The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 25 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Overweight in midlife and risk of dementia: a 40-year follow-up study
Open accessAbstract
Objective:This study examines whether overweight in midlife increases dementia risk later in life.Methods:In 1963 body mass index was assessed in 1152 participants of The Swedish Twin Registry, at the age of 45–65 years. These participants were later screened for dementia in a prospective study with up to 40 years follow-up. A total of 312 participants were diagnosed with dementia.Results:Logistic regression analyses adjusted for demographic factors, smoking and alcohol habits, indicated that men and women categorized as overweight in their midlife had an elevated risk of dementia (OR=1.59; 95% CI: 1.21–2.07, P=0.002), Alzheimer's disease (OR=1.71; 95% CI: 1.24–2.35, P=0.003), and vascular dementia (OR=1.55; 95% CI: 0.98–2.47, P=0.059). Further adjustments for diabetes and vascular diseases did not substantially affect the associations, except for vascular dementia (OR=1.36; 95% CI: 0.82–2.56, P=0.116), reflecting the significance of diabetes and vascular diseases in the etiology of vascular dementia. There was no significant interaction between overweight and APOE ɛ4 status, indicating that having both risk factors does not have a multiplicative effect with regard to dementia risk.Conclusions:This study gives further support to the notion that overweight in midlife increases later risk of dementia. The risk is increased for both Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, and follows the same pattern for men and women.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“except for vascular dementia (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 0.82 to 2.56, p = .116)”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
“However, the risk was substantially reduced in Model II by including diabetes and vascular diseases (OR = 1.36; p = .162), reflecting the significance of these factors in the aetiology of VaD.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sex stratified analyses on BMI and dementia risk showed the same pattern among men and women, therefore, these results will not be presented separately.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“Finally, the sex stratified analyses indicated the same pattern for men and women.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For APOE ε4 status the OR was 3.99 (95% CI = 2.96 to 5.38, p < .001), confirming the well established role of APOE e4 as a risk factor for dementia.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further adjustments for diabetes and vascular diseases did not substantially affect the associations, except for vascular dementia (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 0.82 to 2.56, p = .116), reflecting the significance of diabetes and vascular diseases in the aetiology of vascular dementia.”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
“Further adjustments for diabetes and vascular diseases in Model II did not substantially change this association.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no significant interaction between overweight and APOE ε4 status, indicating that having both risk factors does not have a multiplicative effect concerning dementia risk.”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
“The interaction between BMI and APOE ε4 was not statistically significant (p = .781), indicating that having both risk factors does not have a multiplicative effect on dementia risk but rather an additive effect (see Table 4).”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis resulted in an OR of 1.62 (95% CI = 1.17 to 2.24, p = .008) for BMI status (as compared to OR of 1.59 for N=1152).”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alzheimer’s disease (OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.24 to 2.35, p = .003)”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
“When BMI was examined in relation to AD the same pattern was found as with all dementia, although the association was stronger in terms of risk, OR = 1.71 in Model I, and OR = 1.68, in the fully adjusted model.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When APOE ε4 status was included as a covariate, the association between BMI status and dementia was somewhat weaker, although still statistically significant (OR =1.57, 95% CI = 1.13 to 2.20, p = .013).”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When BMI was examined in relation to AD the same pattern was found as with all dementia, although the association was stronger in terms of risk, OR = 1.71 in Model I, and OR = 1.68, in the fully adjusted model.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our sample, however, less than 5% were obese according to this criterion.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Methods > Overweight
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“vascular dementia (OR = 1.55; 95% CI: 0.98 to 2.47, p = .059)”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
“Concerning VaD, the risk associated with higher BMI fell short out of significance in Model I, (OR = 1.55; p = .059).”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Logistic regression analyses, adjusted for demographic factors, smoking and alcohol habits, indicated that men and women categorized as overweight in their midlife had an elevated risk of dementia (OR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.21 to 2.07, p = .002)”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
“Model I (adjusted for demographics, smoking, and alcohol use) showed that midlife overweight was associated with greater risk of dementia, such that those with a BMI above the third quartile had a 59% greater risk of getting dementia in old age as compared with those with lower BMI.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this model, congestive heart failure (OR = 1.98), and stroke (OR = 6.97) were significantly related to risk of VaD (ps < .05), whereas diabetes was marginally significant (OR = 1.65; p = .067).”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were statistically significant differences between controls and cases, such that the dementia group had more women, were older, had fewer years of education, had shorter survival, comprised more individuals who did not use alcohol, had more prevalent congestive heart failure, stroke, and APOE ε4 carriers, and a higher BMI (ps < .05).”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Sample characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were statistically significant differences between the normal weight group and the overweight group, such that the overweight group had fewer years of education, comprised more individuals who did not use alcohol, hade more individuals with hypertension, congestive heart failure, and diabetes (ps < .05).”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Results > Sample characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our study the dementia diagnoses were made through a thorough clinical procedure, resulting in a highly confident outcome diagnosis.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, analyses completed in the SATSA comparing self-reported and measured information on heights and weights (within a one year period) resulted in a correlation of 0.97 for height and 0.95 for weight20.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“However, correlational analyses conducted on SATSA20, comparing self reported and measured data on heights and weights, resulted in correlation of 0.97 for height and 0.95 for weight, supporting a notion of valid and reliable self reported data.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Methods > Overweight
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Stunkard AJ, Harris JR, Pedersen NL, McClearn GE . The body-mass index of twins who have been reared apart. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1483–1487. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reflecting the significance of diabetes and vascular diseases in the aetiology of vascular dementia”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
“reflecting the significance of these factors in the aetiology of VaD”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The risk is increased for both Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, and follows the same pattern for men and women.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Further, the risk was increased for both AD and VaD.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating that having both risk factors does not have a multiplicative effect concerning dementia risk”
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · hedged
“indicating that having both risk factors does not have a multiplicative effect on dementia risk but rather an additive effect (see Table 4)”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Risk of dementia in relation to midlife BMI · hedged
In the paper
“In the study of Whitmer et al.15 overweight (BMI between 25 and 30) increased the risk of AD and VaD to the same extent (approximately a two- fold increased risk), whereas obesity (BMI ≥ 30) was more strongly related to VaD, indicating a five-fold risk, as compared to a three-fold risk of AD.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Quesenberry Jr CP, Zhou J, Yaffe K . Body mass index in midlife and risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 2007; 4: 103–109. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further adjustments for diabetes and vascular diseases”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Prevalence rates of dementia in SATSA and OCTO-Twin have been found to resemble other similar studies such as the Kungsholmen study25 in Sweden, and the Framingham study26 in the U.S.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Methods > Dementia and vascular risk factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Fratiglioni L, Grut M, Forsell Y, Viitanen M, Grafström M, Holmén K et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in an elderly urban population: relationship with age, sex, and education. Neurology 1991; 41: 1886–1892. source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Bachman DL, Wolf PA, Linn R, Knoefel JE, Cobb J, Belanger A et al. Prevalence of dementia and probable senile dementia of the Alzheimer type in the Framingham Study. Neurology 1992; 42: 115–119. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“According to the reviews, the studies that reported significant associations had younger samples at baseline and longer follow-up periods.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y . Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2008; 9: 204–218. source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Gorospe EC, Dave JK . The risk of dementia with increased body mass index. Age Ageing 2007; 36: 23–29. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“By using midlife assessment of BMI and skinfold thickness3, it was found that midlife BMI predicted dementia among women only, whereas midlife skinfold thickness predicted dementia in both sexes, suggesting that BMI is an inaccurate measure of adiposity in men.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Barrett-Connor E, Quesenberry Jr CP, Yaffe K . Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study. BMJ 2005; 330: 1360. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In two recent systematic review articles 7, 8 on overweight and risk of dementia it was proposed that high body mass index (BMI) is independently associated with risk of dementia.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y . Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2008; 9: 204–218. source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Gorospe EC, Dave JK . The risk of dementia with increased body mass index. Age Ageing 2007; 36: 23–29. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“APOE ε4 carrier status is a known risk factor for vascular disease and dementia 29, 30.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC, Small GW et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 1993; 261: 921–923. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Schmechel DE, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Crain BJ, Hulette CM, Joo SH et al. Increased amyloid beta-peptide deposition in cerebral cortex as a consequence of apolipoprotein E genotype in late-onset Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 9649–9653. source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies that have addressed potential sex differences in the association between overweight and dementia risk indicate that overweight may be a stronger risk factor for women as compared to men 3, 14.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Barrett-Connor E, Quesenberry Jr CP, Yaffe K . Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study. BMJ 2005; 330: 1360. source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Hayden KM, Zandi PP, Lyketsos CG, Khachaturian AS, Bastian LA, Charoonruk G et al. Vascular risk factors for incident Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: the Cache County study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006; 20: 93–100. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In a recent study by the same group, midlife central obesity was found to predict dementia 4.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Whitmer RA, Gustafson DR, Barrett-Connor E, Haan MN, Gunderson EP, Yaffe K . Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later. Neurology 2008; 71: 1057–1064. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Hayden et al.14 who used BMI in a sample of people aged 65 years and older to predict incident dementia, found an increased risk only for women, however, the authors reported a problem with low statistical power in the analyses of men.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Hayden KM, Zandi PP, Lyketsos CG, Khachaturian AS, Bastian LA, Charoonruk G et al. Vascular risk factors for incident Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: the Cache County study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006; 20: 93–100. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Logistic regression analyses, adjusted for demographic factors, smoking and alcohol habits”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two studies reported that overweight increases the risk of AD and not VaD in women 1, 14.”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Gustafson D, Rothenberg E, Blennow K, Steen B, Skoog I . An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1524–1528. source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Hayden KM, Zandi PP, Lyketsos CG, Khachaturian AS, Bastian LA, Charoonruk G et al. Vascular risk factors for incident Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: the Cache County study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006; 20: 93–100. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was, however, dealt with in the statistical analyses by using multilevel models that account for the dependency within pairs.”
- Also stated in: § Data analyses · plain
“to account for the hierarchical structure in the data while accounting for the dependency associated with twin pair status”
§ Overweight in Midlife and Risk of Dementia: A 40-Year Follow-up Study > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Data analyses · plain
The authors state this as an assumption.
The random effect of the intercept across twin pairs is normally distributed with mean zero.
“The random effect was assumed to take a normal distribution with a mean of zero.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“extant literature that demonstrates midlife obesity as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia.24–26”
From Cognitive Function After Bariatric Surgery: Evidence for Improvement 3 Years After Surgery (2014) · cites this paper as [24]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting p-values for the adjusted vascular dementia result
MinorThe abstract and Results section report different p-values for the same adjusted vascular dementia odds ratio: .116 and .162, respectively.
“except for vascular dementia (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 0.82 to 2.56, p = .116)”
“the risk was substantially reduced in Model II by including diabetes and vascular diseases (OR = 1.36; p = .162)”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hassing, L. B., Dahl, A. K., Thorvaldsson, V, Berg, S., Gatz, M., Pedersen, N. L., & Johansson, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Jönköping University (SE)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hassing, L B
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2009-06-09
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 893-898
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- PMC
- PMC3025291
- OpenAlex
- W1971559855
- Semantic Scholar
- 148f24651fd855dd68fba99dc9a43aa9bd9b3532
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG004563, AG-10175, R37AG008861, AG04563, AG 08724, AG 08861, R01AG010175, R01AG008724)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- overweight, midlife, dementia risk, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, vascular disease, APOE ε4, sex differences, Swedish Twin Registry
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Apolipoproteins E, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sweden, Dementia, Vascular, Body Mass Index, Overweight
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