An 18-Year Follow-up of Overweight and Risk of Alzheimer Disease
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity are epidemic in Western societies and constitute a major public health problem because of adverse effects on vascular health. Vascular factors may play a role in the development of a rapidly growing disease of late life, Alzheimer disease (AD). Using body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters), we examined whether overweight is a risk factor for dementia and AD. METHODS: The relationship between BMI and dementia risk was investigated in a representative cohort of 392 nondemented Swedish adults who were followed up from age 70 to 88 years, with the use of neuropsychiatric, anthropometric, and other measurements. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses included BMI, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, cigarette smoking, socioeconomic status, and treatment for hypertension. RESULTS: During the 18-year follow-up (4184.8 risk-years), 93 participants were diagnosed as having dementia. Women who developed dementia between ages 79 and 88 years were overweight, with a higher average BMI at age 70 years (27.7 vs 25.7; P =.007), 75 years (27.9 vs 25.0; P<.001), and 79 years (26.9 vs 25.1; P =.02) compared with nondemented women. A higher degree of overweight was observed in women who developed AD at 70 years (29.3; P =.009), 75 years (29.6; P<.001), and 79 years (28.2; P =.003) compared with nondemented women. For every 1.0 increase in BMI at age 70 years, AD risk increased by 36%. These associations were not found in men. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight is epidemic in Western societies. Our data suggest that overweight at high ages is a risk factor for dementia, particularly AD, in women. This may have profound implications for dementia prevention.
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Two studies found that overweight raised Alzheimer's disease risk but not vascular dementia risk in women.
“Two studies reported that overweight increases the risk of AD and not VaD in women 1, 14.”
From Overweight in midlife and risk of dementia: a 40-year follow-up study (2009) · cites this paper as [1]
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- Authors
- Gustafson, D., Rothenberg, E., Blennow, K., Steen, B., & Skoog, I.
- Affiliations
- Utah State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gustafson, Deborah
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2003-07-14
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1524
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2066630911
- Cited by
- 811
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 22.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- overweight, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, dementia risk, body mass index, sex differences, older adults, vascular risk factors, dementia prevention
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Analysis of Variance, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Obesity, Risk Factors, Sweden, Body Mass Index, Incidence, Chi-Square Distribution, Proportional Hazards Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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