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Regulation of TOR by small GTPases
Open accessAbstract
TOR is a conserved serine/threonine kinase that responds to nutrients, growth factors, the bioenergetic status of the cell and cellular stress to control growth, metabolism and ageing. A diverse group of small GTPases including Rheb, Rag, Rac1, RalA and Ryh1 play a variety of roles in the regulation of TOR. For example, while Rheb binds to and activates TOR directly, Rag and Rac1 regulate its localization and RalA activates it indirectly through the production of phosphatidic acid. Here, we review recent findings on the regulation of TOR by small GTPases.
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“Whereas recruitment of (m)TORC1 to the lysosome is controlled in response predominantly to signals corresponding to the intracellular nutrient and energy state, its activation once there is controlled by RhebGTP in response to a wide variety of external and survival signals feeding into a single point of control.”
From Signal integration in the (m)TORC1 growth pathway (2018) · cites this paper as Durán and Hall, 2012
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“Together, these GTPases constitute a coincidence detector which cooperate synergistically to robustly induce mTORC1 activity and fail to do so when either is only singly activated under physiologic conditions (Durán and Hall, 2012; Groenewoud and Zwartkruis, 2013).”
From Signal integration in the (m)TORC1 growth pathway (2018) · cites this paper as Durán and Hall, 2012
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“Lysosomal amino acids including arginine are thought to signal to the Rags through a lysosomal membrane associated complex consisting of the v-ATPase (15), Ragulator complex (16), and the putative arginine sensor SLC38A9 (17, 18).”
BackgroundTOR Signaling and Nutrient Sensing
Dobrenel, T., Caldana, C., Hanson, J., Robaglia, C., Vincentz, M., Veit, B., & Meyer, C. (2016) · Annual Review of Plant Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114648 · Cited by 469
Metadata
- Authors
- Durán, R. V., & Hall, M. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Hall, Michael N
- Venue
- The EMBO Reports
- Published
- 2012-01-13
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 121-128
- ISSN
- 1469-221X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-3178
- PMC
- PMC3271343
- OpenAlex
- W2123960043
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- EMBO Reports (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel) (acceptedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- TOR kinase, small GTPases, Rheb, Rag GTPases, Rac1, RalA, phosphatidic acid, nutrient signaling, growth regulation, aging, cellular stress
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Models, Biological, Signal Transduction, Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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