Isometric exercise training for blood pressure management: a systematic review and meta-analysis to optimize benefit
Open accessAbstract
The objective of our study was to examine the effects of isometric resistance training (IRT) on resting blood pressure in adults. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials lasting ⩾2 weeks, investigating the effects of isometric exercise on blood pressure in healthy adults (aged ⩾18 years), published in a peer-reviewed journal between 1 January 1966 to 31 January 2015. We included 11 randomized trials, totaling 302 participants. The following reductions were observed after isometric exercise training; systolic blood pressure (SBP) mean difference (MD) -5.20 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI) -6.08 to -4.33, P<0.00001); diastolic blood pressure (DBP) MD -3.91 mm Hg (95% CI -5.68 to -2.14, P<0.0001); and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) MD -3.33 mm Hg (95% CI -4.01 to -2.66, P<0.00001). Sub-analyses showed males tended to reduce MAP MD -4.13 mm Hg (95% CI -5.08 to -3.18) more than females. Subjects aged ⩾45 years demonstrated larger reductions in MAP MD -5.51 mm Hg (95% CI -6.95 to -4.06) than those <45 years. Subjects undertaking ⩾8 weeks of IRT demonstrated a larger reduction in SBP MD -7.26 mm Hg (95% CI -8.47 to -6.04) and MAP MD -4.22 mm Hg (95% CI -5.08 to -3.37) than those undertaking<8 weeks. Hypertensive participants in IRT demonstrated a larger reduction in MAP MD -5.91 mm Hg (95% CI -7.94 to -3.87) than normotensive participants MD -3.01 mm Hg (95% CI -3.73 to -2.29). Our study indicated that IRT lowers SBP, DBP and MAP. The magnitude of effect may be larger in hypertensive males aged ⩾45 years, using unilateral arm IRT for >8 weeks.
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The latest meta-analysis demonstrates that isometric handgrip, typically performed for 12 minutes 3 to 5 times per week, lowers BP by 5.2/3.9 mm Hg.
“The latest meta-analysis demonstrates that isometric handgrip, typically performed for 12 minutes 3 to 5 times per week, lowers BP by 5.2/3.9 mm Hg.362”
From Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018) · cites this paper as [362]
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Self-citationAerobic versus isometric handgrip exercise in hypertension: a randomized controlled trial
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Isometric Exercise Training and Arterial Hypertension: An Updated Review
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Self-citationVascular effects of isometric handgrip training in hypertensives
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Isometric Resistance Training to Manage Hypertension: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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Self-citationHansford, H. J., Parmenter, B. J., McLeod, K. A., Wewege, M. A., Smart, N. A., Schutte, A. E., & Jones, M. D. (2021) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-021-00720-3 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationPathophysiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical activity in hypertension
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Hypertension and Exercise Training: Evidence from Clinical Studies
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Sex Differences in Cardiac Baroreflex Sensitivity after Isometric Handgrip Exercise
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Exercise as a tool for hypertension and resistant hypertension management: current insights
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The safety of isometric exercise
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Acute blood pressure responses after different isometric handgrip protocols in hypertensive patients
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The Relative Handgrip Strength and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Prospective Study
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Which type of exercise keeps you young?
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A Review on Computer Vision Technology for Physical Exercise Monitoring
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Effects of acute interval handgrip exercise on cognitive performance
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Physical Activity to Prevent and Treat Hypertension: A Systematic Review
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- Authors
- Inder, J. D., Carlson, D. J., Dieberg, G., McFarlane, J. R., Hess, N. C., & Smart, N. A.
- Affiliations
- University of New England (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Smart, Neil A
- Venue
- Hypertension Research
- Published
- 2015-10-15
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 88-94
- ISSN
- 0916-9636 (ISSN-L)
- 1348-4214
- OpenAlex
- W2261873586
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 3.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Hypertension Research (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RUNE (Research UNE) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- isometric resistance training, blood pressure reduction, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, exercise training duration, sex differences, age differences, hypertensive patients, healthy adults, cardiovascular risk reduction, stroke prevention, mortality reduction, quality of life, anxiety, sleep quality, fatigue
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Pressure, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Physical Education and Training, Sex Characteristics, Exercise
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