Cited by 379Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and DiseaseMitochondrial Function and PathologyIon Channels and Receptors

Oxidative stress and calcium dysregulation by palmitate in type 2 diabetes

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Ly, Luong Dai, Xu, Shanhua, Choi, Seong-Kyung, Ha, Chae-Myeong, Thoudam, Themis, Cha, Seung-Kuy, Wiederkehr, Andreas, Wollheim, Claes B +2 more·2017·Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Abstract

Free fatty acids (FFAs) are important substrates for mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and ATP synthesis but also cause serious stress to various tissues, contributing to the development of metabolic diseases. CD36 is a major mediator of cellular FFA uptake. Inside the cell, saturated FFAs are able to induce the production of cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be prevented by co-exposure to unsaturated FFAs. There are close connections between oxidative stress and organellar Ca2+ homeostasis. Highly oxidative conditions induced by palmitate trigger aberrant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release and thereby deplete ER Ca2+ stores. The resulting ER Ca2+ deficiency impairs chaperones of the protein folding machinery, leading to the accumulation of misfolded proteins. This ER stress may further aggravate oxidative stress by augmenting ER ROS production. Secondary to ER Ca2+ release, cytosolic and mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ concentrations can also be altered. In addition, plasmalemmal ion channels operated by ER Ca2+ depletion mediate persistent Ca2+ influx, further impairing cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis. Mitochondrial Ca2+ overload causes superoxide production and functional impairment, culminating in apoptosis. This vicious cycle of lipotoxicity occurs in multiple tissues, resulting in β-cell failure and insulin resistance in target tissues, and further aggravates diabetic complications. High levels of the fatty acid palmitate cause cell death and exacerbate the complications of type 2 diabetes. Kyu-Sang Park at Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine and colleagues review the molecular mechanisms responsible for palmitate-induced toxicity. The transmembrane protein CD36 mediates the uptake of palmitate into cells where it triggers the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overproduction of ROS interferes with the cell's protein-processing organelle, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to damaged misfolded proteins and to ER calcium loss. This loss further damages protein folding and increases ROS production. Moreover, it causes an influx of calcium into mitochondria, the cell's power plants, and ultimately results in cell death. Therapeutic agents that inhibit CD36, reduce ROS production or prevent ER calcium loss could break this toxic cycle and contribute to the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

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Crossref · 10.1038/emm.2016.157

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  • ROS accumulation triggers damaging cascades: a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspases 3/7, apoptosis, and ER stress and inflammation via NF-κB.

    “ROS accumulation triggers damaging cascades: a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspases 3/7, apoptosis, and ER stress and inflammation via NF-κB [90,152,153,154,155].”

    From The HepG2 Cell Line as a Model for Studying Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [153]

    The 'Mitochondrial dysfunction by palmitate' section (page unavailable) reports mitochondrial depolarization, caspase activation, apoptosis, and a role for mitochondrial ROS in ER stress and cell death. It does not identify caspases 3/7. The 'Pancreatic beta cell failure and diabetes' section (page unavailable) links palmitate to NF-κB activation and mild inflammation in human islets, but does not establish that ROS triggers inflammation through NF-κB. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Authors
Ly, L. D., Xu, S., Choi, S.-K., Ha, C.-M., Thoudam, T., Cha, S.-K., Wiederkehr, A., Wollheim, C. B., Lee, I.-K., & Park, K.-S.
Affiliations
  • Yonsei University (KR)
  • Kyungpook National University Hospital (KR)
  • University of Geneva (CH)
Corresponding author
Park, Kyu-Sang
Venue
Experimental & Molecular Medicine
Published
2017-02-03
Volume
49
Issue
2
Pages
e291-e291
ISSN
  • 1226-3613 (ISSN-L)
  • 2092-6413
OpenAlex
W2584561009
Cited by
378
References
161
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 5
FWCI
3.57
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Experimental & Molecular Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Korea Health Industry Development Institute (HI16C1501)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Disease
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Ion Channels and Receptors
Keywords
palmitate, lipotoxicity, type 2 diabetes, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, CD36, free fatty acids, reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum calcium depletion, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein misfolding, mitochondrial calcium overload, apoptosis, beta-cell failure, insulin resistance, unsaturated fatty acids
MeSH terms
Animals, Calcium, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Humans, Mitochondria, Palmitic Acids, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, CD36 Antigens, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

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