Cited by 1,009Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseNutritional Studies and DietGut microbiota and health

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Dietary Intake and Risk of Developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Hou, Jason K, Abraham, Bincy, El-Serag, Hashem·2011·American Journal of Gastroenterology

DOI 10.1038/ajg.2011.44

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing. Dietary factors such as the spread of the "Western" diet, high in fat and protein but low in fruits and vegetables, may be associated with the increase. Although many studies have evaluated the association between diet and IBD risk, there has been no systematic review. METHODS: We performed a systematic review using guideline-recommended methodology to evaluate the association between pre-illness intake of nutrients (fats, carbohydrates, protein) and food groups (fruits, vegetables, meats) and the risk of subsequent IBD diagnosis. Eligible studies were identified via structured keyword searches in PubMed and Google Scholar and manual searches. RESULTS: Nineteen studies were included, encompassing 2,609 IBD patients (1,269 Crohn's disease (CD) and 1,340 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients) and over 4,000 controls. Studies reported a positive association between high intake of saturated fats, monounsaturated fatty acids, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), total omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, mono- and disaccharides, and meat and increased subsequent CD risk. Studies reported a negative association between dietary fiber and fruits and subsequent CD risk. High intakes of total fats, total PUFAs, omega-6 fatty acids, and meat were associated with an increased risk of UC. High vegetable intake was associated with a decreased risk of UC. CONCLUSIONS: High dietary intakes of total fats, PUFAs, omega-6 fatty acids, and meat were associated with an increased risk of CD and UC. High fiber and fruit intakes were associated with decreased CD risk, and high vegetable intake was associated with decreased UC risk.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Parian, A. M., Mullin, G. E., Langhorst, J., & Brown, A. C. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00050-5 · Cited by 15
Intestinal flora differences between patients with ulcerative colitis of different ethnic groups in China
Liu, H., Liu, W., Huang, X., Feng, Y., Lu, J., & Gao, F. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000026932 · Cited by 12
Sphingosine kinase 1 is required for myristate-induced TNFα expression in intestinal epithelial cells
Choi, S., Snider, J. M., Cariello, C., Lambert, J. M., Anderson, A. K., Cowart, L. A., & Snider, A. J. (2020) · Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators · doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106423 · Cited by 12
Obesity alters immunopathology in cancers and inflammatory diseases
Zhang, X., Gao, L., Meng, H., Zhang, A., Yan, L., & Lü, J. (2023) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13638 · Cited by 12
“108 In particular, a greater infiltration of total CD8 + and activated CD69 + CD8 + T cells was observed in high-fat diet-associated colitis, with the overexpression of TNF-α , IL-6, CCL2, TLR4, and adhesion molecules.”
Background
Dietary Patterns and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies
Khademi, Z., Pourreza, S., Amjadifar, A., Torkizadeh, M., & Amirkhizi, F. (2024) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izad297 · Cited by 11
The Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chauhan, G., & Rieder, F. (2024) · Surgical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.suc.2024.10.008 · Cited by 11
Non‐nutritional effects of food: An underutilized and understudied therapeutic tool in chronic gastrointestinal diseases
Gibson, P. R., & Muir, J. G. (2013) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.12253 · Cited by 11
Current and emerging strategies in the management of Crohn's disease
Randall, C. W., Vizuete, J. A., Wendorf, G., Ayyar, B. K., & Constantine, G. M. (2012) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.006 · Cited by 11
Effects of dietary macronutrient profile on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility and fecal microbiota, fermentative metabolites, and bile acids of female dogs after spay surgery
Phungviwatnikul, T., Alexander, C., Do, S., He, F., Suchodolski, J. S., de Godoy, M. R. C., & Swanson, K. S. (2021) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skab225 · Cited by 17
High levels of fish oil enhance neutrophil development and activation and influence colon mucus barrier function in a genetically susceptible mouse model
Duriancik, D. M., Comstock, S. S., Langohr, I. M., & Fenton, J. I. (2015) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.06.002 · Cited by 11
“Despite evidence suggesting that FO may be beneficial in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [5], humans consuming diets high in total fats, PUFAs, omega-6 fatty acids, and meat were at increased risk for developing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) [6].”
BackgroundResult
Pre-illness diet as risk factor in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in Saudi Arabia
Mouzan, M. I. E., Mofarreh, M. A. A., Sarkhy, A. A. A., Assiri, A. A., & Hamed, Y. M. (2017) · Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.4103/sjg.sjg_619_16 · Cited by 11
“In a systematic review, it was found that high fruit intakes were associated with decreased risks of UC and CD.[24] In addition, a recent study from Australia reported a protective effect of high fruit intake in UC.”
Result
Bases for the Adequate Development of Nutritional Recommendations for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
González, E. S., Mateos, B., López-Muñoz, P., Iborra, M., Moret, I., Nos, P., & Beltrán, B. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11051062 · Cited by 11
“However, other smaller studies have not confirmed this risk [20].”
BackgroundResult
A food pyramid, based on a review of the emerging literature, for subjects with inflammatory bowel disease
Rondanelli, M., Lamburghini, S., Faliva, M. A., Peroni, G., Riva, A., Allegrini, P., Spadaccini, D., Gasparri, C., Iannello, G., Infantino, V., et al. (2020) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endinu.2020.01.004 · Cited by 11
Common contributing factors to COVID-19 and inflammatory bowel disease
Kostoff, R. N., Briggs, M. B., Kanduc, D., Shores, D. R., Kovatsi, L., Vardavas, A. I., & Porter, A. L. (2021) · Toxicology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.08.007 · Cited by 11
“HFDs have been repeatedly related to IBD [54,55], most possibly because of the fatty acids capacity of inducing a systemic chronic low-grade inflammation [56] marked by elevated production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β [57,58], IL-6 [59], and TNF-α [60] in the gut.”
Dietary Habits of a Group of Children with Crohn’s Disease Compared to Healthy Subjects: Assessment of Risk of Nutritional Deficiencies through a Bromatological Analysis
Labriola, F., Marcato, C., Zarbo, C., Betti, L., Catelli, A., Valerii, M. C., Spisni, E., & Alvisi, P. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030499 · Cited by 11
“Conversely, a high intake of dietary fibers and fruits was associated with a lower risk of CD [32].”
BackgroundResult
The Same Intestinal Inflammatory Disease despite Different Genetic Risk Factors in the East and West?
Lui, R. N.-S., & Ng, S. C. (2016) · Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases · doi:10.1159/000446625 · Cited by 11
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Moura, F. A., & Goulart, M. O. F. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805377-5.00007-2 · Cited by 11
Dairy Consumption and Inflammatory Bowel Disease among Arab Adults: A Case–Control Study and Meta-Analysis
Almofarreh, A. M., Sheerah, H. A., Arafa, A., Mubarak, A. S., Ali, A. M., Al-Otaibi, N. M., Alzahrani, M. A., Aljubayl, A. R., Aleid, M. A., & Alhamed, S. S. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16162747 · Cited by 10
“Specific dietary components, such as high-fat and high-sugar foods, have been associated with an increased risk of IBD, while dietary fiber and certain micronutrients may offer protective effects [4–7].”
Background
Diet in the Pathogenesis and Management of Crohn's Disease
Gu, P., & Feagins, L. A. (2022) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2021.12.008 · Cited by 10
Global research trends on diet and nutrition in Crohn’s disease
Shakhshir, M. H., & Zyoud, S. H. (2023) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v29.i20.3203 · Cited by 10
Nutritional aspects of inflammatory bowel disease
Rimon, R. M., Day, A. S., & Shaoul, R. R. (2023) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2023.2231340 · Cited by 10
“A systematic review that included 19 studies involving 2609 patients with IBD concluded that excessive consumption of fats (saturated, monosaturated fatty acids, omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA) increased the risk for the development of CD, while the risk of UC was greater with high consumption of total fats and omega-6…”
BackgroundInfluential
Unraveling the impact of 27-hydroxycholesterol in autoimmune diseases: Exploring promising therapeutic approaches
Hjazi, A. M., Ahsan, M., Alghamdi, M., Kareem, A. K., Al‐Saidi, D. N., Qasim, M. T., Romero‐Parra, R. M., Zabibah, R. S., Ramírez‐Coronel, A. A., Mustafa, Y. F., et al. (2023) · Pathology - Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.prp.2023.154737 · Cited by 10
Therapeutic advancement in inflammatory bowel disease by incorporating plant-based diet
Chiba, M., Tsuji, T., & Komatsu, M. (2023) · Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.21037/tgh-23-6 · Cited by 10
Dietary Ethanolamine Plasmalogen Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis by Enhancing Colon Mucosa Integrity, Antioxidative Stress, and Anti-inflammatory Responses via Increased Ethanolamine Plasmalogen Molecular Species: Protective Role of Vinyl Ether Linkages
Nguma, E., Yamashita, S., Han, K., Otoki, Y., Yamamoto, A., Nakagawa, K., Fukushima, M., Miyazawa, T., & Kinoshita, M. (2021) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04420 · Cited by 10
Comparison of iron-reduced and iron-supplemented semisynthetic diets in T cell transfer colitis
Markota, A., Metzger, R., Heiseke, A. F., Jandl, L., Dursun, E., Eisenächer, K., Reindl, W., Haller, D., & Krug, A. B. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218332 · Cited by 9
“The consumption of red meat containing heme iron has been associated with a higher risk for IBD and colorectal cancer [3, 4].”
Background
Progress and Clinical Applications of Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet in Crohn’s Disease
Xu, D., Peng, Z., Li, Y., Hou, Q., Peng, Y., & Liu, X. (2023) · Gut and Liver · doi:10.5009/gnl230093 · Cited by 10
Greater adherence to the Mediterranean Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet is associated with lower risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective cohort study
Ye, S., Sun, Y., Chen, X., Fu, T., Ruan, X., Dan, L., Chen, J., Du, Z., & Wang, X. (2024) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d4fo00641k · Cited by 9
Unraveling the causal link: fatty acids and inflammatory bowel disease
Zhou, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1405790 · Cited by 9
Nutrigenomic underpinnings of intestinal stem cells in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer development
Ho, J., Puoplo, N., Pokharel, N., Hirdaramani, A., Hanyaloglu, A. C., & Cheng, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2024.1349717 · Cited by 8
Shared Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Psoriasis: Unraveling the Connection
Tabbarah, S., Sulaiman, H., Owusu, F. A., Joshi, M. R., Marepalli, N. R., Pino, N., Azam, S. S., Ahmed, A. A., & Álvarez, J. A. S. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.70148 · Cited by 9
“Diet is another important environmental factor, with high-fat, carbohydrate-rich, and animal protein-heavy diets increasing the risk of IBD, while diets high in fiber, fruits, and vegetables offer protection [36].”
Background
Probiotics: a promising future in the treatment of ulcerative colitis?
Côco, L. Z., Belisário, E. D. S., Vasquez, E. C., Pereira, T. D. M. C., Aires, R., & Campagnaro, B. P. (2025) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-025-00724-7 · Cited by 9
“High-fat diets reduce Bacteroide - tes abundance while increasing Firmicutes, whereas vege - table-rich diets are associated with a lower ulcerative colitis risk [40, 41].”
Targeted therapeutics for IBD unraveling the potential of stimulus-responsive nanoparticles
Barros, A. S., Nunes, R., & Sarmento, B. F. C. C. (2025) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114466 · Cited by 10
Immune Regulatory Roles of Cells Expressing Taste Signaling Elements in Nongustatory Tissues
Wang, H., Matsumoto, I., & Jiang, P. (2021) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2021_468 · Cited by 9
Preventive Effects of Long-Term Intake of Plant Oils With Different Linoleic Acid/Alpha-Linolenic Acid Ratios on Acute Colitis Mouse Model
Wang, X., Yue, H., Zhang, H., Wan, L., Ji, S., & Geng, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.788775 · Cited by 9
Fat matters: Fermented whole milk potentiates the anti-colitis effect of Propionibacterium freudenreichii
Mantel, M., da Silva, T. F., Glória, R. D. A., Vassaux, D., Vital, K. D., Cardoso, V. N., Fernandes, S. O. A., Guédon, É., Loir, Y. L., Faria, A. M. C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2023.105614 · Cited by 9
Prevention of DSS induced acute colitis by Petit Vert, a newly developed function improved vegetable, in mice
Arumugam, S., Thandavarayan, R. A., Pitchaimani, V., Karuppagounder, V., Harima, M., Nishizawa, Y., Sasaki, K., Suzuki, K., Konishi, T., & Watanabe, K. (2013) · PharmaNutrition · doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2013.08.001 · Cited by 9
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Ulcerative Colitis. Are We Ready for Primetime?
Cheng, Y., & Fischer, M. (2020) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2020.08.006 · Cited by 10
Dietary Regulation of the Crosstalk between Gut Microbiome and Immune Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Yao, Q., Li, H., Fan, L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, S., Zheng, N., & Wang, J. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10020368 · Cited by 9
Adequacy of calcium and vitamin D reduces inflammation, β-catenin signaling, and dysbiotic Parasutterela bacteria in the colon of C57BL/6 mice fed a western-style diet
Zeng, H., Safratowich, B. D., Liu, Z., Bukowski, M. R., & Ishaq, S. L. (2021) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108613 · Cited by 9

Authors: Hou, J. K., Abraham, B., & El-Serag, H.
Affiliations: Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center (US)
Baylor College of Medicine (US)
Corresponding author: Hou, Jason K
ORCID: Hou, Jason K
Abraham, Bincy
Venue: American Journal of Gastroenterology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2011-04
Volume: 106
Issue: 4
Pages: 563-573
ISSN: 0002-9270 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.44
OpenAlex: W2030631780
Semantic Scholar: 846fa3e7e7f98a379c5e4b67d65a7f58ab57640c
Cited by: 1,009
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 105 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 5.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations: The American Journal of Gastroenterology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK-56338, P30DK056338)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Keywords: inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, dietary intake, Western diet, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, dietary fiber, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, meat consumption, dietary risk factors
MeSH terms: Colitis, Ulcerative, Crohn Disease, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Fiber, Dietary Proteins, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Fruit, Humans, Meat, Vegetables, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Risk Assessment, Fatty Acids, Omega-6

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Dietary Intake and Risk of Developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature

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