonald, 1979; von Schantz, 1984; but see Zabel, 1986).”
BackgroundInfluentialAgonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs (Canis familiaris) in relation to season, sex and age
Pal, S., Ghosh, B., & Roy, S. (1998) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(98)00108-7 · Cited by 113
Cooperation, Altruism, and Restraint in the Reproduction of Carnivores
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Self-citationPotential fitness benefits of group living in the red fox,Vulpes vulpes
Baker, P. J., Robertson, C. P. J., Funk, S. M., & Harris, S. N. (1998) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.0950 · Cited by 127
Helping behaviour in brown hyenas
Owens, D., & Owens, M. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/308843a0 · Cited by 97
11 – Cooperation and Reproductive Competition among Female African Elephants
Dublin, H. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-735950-2.50016-5 · Cited by 96
Female Promiscuity and Male Reproductive Success in Social Birds and Mammals
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Restoring apex predators can reduce mesopredator abundances
Jímenez, J., Nuñez-Arjona, J. C., Mougeot, F., Ferreras, P., González, L. M., García‐Dominguez, F., Múñoz‐Igualada, J., Palacios, M. J., Pla, S., Rueda, C., et al. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108234 · Cited by 101
“Foxes form family groups consisting of the male and/or female with young (Cavallini, 1996; Macdonald, 1979).”
BackgroundEcology of wildlife rabies in Europe
Holmala, K., & Kauhala, K. (2006) · Mammal Review · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2006.00078.x · Cited by 87
Helpers provide no detectable benefits in the European badger (Meles meles)
Woodroffe, R., & Macdonald, D. (2000) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00582.x · Cited by 87
Self-citationEffect of fertility control on a population's productivity
Caughley, G., Pech, R., & Grice, D. (1992) · doi:10.1071/wr9920623 · Cited by 87
Play and Energy Regulation in Mammals
Barber, N. (1991) · The Quarterly review of biology · doi:10.1086/417142 · Cited by 85
Pack size and wolf pup survival: their relationship under varying ecological conditions
Harrington, F., Mech, L., & Fritts, S. H. (1983) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00295072 · Cited by 79
“Auxiliaries occur in a number of canids including blackbacked and golden jackals (Canis mesomelas, C. aureus), coyotes (C. latrans), wolves (C. lupus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus), dholes (Cuon alpinus), and African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) (Murie 1944; Ryden 1975; Camenzind 1978; Macdona…”
BackgroundMarks, C. A., & Bloomfield, T. E. (1999) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr98059 · Cited by 75
Spatial organization and monogamy in the mara Dolichotis patagonum
Taber, A., & Macdonald, D. W. (1992) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04404.x · Cited by 72
Self-citationFemale cooperation, male competition, and dispersal in the red fox Vulpes vulpes
von Schantz, T., & von Schantz, T. (1981) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3544073 · Cited by 75
“The mechanism underlying the abortion or the desertion of the beta-females' cubs is unknown, but Macdonald's (1979) study on captive foxes indicates that it might be caused by social interactions with the”
Background'Non-breeders' in the red fox Vulpes vulpes: a case of resource surplus
von Schantz, T. (1984) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3544609 · Cited by 75
Dispersal patterns of red foxes relative to population density
Allen, S. H., & Sargeant, A. B. (1993) · The Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3809277 · Cited by 73
Multiple breeding strategies in the swift fox, Vulpes velox
Kitchen, A. M., Gese, E. M., Waits, L. P., Karki, S. M., & Schauster, E. R. (2006) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.06.015 · Cited by 71
“red foxes, Vulpes vulpes: Macdonald 1979; bat-eared foxes, Otocyon megalotis: Pauw 2000).”
Iossa, G., Soulsbury, C., Baker, P., & Harris, S. (2008) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/07-mamm-a-405.1 · Cited by 65
“Subordinates were not thought to reproduce (Hartley et al. 1994; Macdonald 1979) although, in years of high resource availability, they may rear their own cubs successfully, indicating a switch from social monogamy to social polygyny (von Schantz 1984b; Zabel and Taggart 1989).”
BackgroundSpacing strategies, kin selection, and population regulation in altricial vertebrates
von Schantz, T. (1984) · Oikos · doi:10.2307/3544608 · Cited by 64
Behavioral changes associated with a population density decline in the facultatively social red fox
Iossa, G., Soulsbury, C., Baker, P., Edwards, K., & Harris, S. (2009) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arn149 · Cited by 63
“Early models of fox social organization (Macdonald 1979, 1980; von Schantz 1981, 1984a, 1984b; Lindström 1988, 1989) proposed that groups consisted of a dominant breeding pair and one or more subordinate animals, typically nondispersing female offspring from previous years: such philopatric…”
BackgroundFitness costs of dispersal in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
Soulsbury, C. D., Baker, P. J., Iossa, G., & Harris, S. (2008) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-008-0557-9 · Cited by 84
“Under some ecological conditions, red foxes form social groups consisting of a dominant breeding pair and (primarily) non-dispersing offspring ( Macdonald 1979b; von Schantz 1981; Voigt and Macdonald 1984; Baker et al. 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialBiben, M. (1983) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(83)80238-3 · Cited by 60
“Although some canids previously considered typically solitary have recently been shown to associate in family groups (red fox, Vulpes vulpes: Macdonald 1979) or even packs (coyotes, Canis latrans: Camenzind 1978; Bekoff & Wells 1980), no such evidence exists for Chrysoeyon.”
BackgroundFox society, contact rate and rabies epizootiology.
Macdonald, D., & Bacon, P. (1982) · Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/0147-9571(82)90045-5 · Cited by 60
Self-citationSmall size and monogamy: spatial organization of Blanford's foxes, Vulpes cana
Geffen, E., & Macdonald, D. W. (1992) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80324-0 · Cited by 85
Self-citationMarshall-Pescini, S., & Kaminski, J. (2014) · The Social Dog · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407818-5.00001-2 · Cited by 55
Related spotted hyaenas forage together but do not cooperate in rearing young
Mills, M. G. (1985) · Nature · doi:10.1038/316061a0 · Cited by 56
Human Social Evolution: Self-Domestication or Self-Control?
Shilton, D., Breski, M., Dor, D., & Jablonka, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00134 · Cited by 117
Wright, H. (2006) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.03.043 · Cited by 52
“…that the presence of nonbreeding helpers, which perform similar ‘parental’ duties as fathers, enhances offspring survival (red foxes, Vulpes vulpes: Macdonald 1979; black-backed jackals: Moehlman 1979; although these studies do not account for the potentially confounding effects of territory…”
BackgroundSocial organization and movement patterns of Black-backed jackals Canis mesomelas in South Africa*
Ferguson, J. H., Nel, J., & de Wet, M. (2010) · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05101.x · Cited by 50
A spatial analysis of a population of red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) in the Dutch coastal dune area
Dekker, J., Stein, A., & HEITKÖNIG, I. M. A. (2001) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1017/s0952836901001583 · Cited by 49
“Studies in the past have mainly focused on home-range size (see Cavallini, 1996, for a review), social behaviour (e.g. Macdonald, 1979 ) and dispersal (e.g.”
BackgroundMonogamy: Cause, Consequence, or Corollary of Success in Wild Canids?
Macdonald, D. W., Campbell, L., Kamler, J. F., Mariño, J., Werhahn, G., & Sillero‐Zubiri, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00341 · Cited by 86
“…toward samesex individuals attempting to breed (e.g., gray wolf, Rabb et al., 1967; Derix et al., 1993; African wild dog: Malcolm, 1979; red fox: Macdonald, 1979a) and infanticide, either by directly killing subordinates’ pups (African wild dog: van Lawick, 1973; dingo [C. familiaris dingo]:…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRed fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes
Campbell, S. J., Ashley, W., Gil-Fernandez, M., Newsome, T. M., Di Giallonardo, F., Ortiz-Baez, A. S., Mahar, J. E., Towerton, A. L., Gillings, M., Holmes, E. C., et al. (2020) · Virus Evolution · doi:10.1093/ve/veaa065 · Cited by 47
“Urban fox family group sizes are often larger than rural ones, as juvenile females may forego dispersal to assist with cub rearing (Macdonald 1979, 1983; Marks and Bloomfield 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialAmrein, I., & Slomianka, L. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.075 · Cited by 45
Hewson, R. (1986) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.2307/2404034 · Cited by 44
Diet composition of the golden jackal and the sympatric red fox in an agricultural area (Hungary)
Lanszki, J., Kurys, A., Szabó, L., Nagyapáti, N., Porter, L. B., & Heltai, M. (2016) · Folia Zoologica · doi:10.25225/fozo.v65.i4.a3.2016 · Cited by 48
Dynamics of spatial relationships among members of a fox group (Vulpes vulpes: Mammalia: Carnivora)
Poulle, M., Artois, M., & Roeder, J. (1994) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb05264.x · Cited by 66
Malcolm, J. (1985) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1093/icb/25.3.853 · Cited by 41
“a pen (Macdonald, 1979) males provided twice as much food to the pups as the mother.”
BackgroundHenry, C., Poulle, M.-L., & Roeder, J.-J. (2005) · Écoscience · doi:10.2980/i1195-6860-12-2-202.1 · Cited by 40
“This proportion seems to be linked with social organization, as in red fox populations living in groups only one or two females per group are described as reproductive (Macdonald, 1979; von Schantz, 1981).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVariation in mating system and group structure in two populations of swift foxes, Vulpes velox
Kamler, J. F., Ballard, W. B., Lemons, P. R., & Mote, K. (2004) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.07.017 · Cited by 41
“Among canids, communal denning of two breeding females was also reported for the closely related kit foxes, Vulpes macrotis (Egoscue 1962), and red foxes (Macdonald 1979b; Zabel & Taggart 1989), as well as bat-eared foxes, Otocyon megalotis (Nel et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialHovland, A., Mason, G., Bøe, K., Steinheim, G., & Bakken, M. (2006) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.11.006 · Cited by 39
Seasonality of reproduction in the European badger Meles meles in south‐west England
Page, R. J. C., Ross, J., & Langton, S. D. (1994) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb05263.x · Cited by 33
Time allocation of male and female raccoon dogs to pup rearing at the den
Kauhala, K., Helle, E., & Pietilä, H. (1998) · doi:10.4098/at.arch.98-27 · Cited by 37
“The red fox Vulpes uulpes has adopted this strategy (Sheldon 1949, Storm 1965, Macdonald 1977, 1979, Sheldon 1992).”
MethodDispersal characteristics of swift foxes
Kamler, J., Ballard, W., Gese, E., Harrison, R. L., & Karki, S. M. (2004) · doi:10.1139/z04-187 · Cited by 35
“Concerning dispersal patterns, the common trend among fox species is for juvenile males to disperse, whereas juvenile females remain philopatric (Macdonald 1979; von Shantz 1981, 1984; Moehlman 1989; Koopman et al. 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialDevenish‐Nelson, E. S., Harris, S., Soulsbury, C. D., Richards, S. A., & Stephens, P. A. (2012) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20706.x · Cited by 43
Allonursing in captive belugas (Delphinapterus leucas).
Leung, E., Vergara, V., & Barrett-Lennard, L. (2010) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20295 · Cited by 32
Food composition and feeding ecology of the Red Fox Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) in Egypt
Basuony, M. I., Saleh, M. A., Riad, A., & Mohamed, W. F. (2005) · Egyptian Journal of Biology · doi:10.4314/ejb.v7i1.56504 · Cited by 25
“Based on our data and reports by others, the Red Fox is essentially an omnivore (Flower 1932; Macdonald 1979; Osborn & Helmy 1980).”
BackgroundMethodEarly age reproduction in female savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) after severe poaching
Owens, M., & OWENS, D. D. (2009) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01001.x · Cited by 28
“In some mammals, older dominant females suppress reproduction in younger subordinates (MacDonald, 1979; Owens & Owens, 1984).”
BackgroundBakken, M. (1993) · Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0388.1993.tb00726.x · Cited by 30
Kin selection theory: A review and selective bibliography
Kurland, J. A. (1980) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/0162-3095(80)90012-6 · Cited by 30
Is alloparenting helpful for Mednyi Island arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus semenovi?
Kruchenkova, E. P., Goltsman, M. E., Sergeev, S., & Macdonald, D. W. (2008) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0494-5 · Cited by 28
Self-citationThe mating system of the brown hyaena, Hyaena brunnea in the southern Kalahari
Mills, M. G. (1982) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00300173 · Cited by 28
Hert, E. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb00132.x · Cited by 26
Parental care in a polygynous group of bat-eared foxes,Otocyon megalotis(Carnivora: Canidae)
Pauw, A. (2000) · African Zoology · doi:10.1080/15627020.2000.11407200 · Cited by 24
“Macdonald (1992) and Macdonald & Courtenay (1996) offered an alternative hypothesis.”
BackgroundDispersal and population density of the fox (Vulpes vulpes) in an area of London
Page, R. (1981) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1981.tb04596.x · Cited by 26
The nature and strength of social motivations in young farmed silver fox vixens (Vulpes vulpes)
Hovland, A. L., Mason, G. J., Kirkden, R. D., & Bakken, M. (2007) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2007.06.015 · Cited by 25
“…fox vixens have great difficulties in raising their offspring (Zabel and Spencer, 1989) and sub-adult vixens may delay dispersal (e.g. von Schantz, 1981), resulting in a female-biased social group where several vixens share reproduction, or nonreproducing vixens act as helpers (Macdonald, 1979).”
Bakken, M. (1993) · Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0388.1993.tb00742.x · Cited by 24
Kukekova, A. V., Acland, G. M., Oskina, I. N., Kharlamova, A. V., Trut, L. N., Chase, K., Lark, K. G., Erb, H. N., & Aguirre, G. K. (2006) · Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Archive · doi:10.1101/087969781.44.515 · Cited by 17
“Cooperative rearing of pups is also observed in other canids (Macdonald 1979; Macdonald and Carr 1995; Bekoff 2001).”
BackgroundCarnivore distribution across habitats in a central-European landscape: a camera trap study
Pyšková, K., Kauzál, O., Storch, D., Horáček, I., Pergl, J., & Pyšek, P. (2018) · ZooKeys · doi:10.3897/zookeys.770.22554 · Cited by 22
“Foxes were recorded with a significantly lower frequency in the spring, which is the season of cub rearing, when the mother spends more time in the den with the young, and the father staying nearby to help with care of the cubs (Macdonald 1979).”
BackgroundNimon, A., & Broom, D. (2001) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600024015 · Cited by 22
Measuring Recruitment in an Invasive Species to Determine Eradication Potential
Berry, O., & Kirkwood, R. (2010) · doi:10.2193/2009-482 · Cited by 20
“Such reproductive suppression is in line with studies of foxes in their native environments (Macdonald 1979, Zabel and Taggart 1989, Iossa et al. 2009).”
ResultOntogeny of Dominance in Free‐living Red Foxes
Meyer, S., & Weber, J. (1996) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1996.tb01178.x · Cited by 28
Akrim, F., Mahmood, T., Nadeem, M. S., Dhendup, T., Fatima, H., & Andleeb, S. (2019) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.2981/wlb.00440 · Cited by 17
“The red fox is essentially an omnivore having a diverse diet which includes invertebrates, small mammals, birds, plant matter and carrion (Flower 1932, Englund 1965, Amores 1975, Macdonald 1979, Osborn and Helmy 1980, Ciampaloni and Lovari 1985, Calisti et al.”
BackgroundShirley, M., Elmhagen, B., Lurz, P. W. W., Rushton, S., & Angerbjörn, A. (2009) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z09-104 · Cited by 19
“Arctic and red foxes show life-long or sequential (social) monogamy and they usually remain in the same home range once they have established (Macdonald 1979; Goszczynski 1989; Tannerfeldt and Angerbjörn 1996; Tannerfeldt et al. 2002).”
Multiple paternity and kinship in the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)
Glenn, J. L. W., Civitello, D., & Lance, S. (2009) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2008.10.003 · Cited by 19
Gachot‐Neveu, H., Lefèvre, P. L. C., Roeder, J., Henry, C., & Poulle, M. (2009) · ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE · doi:10.2108/zsj.26.145 · Cited by 18
Korhonen, H., Alasuutari, S., Mäkinen, A., & Niemelä, P. (1997) · Polar Biology · doi:10.1007/pl00013374 · Cited by 16
“It has been found that barren females, or those that have lost their kits, are typically submissive, but may help in nursing the kits of higher-ranking females (MacDonald 1979; Korhonen and Alasuutari 1994).”
BackgroundBerry, O., Tatler, J., Hamilton, N., Hilmer, S., Hitchen, Y., & Algar, D. (2014) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr13073 · Cited by 17
“High-density populations inhabiting resource-rich environments typically retain non-reproductive ‘helpers’ within territories (Macdonald 1979; Zabel and Taggart 1989; Iossa et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSeasonal and sex differences in urine marking rates of wild red foxes Vulpes vulpes
Fawcett, J. K., Fawcett, J., & Soulsbury, C. (2012) · Journal of ethology · doi:10.1007/s10164-012-0348-7 · Cited by 15
Evidence for a genetic basis for delayed dispersal in a cooperatively breeding canid
Sparkman, A. M., Adams, J., Steury, T., Waits, L., & Murray, D. (2012) · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.01.041 · Cited by 14
“been reported as delaying or forgoing dispersal, with helping behaviour observed in some species (Macdonald 1979; Hersteinsson & Macdonald 1982; Malcolm 1986).”
BackgroundInteraction rates between members of a group of red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes )
Baker, P., & Harris, S. (2000) · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2000.00072.x · Cited by 14
Dominance relations in captive groups of adult and juvenile arctic blue foxes (Alopex lagopus)
Korhonen, H., & Alasuutari, S. (1995) · Polar Biology · doi:10.1007/bf00238486 · Cited by 14
“Parallel observations are available from previous blue fox (Korhonen and Alasuutari, 1994b) and red fox ( Macdonald 1979 ) experiments.”
MethodPredator protection dampens the landscape of fear
Wooster, E., Ramp, D., Lundgren, E., O'Neill, A. J., Yanco, E., Bonsen, G. T., & Wallach, A. D. (2022) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.09059 · Cited by 13
Social Interactions among San Joaquin Kit Foxes Before, During, and After the Mating Season
Murdoch, J. D., Ralls, K., Cypher, B. L., & Reading, R. P. (2008) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/07-mamm-a-152.1 · Cited by 14
“For example, studies of red foxes have shown that most intragroup encounters are amicable, and often allow foxes to strengthen and reaffirm bonds with family group members (Doncaster and Macdonald 1997; Harris and Smith 1987; Macdonald 1977, 1979; White and Harris 1994).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Macdonald, D. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Macdonald, D. W.
- ORCID
- Macdonald, D. W.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1979-11
- Volume
- 282
- Issue
- 5734
- Pages
- 69-71
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1999284490
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 7.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- red fox, helping behavior, social organization, women's subordination, kin selection, cub rearing
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