Palmitate induces insulin resistance in H4IIEC3 hepatocytes through reactive oxygen species produced by mitochondria.
Open accessAbstract
Visceral adiposity in obesity causes excessive free fatty acid (FFA) flux into the liver via the portal vein and may cause fatty liver disease and hepatic insulin resistance. However, because animal models of insulin resistance induced by lipid infusion or a high fat diet are complex and may be accompanied by alterations not restricted to the liver, it is difficult to determine the contribution of FFAs to hepatic insulin resistance. Therefore, we treated H4IIEC3 cells, a rat hepatocyte cell line, with a monounsaturated fatty acid (oleate) and a saturated fatty acid (palmitate) to investigate the direct and initial effects of FFAs on hepatocytes. We show that palmitate, but not oleate, inhibited insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 2 and serine phosphorylation of Akt, through c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Among the well established stimuli for JNK activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) played a causal role in palmitate-induced JNK activation. In addition, etomoxir, an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation, as well as inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex (thenoyltrifluoroacetone and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone) decreased palmitate-induced ROS production. Together, our findings in hepatocytes indicate that palmitate inhibited insulin signal transduction through JNK activation and that accelerated beta-oxidation of palmitate caused excess electron flux in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, resulting in increased ROS generation. Thus, mitochondria-derived ROS induced by palmitate may be major contributors to JNK activation and cellular insulin resistance.
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Effects of fatty acids in liver cells can be prevented by inhibition of CPT1, indicating a critical role for mitochondrial oxidation in inducing lipid-mediated insulin resistance, perhaps via products of incomplete oxidation and/or generation of ROS.
“Although these effects could be mediated by accumulation of fatty acyl CoA, diacylglycerols, and ceramides (as in muscle; Section III.A), it is intriguing that effects of fatty acids in liver cells can be prevented by inhibition of CPT1, indicating a critical role for mitochondrial oxidation in inducing lipid-mediated insulin resistance, perhaps via products of incomplete oxidation and/or”
From The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [220]
Incubation of hepatocytes with saturated long-chain fatty acids induces insulin resistance by reducing insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and its downstream substrates.
“At a cellular level, incubation of hepatocytes with saturated long-chain fatty acids induces insulin resistance by reducing insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and its downstream substrates (220, 221).”
From The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [220]
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- Authors
- Nakamura, S., Takamura, T., Matsuzawa-Nagata, N., Takayama, H., Misu, H., Noda, H., Nabemoto, S., Kurita, S., Ota, T., Ando, H., Miyamoto, K.-I., & Kaneko, S.
- Affiliations
- Kanazawa University (JP)
- Kanazawa University Hospital (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Takamura, Toshinari
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 284
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 14809-14818
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2685662
- OpenAlex
- W2094884053
- Cited by
- 426
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 20.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Kanazawa University Repository for Academic Resources (DSpace) (Kanazawa University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- palmitate, hepatic insulin resistance, reactive oxygen species, mitochondria, JNK activation, insulin receptor substrate 2, oleate, fatty acid beta-oxidation, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, mitochondrial respiratory chain, insulin signaling, free fatty acids
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antioxidants, Electron Transport, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Enzyme Activation, Fatty Acids, Insulin Resistance, Mitochondria, Models, Biological, Oxidation-Reduction, Palmitates, Receptor, Insulin, Signal Transduction, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Hepatocytes, Cell Line, Tumor, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Rats, Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1
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